• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.517-534
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• 2021

Hydrogen fuel is emerging as an new energy source to replace fossil fuels in that it can solve environmental pollution problems and reduce energy imbalance and cost. Since hydrogen is eco-friendly but highly explosive, there is a high concern about fire and explosion accidents of hydrogen fueled vehicles. In particular, in semi-enclosed spaces such as tunnels, the risk is predicted to increase. Therefore, this study was conducted on the applicability of the equivalent TNT model and the numerical analysis method to evaluate the hydrogen explosion pressure in the tunnel. In comparison and review of the explosion pressure of 6 equivalent TNT models and Weyandt's experimental results, the Henrych equation was found to be the closest with a deviation of 13.6%. As a result of examining the effect of hydrogen tank capacity (52, 72, 156 L) and tunnel cross-section (40.5, 54, 72, 95 m²) on the explosion pressure using numerical analysis, the explosion pressure wave in the tunnel initially it propagates in a hemispherical shape as in open space. Furthermore, when it passes the certain distance it is transformed a plane wave and propagates at a very gradual decay rate. The Henrych equation agrees well with the numerical analysis results in the section where the explosion pressure is rapidly decreasing, but it is significantly underestimated after the explosion pressure wave is transformed into a plane wave. In case of same hydrogen tank capacity, an explosion pressure decreases as the tunnel cross-sectional area increases, and in case of the same cross-sectional area, the explosion pressure increases by about 2.5 times if the hydrogen tank capacity increases from 52 L to 156 L. As a result of the evaluation of the limiting distance affecting the human body, when a 52 L hydrogen tank explodes, the limiting distance to death was estimated to be about 3 m, and the limiting distance to serious injury was estimated to be 28.5~35.8 m.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.65-70
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• 2012

Experimental investigations were carried out to examine the explosion characteristics by different sizes in the wall surface shape of a water gel barrier in an explosion chamber, 1,600 mm in length with a square cross-section of $100{\times}100\;mm^2$. The sizes in the wall surface shape were varied by using water gel barriers with a cross-section of $100{\times}200\;mm^2$ and its were varied in the bottom of the chamber away 300, 700 and 1,100 mm, respectively from the closed end of the chamber. The flame propagation images were photographed with a high speed camera and the pressure was recorded using a pressure transducer and a data acquisition system. It was found that as the size of the wall surface shape increased, the flame propagation process and the time taken to reach the maximum pressure were found to be faster. As a result, both the flame speed and the explosion overpressure increased as the size of the wall surface shape increased.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.29-39
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• 2016

Electrical apparatuses for use in the presence of explosive gas atmospheres have to be special designed to prevent them from igniting the explosive gas. Flameproof design implies that electrical components producing electrical sparks are contained in enclosures and withstand the maximum pressure of internal gas or vapours. In addition, any gaps in the enclosure wall have to designed in such a way that they will not transmit a gas explosion inside the enclosure to an explosive gas or vapours atmosphere outside it. In this study, we explained some of the most important physical mechanism of Maximum Experimental Safe Gap(MESG) that the jet of combustion products ejected through the flame gap to the external surroundings do not have an energy and temperature large enough to initiate an ignition of external gas or vapours. We measured the MESG and maximum explosion pressure of propane and acetylene by the test method and procedure of IEC 60079-20-1:2010.When the minimum MESG is measured, the concentration of propane, acetylene in the air is higher than the stoichiometric point and their explosion pressure is the highest value.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.3 no.3 s.8
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• pp.51-57
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• 1999

A study on the vented gas explosion characteristics were carried out with the liquified petroleum gas(LPG) which is used in domestics and industries fuel. To evaluate a damage by gas explosion and to predict a explosion hazards, a series of experiment have been performed in the regular hexahedron vessel of 270${\iota}$. A side of the vessel was made to setting a polyester diaphragm which was ruptured by explosion to simulate an accidental explosion which ruptured the window by explosion. Experimental parameters were LPG concentration, ignition position, venting area, a strength of diaphragm which was ruptured and distances from venting, Experimental results showed that vented gas explosion pressure was more affected by the diaphragm strength than the gas concentration, and the vented gas explosion pressure and blast wave pressure was increased with decreasing the venting area and increasing the strength of diaphragm. In this research we can find that a damage by vented explosion at the outside can be larger than the inside by blast wave pressure near the venting.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.19 no.4 s.68
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• pp.150-154
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• 2004

Gas explosion characteristics of hydrogen and liquefied petroleum gas(LPG) were measured in 6L cylindrical vessel, and experiment for explosion to fire transition phenomena of the gases were carried out using the 270L vessel. Explosion characteristics were measured using the stain type pressure transducer and explosion to fire transition phenomena was analyzed with the hish-speed camera. Base on the experiment, it was found that explosion pressure was most high slightly above the stoichiometric concentration, and explosion pressure rise rate and flame propagation velocity were proportional to the combustion velocity. And we find that those kind of explosion characteristics affect the explosion-to-fire transition, in addition, explosion flame temperature, flame residence time, are important parameters in explosion-to-fire transition.

• Explosives and Blasting
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.1-13
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• 2015

Accidents related to gas explosion are frequently happened in foreign countries and in Korea. For the evaluation and the analysis of gas explosions, TNT equivalent methods are used. In this study, the influence of the selection of chemical equation in TNT explosion and the selection of enthalpy of the products on the explosion energy, detonation pressure, velocity of detonation, and temperature was calculated. Depending on the chemical equations, the maximum detonation pressure can be 2 times higher than the minimum. As an example for applying TNT equivalent method, an explosion of methane gas in a confined volume was assumed. With the TNT equivalent, it was possible to predict the variation of peak overpressure and impulse with the distance from the explosion location.

• Explosives and Blasting
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.15-28
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• 2000

국내에서는 Heavy ANFO로 더 잘 알려져 있는 Emulsion Blends는 왁스 대신 오일을 사용 하여 상온에서 펌핑이 가능하도록 한 에멀젼과 ANFO(또는 초안)의 혼합물을 일컫는다. ANFO는 저렴하고 안전하며 장약이 쉽고 밀장전되는 장점이 있지만, 내수성이 거의 없고 폭발 속도가 느리며 장약 비중이 0.75∼0.90g/cc 정도로 낮아 폭약으로서 그 위력이 작은 단점을 갖고 있다. Blends는 수용성 ANFO 입자 사이의 빈 공간을 내수성 에멀젼이 태우고 있는 형태로서 에멀젼 함량 25%부터 내수성이 나타나기 시작하여 에멀젼 함량 40% 이상에서는 완전한 내수성을 갖게 되며, 에멀젼의 함량이 증가할수록 폭발속도는 카트리지 에멀젼 폭약에 근접하게 된다. 장약 비중은 에멀젼의 함량이 증가하여 45% 근처에서 1.25∼ 1.30g/cc의 최대 값을 갖지만, 그 이상의 에멀젼 함량에서는 기폭 감도 저하로 예감제를 사용하여 비중을 감소시키는 것이 바람직하다. Blends는 자체에 물을 함유하고 있으므로 열역학적으로 계산된 단위 중량당 반응열은 ANFO에 비해 매우 적지만, 폭발속도, detonation pressure(폭굉압), borehole pressure(폭발압력) 등이 ANFO에 비해 크므로 폭발압력에서부터 암석의 파괴가 가능한 압력가지의 단위 중량당 유효한 에너지의 양은 암석의 강도가 커질수록 ANFO에 비해 매우 적지만, 폭발속도, ANFO와 비슷해진다. 따라서 장약 비중이 ANFO의 130∼145%로 높은 Blends는 동일한 천공에 더 많이 장약할 수 있어 단위 천공당 암석 파괴에 이용되는 유효 에너지의 총 양이 커지게 되므로, 공간격과 저항선을 늘릴 수 있어 총 천공수를 감소시킬 수 있다. 결론적으로, Blends의 장점은 내수성과 함께 비장약량은 비슷하거나 약간 증가하는데 비해, 천공수는 크게 감소하여 전체적으로는 발파 현장의 경제성이 향상된다는데 있다.

• Explosives and Blasting
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.10-16
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• 2019

Information on overpressure, positive phase duration, and impulse are required to assess the effects of shock waves or pressure waves on the structure. In this study, the overpressure and positive phase duration were determined by applying the Multi-Energy Method, which is found to be effective in analyzing the explosion of vapor clouds. Based on the total heat of combustion estimated in the cyclohexane vapor cloud explosion in the Nypro Ltd(UK), overpressure and positive phase duration at the distance of 40, 80, 120, 160, 200, 240, 280, 320, 360(m) from the source of explosion were evaluated. Overpressure was shown to decrease exponentially and positive phase duration increased almost linearly with distance. A probit function was used to assess the probability of damages for the structures at each distance using the overpressure and impact obtained at the above mentioned distances. The Analyses of probability of damages have shown that there is a high probability of collapse at distances within 120m, major damage to structures within 240m, and minor damage and breakage of window panes of structures occur over the entire distances.

• Proceedings of the Korean Nuclear Society Conference
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• 1995.05a
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• pp.531-537
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• 1995

본 논문에서는 증기폭발의 전파과정을 해석하기 위한 수학적 모델을 제시하였다. 이 모델은 용융물, 용융파편, 그리고 냉각재 기상과 액상 둥 4상 유체의 2차원적인 천이거동을 지배방정식 및 관련상관식의 수치적 해를 구함으로써 증기폭발의 전파속도 및 폭발압력 등을 예측할 수 있다. 모델에 사용된 주요 상관식은 용융물 분쇄, 냉각재 상변화, 에너지 교환, 그리고 운동량 교환함으로 구성되어 있다. 냉각재의 상태를 결정하는데 있어서 냉각재의 기상과 액상 사이의 열역학적인 비평형을 허용할 수 있도록 냉각재의 상태방정식을 구성하였다. 주석/물의 증기폭발에 대한 예제계산을 수행한 결과 폭발의 전파속도 및 압력 등에 있어서 합당한 것으로 밝혀졌다. 또한 중요한 초기변수(중기 분율, 용융물 분율) 및 관련상관식에 대한 민감도 분석을 수행함으로써 모델개선을 위한 중요인자를 제시하였다.

• Proceedings of the Korea Institute of Fire Science and Engineering Conference
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• 2011.11a
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• pp.466-469
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• 2011

Acrylic Polymer는 충격보강재 및 가공조제 등의 용도로 다양한 산업현장에서 사용되어지고 있는데, 본 제품 제조회사에서 고객사로 제품 납품 후 원료 투입 중 분진폭발이 발생하여 본 위험성평가를 의뢰하였다. 분진의 위험 특성에 대한 분석은 일반적으로 퇴적분진(Dust Layers)와 부유분진(Dust Clouds)으로 구별되어진다. 본 연구에서는 스위스 Kuhner사에서 제작된 분진폭발장치를 이용하여 아크릴 부유분진의 화재.폭발위험성에 대하여 고찰하였다. Acrylic Polymer 부유분진의 폭발위험성은 최대폭발압력 약 6bar, 최대폭발압력상승속도 67 bar/s, Kst 값은 $18m{\cdot}bar/s$로 폭발등급으로 구분하면 St1 [0$bar{\cdot}m/s$]으로 분류되어 "폭발에 의한 위험성이 낮은 분진"에 속하며, 최소점화에너지(MIE)는 300 mJ < MIE < 1,000 mJ로 Normal Sensitivity로서 정전기와 같은 점화원 제거만으로도 어느 정도 충분히 폭발 등을 방지 할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.