• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.96-101
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• 1996

Objects : There has been the controversy that menopause may or may not influence the psychological distresses. The purpose of this study was to investigate the correlation between the hormonal status and traits of depression & anxiety in menopausal women. Method : Among the women attending menopausal clinic. menopausal women, defined as who having a amenorrhea for more than 12 months, were selected as a study group(n=83). The control group(n=73), who visited to screen the cervix cancer with regular menstruation, hod no history of hormone replacement therapy. Individual data were collected by self-reporting questionnaires. Depression state was evaluated by Beck Depression Inventory(BDI) and anxiety state by Stale Trail Anxiety Inventory(STAI), and the female hormones such as E2, FSH, and LH were obtained by blood sampling at visting clinic. Statistically the data were processed by t-test and pearson correlation analysis(p<0.05). Results : 1) The mean age of menopausal was 45.3 years. 2) In menopausal women the scores of BDI & STAI were significantly higher than in control group(p<0.05). 3) There were significant differences between menopausal and control group by E2 & FSH. 4) There was no correlation between female hormonal status and the STAI & BDI scores in both groups. Conclusion : Although menopausal women had more traits of depression & anxiety than control group, it was difficult to insist that the lack of estrogen was the only etiological factor for the traits of depression & anxiety in menopausal period. In further studies, we must consider another factors, including biological, sociocultural, psychological factor, as the cause of psychological symptoms during menopausal period.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.9
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• pp.57-67
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• 2016

This study is designed to investigate the differences of ferritin and hemoglobin levels according to the vitamin D state in 23577 Korean adult subjects by using data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey IV, V. Ferritin and hemoglobin levels are analyzed based on the quintile of vitamin D levels by a generalized linear model. The results of analysis showed that there was a relationship between vitamin D state and hemoglobin levels in females in the reproductive status group (p<0.001). In case of ferritin, there was a relationship with vitamin D state in females in reproductive status group (p<0.001) and males under 65 years old group (p<0.05). Within the male group, high ferritin correlated with low vitamin D state; but in the female group, high ferritin correlated with high vitamin D state. Therefore, it is possible for the ferritin level to be affected by vitamin D state in females in reproductive status group and males under 65 years old group.

• 한국노년학
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.631-647
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of climacteric women's attitude to developmental phenomena and their menopausal symptoms on their meaning of life in an attempt to provide some information on the improvement of climacteric women's quality of life. The subjects in this study were 313 women who resided in different regions involving a large city D and another city C. They were aged between 40 and 60 and were going through their menopause. They were aged between 40 and 60 and were going through their menopause. The subjects were selected by convenient sampling, which was one of nonprobability sampling methods. The collected data were analyzed by the statistical package SPSS. The major findings of the study were as follows: First, the climacteric women didn't take a positive attitude toward developmental phenomena. They occasionally suffered severe menopausal symptoms, and they didn't find a great meaning in their life. Second, the climacteric women found a more meaning in their life when they took a more positive attitude to developmental phenomena, and those who underwent severer menopausal symptoms found a less meaning in their life. Third, the climacteric women's meaning of life was under the influence of their attitude toward developmental phenomena and menopausal symptoms. Specifically, their attitude to menopause and mental symptoms had a large impact on that. Given the findings of the study, social welfare intervention should be provided for climacteric women to promote their physical health related to menopausal symptoms and psychological health related to attitude toward developmental phenomena to find a more meaning in their life. Besides, local welfare centers should be open to climacteric women as one of governmental policies so that they could lead a healthy life. Education should be provided for them to be ready for their own menopause, and social welfare counseling service should be offered from diverse angles

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.146-153
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• 2011

Purpose : To describe normal anatomy and compare the differences of external genital organs and urethra on MR imaging in pre- and postmenopausal women. Materials and Methods : A total of 19 pre- and 18 postmenopausal healthy women underwent pelvis MR imaging at 1.5 T. Two radiologists retrospectively scored and compared the image quality of female external genitalia and urethra on axial T2-weighted images (T2WI) and axial fat-suppressed contrast-enhanced T1-weighted images (FSCE-T1WI) by using Wilcoxon signed ranks test. The radiologists compared the wall thickness or size of external genital organs and urethra on FSCE-T1WI between two groups by using Student t test. Results : Image quality was better with FSCE-T1WI than with T2WI in all subjects (p < 0.05). The vestibular bulb, clitoris and labium minor were more clearly visualized on FSCE-T1WI in premenopausal subjects rather than in postmenopausal subjects (p < 0.05). The urethra had a target-like appearance with three layers in premenopausal and postmenopausal subjects. Postmenopausal subjects were observed to have significantly smaller vaginal wall thickness, urethral wall thickness and vestibular bulb width than premenopausal subjects (p < 0.05). Conclusion : The anatomy and morphologic changes of female external genital organs and urethra were well discernible on FSCE-T1WI.

• 건강소식
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• v.30 no.9 s.334
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• pp.28-29
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• 2006

난소는 사춘기 때는 20~40만 개의 난포를 가지고 있는데 임신과 생리를 반복하면서 난포폐쇄 과정을 통해 많이 소모되고 36세 이후에는 34,000개 정도로 숫자가 중고 폐경이 가까워지면 그 숫자가 남지 않게 된다. 따라서 여성호르몬을 만들어 내는 기능이 점점 약화 되는 것이다. 결국에는 생리가 멈추고 호르몬 저하로 오는 여러 가지 폐경 증상을 유발하게 된다.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.219-228
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• 2017

Postmenopausal women are at increased risk for osteoporosis and obesity due to changes in hormones. The relationship between osteoporosis and body weight is known, and its relation with body fat mass is discussed. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the bone mineral density(BMD) changes of epicardial adipose tissue(EAT) and abdominal subcutaneous fat. The subjects of this study were 160 postmenopausal women who underwent BMD and echocardiography. The thickness of the epicardial adipose tissue was measured in three sections and the BMD were meassured according to the diagnostic criteria. The results of this study that age increase the risk of osteoporosis increases, and as the weight and BMI decrease, the risk of osteoporosis increases(p<0.05). The relationship between changes in bone mineral density and adipose tissue in postmenopausal women, increased epicardial adipose tissue was negatively correlated with the bone mineral density(p<0.05). conversely, increased abdominal subcutaneous fat thickness was positively correlated with bone mineral density(p<0.05). In other words, the effect of bone mineral density on the location of adipose tissue was different. If Echocardiography is used to periodically examine changes in the thickness of the epicardial adipose tissue, it may be prevented before proceeding to osteoporosis.

• Proceedings of the Korean Journal of Food and Nutrition Conference
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• 2003.07a
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• pp.78-78
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• 2003

심혈관계질환의 예방과 영양교육의 기초자료를 제공하기 위하여 성인 남녀를 대상으로 규칙적인 운동 습관과 음주, 흡연, 폐경, 비만 여부에 따라 신체계측치와 콜레스테롤, 중성지방, LDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol 등의 혈청지질 및 영양소 섭취량을 비교 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1)체중이나 신장, 비만 정도 및 WHR 등 신체계측지수는 음주나 흡연 여부에 따른 차이가 없었으나, 혈청 중성지방 농도를 유의적으로 상승시켰다. 2)음주군은 비음주군에 비하여 단백질의 열량비율(% RDA)이 유의적으로 높았으며(p<0.05), 흡연군은 비타민 A와 나이아신, 비타민 B6, 엽산, 비타민 C, 비타민 E의 섭취량에 있어서 비흡연자들보다 낮은 경향을 보였다. 3)운동에 의한 혈청지질 농도에는 뚜렷한 차이가 없었으나, 남성들의 경우 현재의 체중과 PIBW, Quetlet index, 엉덩이둘레가 비운동자들보다 많은 것으로 나타났다. 영양소 섭취량에 있어서 남성의 경우 운동군이 비운동군에 비해 콜레스테롤과 나이아신 및 인을 더 섭취하고 있었으며, 당질의 섭취비율은 유의적으로 더 낮았다(p<0.05). 여성의 경우에는 불포화지방에 유의적 차이를 보여 비운동군의 불포화지방 섭취량이 더 많았다(p<0.05). 4)폐경한 여성의 경우 폐경 전 여성에 비하여 신장은 더 작고 WHR은 더 높았다. 폐경 이후 estrogen 분비의 변화로 인하여 혈중 지질 성분 중에서는 cholesterol이 198.4$\pm$36.3mg/dl, LDL이 119.5$\pm$34.9mg/dl로 폐경 전의 수치보다 유의적으로 높았다(p<0.01). 5)비만 여부는 남자의 경우 콜레스테롤 농도에(p<0.01)), 여자의 경우 중성지방 농도(p<0.01)에 대해 의미있는 설명력을 보이는 변수로 작용하고 있었다. 그러나 식이 섭취상태와의 관련성은 나타나지 않았다. 이상에서 생활습관이 신체계측치 및 혈중 지질 농도와 일부 상관을 보이는 것을 알 수 있었으며, 건강위험 요인도 관찰할 수 있었다. 고지혈증은 심혈관계질환의 주요한 위험 인자로 알려져 있으며, 그 유발 요인에는 여러 환경적인 요인과 식이 요인이 있다. 또한 생활습관은 영양소의 섭취량에도 영향을준다. 이처럼 식이 요인과 생활습관은 단독 혹은 상호 영향을 주게 되므로 고지혈증 및 심혈관계질환을 개선하려면 식사요법과 생활습관 교정을 병행하여야 한다. 고지혈증의 원인 중의 하나로 지적되고 있는 음주와 흡연은 상호 유도작용이 있으므로 금연이나 절주를 하고자 할 경우 두가지를 동시에 자제해야 효과적일 것으로 생각된다. 폐경후 여성들에게 발생 빈도가 높은 심혈관질환의 위험요인인 고지혈증을 예방하고자 하는 노력은 폐경후 여성들의 삶의 질적 향상을 위해서도 매우 중요하다. 또한 균형식 섭취와 운동을 통해 혈중 지질 수준을 건강하게 유지하고, 비만으로의 이행을 방지함으로써 심혈관계질환을 예방하도록 하여야겠다.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.53-61
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• 2013

The aim of this study was to assess oral health related quality of life and evaluation the risk factors in menopausal woman. The subjects of this study were 531 menopausal woman from August 5 to September 27, 2012. Data were analyzed with t-test, one-way ANOVA, and binary logistic regression analysis SPSS 12.0. The most influential factors of perceived oral symptoms was menopause symptoms (odds ratio [OR], 3.72; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.34~5.92), anxiety symptoms (OR, 2.14; 95% CI, 1.34~3.41), drinking (OR, 1.37; 95% CI, 1.04~1.81), living with a spouse (OR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.70~0.98). There are a statistically significant relationship between perceived oral symptoms and menopause, anxiety symptoms. The postmenopausal woman can be the important menopause and anxiety symptoms interventions in maintaining perceived oral health as good.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.31 no.12
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• pp.1142-1148
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• 2021

As the average human lifespan has been extended, there has been a lot of interest in the quality of life of women after menopause. It is known that the average age of menopause among Korean women is 49.7 years, and the post-menopausal life of a woman takes up more than one third of her life. L-ascorbic acid (AsA) is known to be involved in the synthesis and maturation of collagen, a bone constituent protein. The aim of this review is to discuss the potential of AsA in bone health in postmenopausal women. AsA plays an important role in collagen biosynthesis, and collagen is a protein constituting bone and is a necessary material for calcification of the bone matrix. Collagen crosslinking is necessary for the stabilization and elasticity of collagen fibers during growth and matruation of animals, but an excessive increase is likely to lead to further aging because the movement of intercellular nutrients or waste is suppressed. AsA acts as a reducing agent to stabilize the immature collagen crosslinking and suppress pyridinoline production, a mature crosslinking. Therefore, AsA participates in collagen biosynthesis and helps bone tissue health, while regulating the excessive maturation of collagen crosslinking, it is expected to play an important role in bone-related problems that may occur in postmenopausal women.

• Journal of Industrial Convergence
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.107-120
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• 2024

This study aimed to identify factors associated with metabolic abnormalities in non-obese and obese postmenopausal women based on biopsychosocial model. Secondary data analysis was conducted using data from 5,335 postmenopausal women who participated in the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2015-2021). According to logistic analysis with applying a complex simple analysis in SPSS 26.0, biomedical (increased age; a family history of hypertension, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, and cardiovascular diseases) and biosocial factors (low educational level) were associated with 1-2 metabolic abnormalities and metabolic syndrome, regardless of adiposity. Additionally, low familial socioeconomic status and prolonged sedentary behaviors were the biosocial and psychosocial factors associated with metabolic syndrome regardless of adiposity. Finally, insufficient physical activity was associated with metabolic syndrome in obese postmenopausal women. Based on these results, tailored strategies should be developed considering the significant factors associated with metabolic abnormalities and adiposity in postmenopausal women.