• Journal of Korea Game Society
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.127-136
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• 2014

NPC in game is an important factor to increase the fun of the game by cooperating with player or confrontation with player. NPC's behavior patterns in the previous games are limited. Also, there is not much difference in NPC's ability among the existing games because it's designed to FSM. Therefore, players who have matched with NPCs which have the characteristics may have difficulty to play. This paper is for improving the problem and production and evaluation of the game NPC behavior model based on wolves hunting model in real life. To achieve it, first, the research surveys and studies behavior states for wolves to capture prey in the real world. Secondly, it is implemented using the Unity3D engine. Third, this paper compares the implemented state transition probability to state transition probability in real world, state transition probability in general game. The comparison shows that the number of state transitions of NPCs increases, proportions of implemented NPC behavior patterns converges to probabilities of state transition in real-world. This means that the aggressive behavior pattern of NPC implemented is similar to the wolf hunting behavior pattern of the real world, and it can thereby provide more player experience.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.54 no.2
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• pp.141-146
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• 2022

This study investigated the quality characteristics and antioxidant activities of preserved jams prepared by mixing various ratios of aronia and sugar. To analyze the quality characteristics, the total sugar, pH, moisture, maximum stress, hardness, total phenolics, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), trolox-equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), and sensory characteristics of the preserved jams were measured. Lower aronia contents resulted in higher total sugar content, hardness, and strength, as well as lower moisture, total phenolic content, and DPPH, TEAC, FRAP, and ORAC values. In terms of the sensory characteristics, an aronia content of 30%, which was determined to have strong sweetness and texture, resulted in the lowest overall acceptability. In contrast, the highest preference was shown to an aronia content of 40%. In this study, quality characteristics and antioxidant activity experiments were conducted based on various ratios of aronia and sugar. The results are expected to be used as preliminary data for developing products that use domestic aronia.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2006.05a
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• pp.214-220
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• 2006

본 연구의 목적은 지역별 농업가뭄의 평가를 위하여 농업가뭄지표의 적용성을 분석하는 것이다. 가뭄발생 상황에 분석은 SPI, PDSI, SWSI, CMI, Decile 및 Percent of Normal에 대하여 농업가뭄에 대한 적용성을 검토하였다. 기존 가뭄지수에 대한 가뭄발생시기 및 심도에 대한 분석을 통하여 농업가뭄을 잘 나타낼 수 있는 농업용 저수지 저수율과 3개월 지체된 표준강수지수, 평년강우비율, 무강우일수 등 4가지를 농업가뭄지표로 선정하였으며, 이들 지수를 통하여 가뭄평가에 적용하였다. 농업가뭄 평가를 위하여 평시대비단계, 가뭄우려단계, 가뭄확산단계의 3단계로 구성된 기존의 가뭄단계를 가뭄진행상황의 판단을 위해 6단계로 세분하여 이에 대한 기준을 정립하였다. 농업용 저수지의 저수율에 따른 농업가뭄의 판단은 영농시기에 대한 농업용수의 공급에는 적당하지만, 겨울에서 봄으로 이어지는 영농준비시기 및 논에서의 영농이 끝난 후의 가을철 이후의 가뭄에 대해서는 대표적인 기준으로서는 미흡한 것으로 나타났다. 농업용 저수지의 저수율에 따른 농업가뭄의 표현은 저수율의 지연효과, 저수율과 가뭄심도의 일반화된 상관성을 수립하기 어려운 단점이 있으므로, 영농상황에 따른 시기별 저수율의 고려할 수 있도록 구성하고, 표준강수지수, 평년강우비율 및 무강우일수 등의 지수를 이용하여 보완하도록 하였다. 이를 통해 제시된 농업가뭄지표 및 가뭄단계에 의한 농업가뭄 평가 결과 농업가뭄 발생시기, 지속기간 및 심도에 대한 적용성이 우수한 것으로 분석되었다. 농업가뭄지표 및 농업가뭄단계는 농업가뭄 평가 및 웹기반 정보제공시스템의 구축을 통하여 농업가뭄 분석 및 판단에 이용하고 있다. 농업가뭄의 분석 및 평가를 위한 농업가뭄 평가시스템은 가뭄분석을 위한 자료의 수집 및 분석, 농업가뭄심도의 분류, 지역별 농업가뭄 상황의 도식화 등을 수행하도록 구성되어 있다. 농업가뭄 평가시스템을 통해 구축된 시기별, 지역별 분석결과는 DB를 통하여 관리되며, 홈페이지를 통하여 실시간 분석결과를 제공할 수 있도록 웹기반 정보제공시스템을 구축하였다. 이상과 같은 농업가뭄 평가 및 웹기반 정보제공시스템은 현재 한국농촌공사 농어촌연구원에서 시범운영중에 있으며 농업가뭄의 평가 및 대책수립을 위한 지원수단으로 효율적으로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 판단되었다.

• Journal of the Korean School Mathematics Society
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.275-290
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• 2014

This study aims to examine how secondary mathematics teachers perceive and how they use constructed-response assessment in their mathematics classrooms. For this purpose, we conducted a survey in Seoul, Inchun, and Gyeonggi-do; 189 teachers participated in the survey. Results from the data analysis suggest as follows: a) the secondary mathematics teachers participated in the survey seem to consider the primary goals of assessment through constructed-response items as evaluating student achievement and the development of students' thinking and creativity; b) the teachers perceive that constructed-response assessment would promote students' mathematical thinking and problem solving skills; c) in general, constructed-response items were included in both performance assessment(less than 20 percent) and paper-and-pencil test(20 to 40 percent); and d) constructed-response items were primarily used as a part of regular examination, rather than as an independent assessment.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.195-212
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• 2017

This study analyzed on the content validity of the Korean geography subject evaluation questions on the College Scholastic Ability Test(CSAT) from 2014 to 2016 regarding the national curriculum achievement standards. The main results are as follows. First, from 'the knowledge dimension' aspect, both the achievement standard and the CSAT questions showed the highest ratio of 'factual knowledge'. Second, from 'the cognitive process dimension' aspect, the percentage of 'understand' was the highest in the achievement standard, whereas in the CSAT questions, the ratio of 'analyze' and complex type of 'analyze' and 'understand' was the highest. Third, in the result of the analysis of the content validity of the Korean geography CSAT questions through proportion test, all of the analysis targets showed 'a little low'. Finally, the content validity analysis showed that there was a significant difference between the main types of the achievement standards and the CSAT questions in the 'Geomorphological Environment and Ecosystem part' and 'Space of Production and Consumption part' from the cognitive process aspect, which showed relatively low content validity compared to other areas. The results of this study suggest that the achievement standards should be reflected on the Korean geography CSAT questions and it should not be focused on evaluating the learner's analysing ability.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.290-296
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• 2006

Physicochemical and sensory characteristics of the walnut bread with various levels of resistant starch were investigated in this study. Water contents of dough had significantly the largest value of 44.91% with 10% substituted sample group and the control group had significantly the lowest value (p<0.05). Volume of 10 and 20% substituted sample groups and control group were not significantly different. The 10 and 20% substituted groups had significantly the lower hardness compared to those of control group. Results of sensory characteristics showed significantly higher savory aroma, astringent flavor with 30% substituted sample group at p<0.05. Savory aroma was not significantly different among the walnut breads. Acceptance test of walnut bread with 10% substituted sample group showed the higher appearance, savory flavor, texture, and overall acceptability and they did not show significant differences with the 20% substituted sample groups. Quality characteristics of walnut bread with 10% and 20% substituted sample groups indicated significantly similar or higher values compared to those of control.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.27 no.4 s.63
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• pp.643-659
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• 1997

For the total treatment of skeletal malocclusions, 3-dimensional evaluation and diagnosis are essential. Although anteroposterior discrepancies can be evaluated through various methods, the satisfactory methods for evaluations of facial asymmetry and transverse discrepancies are yet to be found. The adequate diagnosis and treatment of transverse discrepancies may be more important in the maintenance of functional occlusion as well as for the stability of results obtained from orthognathic surgery than the anteroposterior or vertical discrepancies. Since the soft tissue effects from the transverse discrepancies may not be pronounced, especially when combined with anteroposterior or vertical discrepancies which have prominent characteristics, the differentiation of their effects may be difficult from visual inspection alone. Therefore it is essential that the normal facial proportions would be established from the posteroanterior cephalometry as a reference for the accurate diagnosis and treatment. The present study evaluates 76 subjects from Yonsei University freshmen with normal facial symmetry and occlusion. Posteroanterior cephalograms were taken from the subjects and the normal values and facial proportions are obtained. The results are as follows. 1. The transverse and vortical values from posteroanterior cephalometry and their ratio, with means and standard deviations are calculated. 2. The ratio of vertical values to transverse values is 0.837 (male 0.836, female 0.841). 3. The Proportion of maxillary and mandibular widths is 0.747 (male 0.745, female 0.752), with statistically significant correlation. 4. Various degree of significant correlations are observed in the following craniofacial widths; (Cranial width, Bizygomaticofrontal suture width, Facial width, Maxillary width, Upper & Lower Intermolar width, Mandibular width). 5. Although the facial height as well as other line measurements increase as the facial widths increase, angle measurement ($Bj\ddot{o}rk$ Sum, Mandibular Plane Angle, Gonial Angle), decreases and posterior to anterior facial height ratio increases, therefore indicating the tendency for a brachycephalic facial type. These results may be used as references for the treatment planning in orthognathic and orthodontic treatments for the dentofacial deformity patients.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.755-765
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• 2010

For classification problems on mixture distribution, a threshold based on cost functions is optimal from the viewpoint of a minimum expected cost. Assuming that there is no cost information, we propose cost ratios in the expected cost corresponding to thresholds where the total accuracy and the true rate are maximized to explain the relation of these cost ratios minimizing the expected cost. Other cost ratios are also proposed by comparing the normalized expected costs when classification accuracy is maximized. The values of these cost ratios are located between two cost ratios for the expected costs based on classification accuracies, and converge to that of the minimum expected cost. This work suggests two cost ratios: one is minimized by the expected cost and the normalized expected cost, and the other in the expected cost and the normalized expected cost functions that are maximized classification accuracies. We discuss their compatibility based on the relation of these cost ratios.

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.1-8
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• 2008

Seoul metropolitan government has introduced Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) systems in some major urban corridors on July 1st, 2004, and has reported that it was successful on the ground that bus speed has been increased in the corridors with BRT system and that it has also resulted in the increase of bus patrons. However, there comes a negative claim that BRT has increased the number of fatalities in the same corridors. This study first aims at developing safety evaluation indicators of pedestrian crossings, then compares values of those indicators from pedestrian crossings with and without BRT systems. The safety evaluation indicators of pedestrian crossing are developed as: the number (or ratio) of conflicts between pedestrians and vehicles, the number (or ratio) of vehicles violating pedestrian signals, the number (or ratio) of pedestrians remaining crossings at red signals, and the number (ratio) of pedestrians walking beyond crossing areas. When we compare values of these indicators for both pedestrian crossings with and without BRT system, it has turned out that crossings with BRT systems has more number of conflicts than the crossings without BRT systems, but it cannot be said that the ratio of conflicts will be different between two crossing types. It means that the number of conflict will increase as the number of pedestrians and vehicles in the crossings. When we note that BRT system intrinsically attract more number of pedestrians who get-in or get-off bus stops, we cannot said that BRT system will be safer for pedestrians.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.53 no.4
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• pp.301-309
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• 2015

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical performance of screw- and cement-retained implant prosthesis (SCP) design in terms of retained preload of abutment screws and cement washout. Materials and methods: Patients with the partial posterior edentulous areas comprised the study group. Implants were placed, and SCPs were delivered after 3 to 6 months healing. Follow-up examinations were performed. The implant survival rate and the prosthetic success rate were evaluated. The retained preload ratio of abutment screws and the prosthetic decementation ratio were measured. Results: Twenty one SCPs (forty three implants)in twenty patients were followed up to 64 months. All of the implants survived during the follow-up period (mean follow-up: 34 months). The prosthetic success rate was 100 % considering no abutment, screw, porcelain or metal frame fractures, as well as no screw loosening. The retained preload ratio of SCPs at the end of follow-up period was 97.61% (${\pm}16.29$) and the decementation ratio was 9.5 %. Conclusion: Within the limitations of this clinical study, SCP design showed favorable short-term clinical performances in respect of screw loosening and cement washout.