• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.35 no.9
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• pp.675-680
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• 2013

This research was done to evaluate the potential for destruction of perchlorate in municipal sewage. Laboratory experiments were conducted in flasks containing 3 liters of raw sewage. Sewage was mixed with defined amount of perchlorate and various additives. Perchlorate reduction in sewage did occur, but was quite variable, ranging from 0 to 72% over 72 hour. Addition of even a small amount of perchlorate acclimated biomass (167 mg/L SS) significantly reduced the lag and resulted in complete perchlorate removal. Perchlorate reduction in sewage-brine mixtures was inhibited when the dissolved oxygen level was greater than 2 mg/L, and when the mixture salinity was relatively high (conductivity = 14 mS with equivalent TDS = 8 g/L). When nitrate ($NO_3{^-}$) was present with perchlorate in the laboratory flask tests of sewage-brine mixtures, nitrate reduction proceeded first. A significant amount of nitrite ($NO_2{^-}$) accumulated in the sewage-brine mixtures, accounting for about 66% of initial nitrate nitrogen ($NO_3$-N).

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.29-34
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• 2009

In this study, a chloride ion probe as a direct measurement for perchlorate reduction was used to determine whether biological perchlorate reduction was inhibited by other electron acceptors ($O_2$ and ${NO_3}^-$) and to investigate competition of electron acceptors for using electron donors. Profiles of chloride production (= perchlorate reduction) in flasks containing perchlorate reducing populations were monitored by a chloride ion probe. Biological reduction of 2 mM perchlorate was inhibited by 2 mM nitrate that chloride production rate was decreased by 30% compared to perchlorate used as the only electron acceptor and chloride production rate was decreased by 70% when acetate was limited. Reduction of 2mM perchlorate was completely inhibited by oxygen at 7~8 mg/L, regardless of acetate excess / limitation.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.29 no.11
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• pp.1294-1303
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• 2019

Perchlorate is an anionic pollutant that is very soluble and stable in water. It has been detected not only in soil/ground water but also in surface water, drinking water, food, fish, and crops. Perchlorate inhibits iodine uptake by the thyroid gland and reduces production of thyroid hormones that are primarily responsible for regulation of metabolism. Although various technologies have been developed to remove perchlorate from the environment, biodegradation is the method of choice since it is economical and environmentally friendly. However there is limited information on perchlorate biodegradation in salt environment such as salt water. Therefore this paper reviews biodegradation of perchlorate in salt water and related microorganisms. Most biodegradation research has employed heterotrophic perchlorate removal using organic compounds such as acetate as electron donors. Biodegradation research has focused on perchlorate removal from spent brine generated by ion exchange technology that is primarily employed to clean up perchlorate-contaminated ground water. Continuous removal of perchlorate at up to 10% NaCl was shown when bioreactors were inoculated with enriched salt-tolerant perchlorate-reducing bacteria. However the reactors did not show long-term stable removal of perchlorate. Microorganisms belonging to ${\beta}$- and ${\gamma}$-Proteobacteria were dominant in bioreactors used to remove perchlorate from salt water. This review will help our understanding of perchlorate removal from salt water to develop a decent biotechnology for the process.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.21 no.10
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• pp.1473-1480
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• 2011

Perchlorate ($ClO_4^-$) is a contaminant found in surface water and soil/ground water. Microbial removal of perchlorate is the method of choice since microorganisms can reduce perchlorate into harmless end-products. Such microorganisms require an electron donor to reduce perchlorate. Conventional perchlorate-removal techniques employ heterotrophic perchlorate-reducing bacteria that use organic compounds as electron donors to reduce perchlorate. Since continuous removal of perchlorate requires a continuous supply of organic compounds, heterotrophic perchlorate removal is an expensive process. Feasibility of autotrophic perchlorate-removal using elemental sulfur granules and activated sludge was examined in this study. Granular sulfur is relatively inexpensive and activated sludge is easily available from wastewater treatment plants. Batch tests showed that activated sludge microorganisms could successfully degrade perchlorate in the presence of granular sulfur as an electron donor. Perchlorate biodegradation was confirmed by molar yield of $Cl^-$ as the perchlorate was degraded. Scanning electron microscope revealed that rod-shaped microorganisms on the surface of sulfur particles were used for the autotrophic perchlorate-removal, suggesting that sulfur particles could serve as supporting media for the formation of biofilm as well. DGGE analyses revealed that microbial profile of the inoculum (activated sludge) was different from that of the biofilm sample obtained from enrichment culture that used sulfur particles for $ClO_4^-$-degradation.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.37-44
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• 2008

In this study, we tried to establish analysis methods of perchlorate with ion chromatography(IC) and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry(LC/MS) and monitored perchlorate levels in various kinds of water and soil samples. The obtained method detection limit(MDL) of IC was 1 ppb and that of LC/MS was 0.005 ppb in water sample. We monitored the ground and spring water in Busan and the average perchlorate level in ground water was 0.031 $\pm$ 0.011 ppb and that of spring water was 0.013 $\pm$ 0.014 ppb. Wastewater samples were also examined and the levels of perchlorate ranged from 0.007 to 0.380 ppb. The perchlorate levels in all water samples investigated in this study were below the EPA guideline.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.301-306
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• 2013

This research was conducted to investigate whether sequential anoxic/aerobic biofilm reactors and microfilteration (MF) membrane system can be used as a direct treatment for the removal of perchlorate and nitrate in groundwater. The biofilm process consisted of an anoxic first stage to remove perchlorate and nitrate and aerobic second stage to remove remaining acetate used as a carbon source for dissimilatory reduction of perchlorate and nitrate. In final stage, hollow fiber MF membrane was used to remove turbidity. In this research, perchlorate was reduced from the influent concentration of 102 ${\mu}/L$ to below the IC detection level (5 ${\mu}/L$) and nitrate was reduced from 61.8 mg/L (14 mg/L $NO_3$-N) to 4.4 mg/L (1 mg/L $NO_3$-N). Acetate used as a carbon source was consumed from 179 mg/L $CH_3COO-$ to 117 and 11 mg/L $CH_3COO^-$ in effluents from anoxic and aerobic biofilm reactors, respectively. Turbidity was reduced from 3.0 NTU to 1.5, 0.3, and 0.2 NTU in effluents from anoxic/aerobic biofilm reactors and MF membrane, respectively. It is expected that the sequential anoxic/aerobic biofilm reactors and MF membrane system can efficiently remove perchlorate and nitrate in surface water or groundwater.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2015.05a
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• pp.284-284
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• 2015

본 연구는 퍼클로레이트의 생물학적 환원 과정에 있어서 고농도의 염이 미생물에게 어떤 영향을 미치는지를 다양한 방법을 통해서 알아보고 적절한 모델링 접근을 통하여 최적 환원속도를 위한 반응조 조건 및 설계에 필요한 요소들을 도출하기 위해 수행되었다. 100mL 합성폐수를 포함하는 플라스크를 이용한 실험이 수행되었고, 일정 농도의 퍼클로레이트와 유일 탄소원으로 아세트산나트륨이 사용되었다. 염화나트륨 농도가 $7490{\mu}s/cm$에서 $23700{\mu}s/cm$까지 증가하는 동안 퍼클로레이트의 생물학적 환원 속도는 현저하게 감소하였으며, $32100{\mu}s/cm$ 이상의 염화나트륨 농도에서는 퍼클로레이트가 환원되지 않았다. 동일한 농도의 염화나트륨, 염화암모늄, 염산 및 황산이 포함된 하수에서는 퍼클로레이트의 환원속도가 모두 비슷하였다.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.224-230
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• 2013

BACKGROUND: Perchlorate(${ClO_4}^-$) is an anion that is extremely water-soluble and environmentally stable. It mostly exists in the form of sodium perchlorate, ammonium perchlorate and potassium perchlorate which are used in rocket fuels, propellants, ignitable sources, air bag inflation systems and explosives. Perchlorate can be taken into the thyroid glands and interfere with iodide uptake. The determination of perchlorate in agricultural products is important due to its potential health impact on humans. The objective of this study was to determine the perchlorate concentrations in the samples of various agricultural products and soils. METHODS AND RESULTS: In this study, samples of cereal(Rice, Barley, Corn, Bean), vegetable(Spinach, Lettuce, Sesame, Chives, Chili, Pumpkin, Tomato), fruit(Apple, Pear, Tangerine, Grape) were analyzed for perchlorate contents. Perchlorate concentrations were analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The results showed that agricultural products respectively contained perchlorate concentrations in the range of : cereals N.D.~$7.46{\mu}g/kg$, vegetables $0.52{\sim}23.06{\mu}g/kg$, fruits $0.19{\sim}2.66{\mu}g/kg$. Bioconcentration factor was in the order of : vegetables > cereals > fruits. Bioconcentration factor was highest follwed by Sesame 37.88, Corn 21.51, Spinach 10.57, Tangerine 4.39, Chives 2.89 and Lettuce 1.90. The recoveries of perchlorate from spiked agricultural products and soils ranged from 87.72~111.26% and 102.09~111.23%. CONCLUSION(S): The health risk assessment results obtained in this study are lower than the RfD(Reference Dose, 0.0007 mg/kg/body weight/day) value as suggested by the Integrated Risk Information System(US IRIS). Our results indicate that, people currently exposed to perchlorate from agricultural products consumption are considered as safe.

• Proceedings of the Materials Research Society of Korea Conference
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• 2009.05a
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• pp.57.2-57.2
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• 2009

퍼클로레이트 이온($ClO_4^-$)는 자연적으로 혹은 인공적으로 만들어지며 퍼클로릭산이나 암모늄 퍼클로레이트나, 포타슘 퍼클로레이트 혹은 소듐퍼클로레이트 염의 형태로 존재하며, 물에 아주 잘 녹고, 끓여도 제거되지 않으며, 활성 탄소와 같은 광물에도 흡착 되지 않는 성질로 인해, 기존 물리적인 정수 방법으로는 제거하기 어렵다. 또한 우리 몸에 흡수되면, 요오드가 갑상선에 흡수되는 작용을 방해하여 갑상선 기능장애를 초래한다. 이러한 퍼클로레이트 이온의 제거방법으로는 이온교환법이나 생물학적 방법 등이 개발되어져 있으나, 제거 시스템에 이동 및 안전한 농도까지 제거 등의 문제점으로 인한 퍼클로레이트 이온을 환원시키는 촉매 환원 반응에 의한 퍼클로레이트 이온 제거 기술 개발이 필요하다. 이런 촉매 환원에 필요한 수소 환원제를 발생시키기 위해서, 본 연구에서는 Carbon felt 위에 DC magnetron sputtering에 의한 thin film $TiO_2$과 regine을 이용한 powder $TiO_2$ 시편을 제작하였다. 이렇게 제작 된 $TiO_2$/Carbon felt의 미세구조 및 특성은 XRD, SEM, UV-vis-NIR 등을 통하여 분석하였다. UV 조사에 의해 $TiO_2$/Carbon felt 시편의 산소와 수소 발생과 DC bias의 걸어주었을 때 산소와 수소 발생 차이 등을 비교하였고, 이에 따른 퍼클로 레이트 이온의 분해 영향을 알아보았다.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2015.05a
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• pp.277-277
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• 2015

본 연구는 퍼클로레이트의 생물학적 환원 과정에 있어서 나이트레이트의 존재가 미생물에게 어떤 영향을 미치는지를 실험을 통해서 알아보고 적절한 모델링 접근을 통하여 나이트레이트의 퍼클로레이트 환원에 대한 저해의 정량적 분석을 위한 요소들을 도출하기 위해 수행되었다. 100mL 합성폐수를 포함하는 플라스크를 이용한 실험이 수행되었고, 유일 탄소원으로 아세트산나트륨이 사용되었고, 전자수용체로는 퍼클로레이트와 나이트레이트가 사용되었다. 먼저 퍼클로레이트와 나이트레이트 각각을 단일전자수용체로서 넣은 실험을 진행하였다. 퍼클로레이트의 동역학계수 qmax, Ks, Y, b값은 각각 0.9(mgClO4-/mgMLSSday), 42.28(mgClO4-/L), 0.382(mgClO4-/mgMLSS), 0.05(day-1)로 계산되었다. 그리고 나이트레이트의 동역학 계수 qmax, Ks, Y, b값은 각각 13.81(mgNO3-/mgMLSSday), 239.78(mgNO3-/L), 0.275(mgNO3-/mgMLSS), 0.05(day-1)로 계산되었다. 나이트레이트와 퍼클로레이트를 동시에 넣었을 경우에는 나이트레이트의 동역학 계수는 qmax, Ks, Y, b 값은 각각 13.72(mgClO4-/mgMLSSday), 235.64(mgClO4-/L), 0.263(mgClO4-/mgMLSS), 0.05(day-1)로 큰차이 없었으나, 퍼클로레이트의 경우에는 qmax, Ks, Y, b값은 각각 0.6(mgClO4-/ mgMLSSday), 42.24(mgClO4-/L), 0.393(mgClO4-/mgMLSS), 0.05(day-1)로 qmax값은 감소하였고, Y값은 증가하는 모습을 보임으로써, 나이트레이트의 존재가 퍼클로레이트의 환원을 저해시키는 것을 확인할 수 있었다.