• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.71
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• pp.195-216
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• 2016

In determining the content of the FET standard, the tribunals stated protection of investor's legitimate expectations, due process and denial of justice, transparency, discrimination and arbitrariness, good faith, etc. The most major elements of the FET standard is the protection of the investor's legitimate and reasonable expectations. It is necessary to consider whether it is possible to what the expectations of investors are protected as legitimate and it is formed under any circumstances. If host state frustrate investor's legitimate expectations, it found a breach of the FET. The host state's specific assurance may reinforce investor's expectations, but such explicit statement is not always necessary. The host state must preserve a stable environment for investments. However, It must not be understood as the inalterability of the host state's legal framework. It implies that the host state's subsequent changes should be made consistently and predictably. The host state is entitled to exercise a reasonable regulatory authority to respond to changing circumstances in the public purpose. Therefore, whether the violation FET shall be determined through a balanced against the investor's legitimate expectations and the host state's reasonable regulatory exercise in the public interest. And investor should keep in mind that the principle of proportionality is applied unless host state provides stabilization clause or similar commitments to investor. Also host state should establish the basis of an argument about reasonable regulatory authority for public interest.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.39-54
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• 2009

As of July, 2009, Chungnam Province get DI (Direct Investment) of 2,502 corporations as the amount of 31 billion US dollars only for 3 years. Especially, Chungnam provincial governor make a excessive performance of 2.5 times comparing to the target number, 1,000 of inviting capital, that is public promise in the election. Now, the amount of inviting foreign capital is 1.2 billion dollars, at the end of this year it might be 1.4 billion dollars just in case of making a success on going negotiations. This outstanding performance comes from governor's leadership and aggressive strategies of well-trained subordinates. Chungnam Province has nation-wide multiple targets focused on interdisciplinary industries including strategic industries of display, auto-parts, steel, and oil-chemistry. Also, it has organic network system based on the very descriptive and accurate informations managing the task force team consisted of 35 competent members. In conclusion, the core competence of inviting foreign capital in a regional government is governor's strong leadership, activated organization consisted of specially well trained subordinates, and predominant differentiated strategies in details.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.65-86
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• 2015

Under current international investment law clear criteria to determine standards of indirect expropriation are absent. Arbitral tribunals determine on a case-by-case whether an indirect expropriation has occurred by conducting a fact-based inquiry. However, three common determination standards can be inferred by analyzing prior arbitration cases. The appropriate analytical framework that can be applied to determine whether a state's measure constitutes an indirect expropriation is as follows. i) the degree of economic invasion of the state's action into the foreign investor's property rights and durability of the period, ii) interference with the foreign investor's distinct and reasonable investment-backed expectations, and iii) the nature, purpose and character of the state's measure. Therefore, it is necessary to fully acknowledge and to utilize strategically this determination standard. However, derived standards cannot be applied to all disputes en masse. So, it is desirable to exclude ambiguity and to clearly define the determination standard of indirect expropriation in investment agreements, since arbitral tribunals can apply different determination standards on a case-by-case basis. And, based on the discussions until now, more developed standards and direction in response to demand should be established through consistent analysis and review of precedents related to indirect expropriation. Lastly, This study is expected to be a useful guideline to prepare a necessary countermeasure to prevent dispute related to indirect expropriation beforehand or in case of dispute occurrence.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.68
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• pp.123-148
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• 2015

Central Asian Countries had been independent in 1991 from USSR. Since then it have been increasing foreign trade and investment amount with outside countries including China, Japan, EU and South Korea. Korean enterprises and entities have endeavored to secure plentiful natural resources, oil and gas energy and expand the market share to exporting the consuming and industrial competitive goods and services for those countries. In the case of disputes of commercial transactions and investment, arbitration is regarded as a dispute resolution system which has been preferred in international transactions and investments by the business world. Since the collapse of the USSR, Central Asian Countries have worked to modernize its arbitration law and procedure to conform with international standard rules. Arbitral legislation in Central Asian countries is based on the Model Law as adopted in 1985. However, CIS's legislation systems of arbitration are not satisfied with the international standard in national laws and practices. That is the reason to consider for the specific parliament about arbitration for the dispute resolutions in the commercial transaction and investment between Korean enterprises and CIS. In this article, it is discuss problems and its alternatives in the dispute resolution about the commercial transaction and investment into Central Asian countries including the tendency to the increasing the trade volumes of goods and investment between South Korea and CIS. According to this article, South Korea consider the long term strategy followed the preferred economic relative partnership for business success on commercial transaction and investment with the Central Asian Countries.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.141-165
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• 2007

This study aims to make a contribution to the promotion of trade and economic development of South Korea, and, at the same time, call attention to the increasing trend of investment agreements concluded within Free Trade Agreements (FTA) by examining theoretically FTAs and dispute resolution and investigating systematically the conclusion procedure of agreements, and the system, institutions, and jurisdiction of dispute resolution, and presenting these findings to the government and investors involved. The most problematic aspect in the legal process of arbitration involving disputes over investment is that of arguments concerning the right of jurisdiction. When a dispute arises, even though an investor files for arbitration at an ICSID institution, the parties become involved in another energy-consuming argument even before proceeding to the hearing and decision of the original plan in cases in which the respondent of the dispute files an objection to the decision rights of the arbitral tribunal. As the main basis for this type of plea, the point of non-existence of jurisdiction is first raised where the applicable dispute does not fall under the range of investments defined in individual investment contracts or investment agreements such as a Bilateral Investment Treaty (BIT). To avoid an open-ended definition of investment for the range of investments, articles concerning investments in the FTA and NAFTA between Canada and the USA adopt the limited closed-list method. Article 96 of the FTA between Japan and Mexico applied the same abovementioned method of limited form of definition regarding range of investments and concluded BITs between member countries of APEC applied a similar method as well. Instead of employing the previously used inclusive definition, the BITs concluded between countries of Latin America and the USA are equipped with limited characteristics of an investment. Furthermore, to correspond with this necessary condition the three following requirements are needed : 1) fixed investment funding; 2) expected profits resulting from such investments; 3) and the existence of fixed risk bearing.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.147-170
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• 2013

The Free Trade Agreement between Korea and Peru entered into force in 2011. Under the agreement, both countries will eliminated all tariffs within ten years after it takes effect. The Korea-Peru Free Trade Agreement turned out to have significantly boosted Korea's exports to the South American state, as well as its relative share in the local import market. Korea mainly imports resources such as zinc and copper, and exports such goods as passenger car and color televisions. The FTA opens up a larger market for Korean home appliances like color televisions. Korea's trade with Peru has been mainly about concentrated investment into mining and exporting limited variety of export items. This paper analyzes the recent trends of problems of trade between Korea and Peru and suggests solutions for boosting trade to provide proper strategic guidelines for Korea that are planning to expand to Peruvian market

• Cement
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• s.54
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• pp.59-74
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• 1974

AIS 지역 국가들의 시멘트 소비는 1970년에 14.1백만톤에 달했으며 1985년에는 44.2백만톤에 달할 것으로 예측된다. 1970년의 생산 능력은 18.4백만톤으로 이것은 수요를 훨씬 상회하는 것이다. 이같은 과잉 생산 능력 상태는 1981년 후부터는 과잉 수요 현상으로 전환하게 될 것으로 예상 된다. 1985년 AIS지역 전체로 볼 때 공급 부족량이 약 11.5백만톤에 이를 것인 바 그 대부분은 한국 $\cdot$ 베트남 $\cdot$ 인도네시아에서 부족하게 될 것이다. 한국의 시멘트 산업은 AIS지역 국가들 중에서 생산 기술면이나 생산 효율면에서 가장 앞서 가고 있다. 그러나 한국에서의 생산 시설 확장은 이 지역의 공급 부족량 해결에 기여는 하지 못할 것이며 오직 자국내 공급난 해결을 하는데 그칠 것이다. 이 보고서에서는 두 개의 상이한 계획안이 검토되었는데 이것은 지역내 협력효과와 같은 경제적인면에 초점을 두었다. 비교적 지역 협력에 기여할 것으로 보이는 두 개의 안은 AIS지역내의 2개 국가에 시멘트 공장을 건설하는 것으로서 인도네시아에 세우는 년산 1백만톤 규모의 단일공장과 타이에 세우는 년산 1백만톤 규모의 3개 공장이 바로 그것이다. 인도네시아에 세우는 공장은 인도네시아 시장의 수요 및 나아가 1985년에 Sri Lanka에서 일어날 과잉 수요를 메우게 될 것이다. 타이에 세우게 될 공장은 자국의 시멘트를 조달하고 메콩강과 연해 있는 3개국 수요를 충당하게 될 것이다. 이것은 1개의 공장을 건설하고 후에 그 생산 능력을 3배가하는 방법으로 이 3개의 공장이 완성된다면 이것은 또한 몇가지 경제성을 얻게 될 것이다. 인도네시아와 타이의 이 계획은 1985년에야 완성될 것인데 건설 기간은 약 28내지 30개월이 소요될 것으로 추산된다. 한편 이 지역의 시멘트 판매가격을 톤당 22달러로 볼 때 생산비에 포함된 총회수율, 즉 추정소득과 총투자 사이의 관계에서 산출한 이상 2개 사업의 총회수율은 12.1 $\%$로 추산된다. 총부가가치는 인도네시아가 10.7백만달러, 타이가 23.9백만달러로서 합계 34.6백만달러로 추산된다. 이것은 총투자액인 166.0백만달러에 대하여 4.8의 총자본투자효율을 나타내는 것이다. 이 사업은 이 지역외에서의 시멘트 수입시와 비교하면 73.8백만달러의 외화를 절약하는 셈이 되며 이 외에도 약 1,740명의 고용 증대를 가져 올 수 있을 것이다. 시멘트 운송비는 생산원가와 세계시장 가격과의 사이에서 생기는 마진보다 더 비싸다. 이와 같은 사실은 시멘트가 지역 협력에 적합한 품목이 못된다는 것을 의미한다. 이것을 해결하기 위해서는 현재 세계 시멘트 시장가격을 상회하는 선에서 가격협정을 맺는 것이 이 지역 시멘트 공업 육성책의 하나로 필요 불가결한 실정이다.

• Electronics and Telecommunications Trends
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• v.14 no.6 s.60
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• pp.127-133
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• 1999

위성이동개인휴대통신은 특정 지역이나 나라를 벗어나면 사용이 어려운 개인휴대통신 서비스의 지역적 한계를 해소한 글로벌 통신수단이다. GMPCS(Global Mobile Personal Communications by Satellite) 도입에 따른 단말기 자유이동에 관한 국제 양해 각서안이 ITU에서 채택되었다. GMPCS 기술이전의 중요성과 GMPCS 범위를 모든 종류의 위성시스템으로 확대하는 것이 주요한 내용으로 GMPCS의 조기실현, 국제협력, 범세계 서비스, 규제, 투자참여, 불법사용, 단말기의 자유이동, 보편적 접근, 상호접속, 추가적 협력 등에 대한 각국의 주권 및 국제적 의무사항 등을 설명한다. GMPCS 단말기의 자유 이동에 대한 양해각서 채택에 관한 내용으로 형식승인, 사용승인, 단말기 표시, 관세, MOU 검토, 통화 자료의 이용 등이 언급되었다. 본 논문에서는 자유롭게 국경선을 횡단하여 그들의 휴대를 수월하게 할 GMPCS 단말기의 형식승인에 대한 설비승인처리에 대한 표준규격과 국제간 상호인정협정을 위한 기술적 조건을 설명하고자 한다.

• Feed Journal
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• v.4 no.8 s.36
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• pp.58-61
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• 2006

한미 자유무역협정(FTA) 2차 협상이 이번 FTA를 반대하는 단체들의 대규모 시위와 의약품 분야의 협상 중단 사태 등 파행을 겪으며 14일 종료됐다. 지난 10일부터 5일간 서울 신라호텔에서 열린 이번 협상에서 양국 협상단은 18개 분과 및 작업반 회의를 열고 관세인하 폭과 이행기간이 포함된 상품 양허안 교환에 합의했다. 또 개방제외 분야가 나열된 서비스ㆍ투자 유보안과 정부조달 분야 개방안(양허안)도 상호 교환함으로써 3차 협상의 교두보를 마련했다. 아울러 금융개방 논의도 일부 합의점을 찾았다. 하지만 농산물, 의약품, 자동차, 개성공단 생산제품 원산지 등 핵심 쟁점에 대해서는 양측의 입장이 팽팽히 맞섰다. 특히 미국측은 의약품 협상중단과 관련해 협상 나흘째인 13일부터 무역구제와 서비스 분과 회의에 참석하지 않았으며 우리 측도 이에 맞서 이날 개최키로했던 상품과 환경분과 회의를 전면 취소하는 등 갈등을 겪었다. 기본적인 틀을 짜는데 실패한 농업과 섬유는 물론 의약품과 자동차, 쌀개방, 개성공단 문제에 있어서는 양측 모두 입장차를 좁히지 못해 향후 협상 전망을 어둡게 했다.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.407-428
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• 2012

Service trade is very important in Korea Economy. The world economy is changing with the FTA. Lots of FTAs are going on between countries and economic blocs in the world economy, as the battle field of FTA. Therefore, Service trade should be activated in FTA. The conclusion of this study are as follow. First of all, the government quickly create a service-related laws. and establish the principles and criteria for recognition systems. Also, Exports should change developed countries. and the government should establish a policy for attracting investment to expand overseas markets in FTA. The field of service trade is very important for the growth of the Korea Trade. If we neglect to increase the competitiveness of service trade, we can not expect the growth of the Korea trade. We should strive to strengthen the competitiveness of service trade.