• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.351-359
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• 1991

Demand for the rice of better eating quality is ever increasing in recent years. However. the rice is presently handled by the government and merchants as mixture of the rice of different varieties from the purchase of the rough rice to storing and milling. It is well known that the eating quality of rice varies significantly by variety. The present study aimed at evaluation of the effect of blending different rices on the change in palatability of low and high eating quality rices. The eating quality of a low quality japonica rice was improved significantly on sensory panel test by blending it with the Dongjin rice. one of the highest eating quality. only when the Dongjin was blended to 80 percent by weight. and also it was same for blending an ordinary quality rice of mixed varieties which has been stored by a governmental storehouse with a top class rice on free market. The eating quality of aged Tongil type rice. produce of 1987 and 1989 and a mixture of varieties, was improved significantly by blending it with a high quality glutinous rice on market to 20 per cent by weight. But Samgang rice. a high eating quality Tongil type variety. and an ordinary quality rice of Japonica varieties were not significantly improved by blending them with the glutinous rice by 20 per cent. Blending rices of the variety Nagdong. ordinary quality among varieties and low quality among Japonicas, Chucheong, a high quality rice among Japonicas. and Dongjin. one of the best eating quality rice among Japonicas, each other in different ratios did not affect significantly the sensory scores.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.742-746
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• 1999

Contents of mineral element and cytokinin in the xylem sap of 'Keumdongee' and 'Tongilhwang' oriental melons were compared with those in oriental melons grafted onto 8 rootstocks. The effect of grafting on the fruit quality of oriental melon was also investigated. Flesh firmness varied with rootstocks. Soluble solids contents in the placenta tissue of grafted 'Tongilhwang' were higher than that in the 'Keumdongee'. Electric conductivity of the xylem sap in own-rooted plants was higher in 'Keumdongee' than in 'Tongilhwang', but it increased in 'Tongilhwang' once they were grafted. The sap volume per plant was greater in 'Keumdongee' than in 'Tongilhwang'. The mineral concentrations varied considerably depending on the rootstock used. Xylem sap of grafted oriental melons contained a higher amount of mineral ions, especially $NO_3{^-}$ and $PO_4{^-}$, than did the sap in own-rooted plants. The increase in the mineral levels in sap due to grafting was most apparent in 'Tongilhwang'. Xylem sap from both 'Keumdongee' and 'Tongilhwang' contained trans-zeatin (t-Z), trans-zeatin riboside (t-ZR), and dihydrozeatin riboside (DHZR). Small amounts of isopentenyl adenine (IPA) and isopentenyl adenine riboside (IPAR) were also detected. Trans-zeatin riboside was the most abundant, followed by t-Z. Cytokinin concentration in 'Keumdongee' was not significantly influenced by rootstock type used, although the highest concentration of cytokinins in 'Keumdongee' was obtained with 'Chamtozwa' rootstock. However, the cytokinin concentration in 'Tongilhwang' increased with grafting irrespective of rootstock type used.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.173-183
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• 1983

To evaluate growing degree days(GDD) as an index of growth duration of rice plants, 30 days old seedlings of 16 japonica and 14 indica/japonica varieties were transplanted six times from May 10 at the 10-day intervals at Gyeongsan in 1982. The number of days from transplanting to heading decreased as transplanting dates delayed in all japonica varietie and 4 indica/japonica varieties but that of 10 indica/japonica varieties decreased up to June 9 or June 19 transplantings and then it levelled off or increased with further delay of transplanting. However, GDD requirement was similar among transplanting dates at appropriate base temperatures; GDD could be better than calendar day system to classify maturity of varieties especially grown in a wide range of climatic conditions. Required GDD from transplanting to heading of all indica/japonica and early japonica varieties showened a smaller coefficient of variation (CV) compared to longer season japonica varieties. Among GDD methods, an accumulation of daily Max + Min temp./2 -$l0^{\circ}C$ showed the smallest CV for the duration from transplanting to heading, but for ripening period GDD calculated with adjusted maximum temperature when it was higher than $30^{\circ}C$ showed the best results. Heading date did not affect required GDD for maturity of japonica varieties, but in indica/japonica varieties GDD decreased as heading date delayed; at late transplantings ripening period of indica/japonica varieties was less extended compared to japonica varietes due to a decrease in grain weight.

• Journal of Christian Education in Korea
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• v.66
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• pp.147-178
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• 2021

The purpose of this study is to clarify the contribution of Christian faith in the process of establishing self-identity and stably settling in the process of North Korean youth settling in Korean society. The research method used narrative. Participants in the study were nine late youth who belonged to the church, aged 17 to 24 years old, who had been in Korea for more than one year. Through this study, themes were derived from four categories. First, a retrospective narrative of the North Korean defection motive was dealt with. Second, it deals with the psychological adaptation process and unsolved tasks. Third, I dealt with the thoughts of the family, the discourse and vision for unification, which they dream of in Korean society as Christian believers. Fourth, it is about the Christian faith, and it is said that the Christian faith gives North Korean refugee youth the power to reflect on their lives, and to see the essence of life through the values of interest in others, history, society, and the kingdom of God. These results are based on the encounters with church and alternative school leaders and various curriculums that North Korean refugee youth experience and talk about. In the sense that it seeks and suggests a new direction in the era of preparation for unification, this article can be said to be of great value for Christian education.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.225-233
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• 1978

Uptake and distribution of labelled urea, $NH{_4}^+$, and $NO{_3}^-$ by Tongil and Jinheung rice grown with each nitrogen source until ear formation stage under water culture system were as follows. 1. When the previous nitrogen source was same as one tested the uptake rate ($mg^{15}N/g$ d.w. root 2hrs, at $28^{\circ}C$ light) was great in the order of $NH_4$ >urea> $NO_3$ and higher (especially $NH_4$) in Tongil than in Jinheung. Rate limiting step (slowest) seems to be exist at R (root)${\rightarrow}$LS(leaf sheath) for urea, LS${\rightarrow}$LB(leaf blade) for $NH_4$ and M(medium)${\rightarrow}$R for $NO_3$. The fast step of translocation appeare to be at M${\rightarrow}$R for urea R${\rightarrow}$LS for $NH_4$ and LS${\rightarrow}$LB for $NO_3$. 2. The uptake rate of $NH_4$ by the urea-fed plant increased almost linearly from $18^{\circ}C$ via $28^{\circ}C$ to $38^{\circ}C$ in Tongil ($Q_{10}$=1.21 and 1.32 respectively) while no change in Jinheung ($Q_{10}$=0.99 and 1.00 respectively). It decreased by 12% in Jinheung under dark but uo change in Tongil. 3. The uptake rate of nitrogen source by different source-fed plant was great in the order of $NH_4{\rightarrow}^{15}NO_3$ $NO_3{\rightarrow}^{15}NH_4$, $urea{\rightarrow}^{15}NO_3$ and higher (especially $NH_4{\rightarrow}^{15}NO_3$) in Tongil. In the case of $urea{\rightarrow}^{15}NH_4$ it was same in $NH_4{\rightarrow}^{15}NO_3$ for Tongil and slightly lower than that in $NO_3{\rightarrow}^{15}NH_4$ for Jinheung. It was lower (especially Tongil) in $NH_4{\rightarrow}^{15}NO_3$ than in $NH_4{\rightarrow}^{15}NH_4 $ 4. The uptake rate (in $NH_4{\rightarrow}^{15}NO_3$) was higher during 15 minutes than during 2 hours and always higher in Tongil. 5. $^{15}N$ excess % and content in each part, and uptake rate of root seems to have their own significance relatling with metabolism and translocation respectively. The change of nitrogen nutritional environment and source preference of varieties were discussed in relation to field condition and efficient use of nitrogen fertilizer.

• Journal of Christian Education in Korea
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• v.71
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• pp.305-340
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• 2022

This study was started to suggest the direction of Christian educational development to revitalize North Korea's 'education' research. Since the two Koreas have experienced heterogeneity in almost all elements of society, such as politics, economy, society, culture, and education, during the period of division in 1977, true unification depends on laying the foundation for social integration that can overcome the sense of heterogeneity between the two Koreas. This is why North Korea's "education" research is needed. Education is the foundation for transferring culture and history, and for bringing about the survival, transformation, and community of society and since it is the mission of Korean churches and Christian educators to establish the direction of North Korean "education" research, North Korean "education" research is very important. Despite this importance, 'North Korean research' in the field of Christian education has not been properly conducted. Research on the "Christian Unification Education Program" that can be used in churches is actively taking place, but research on the macro level of presenting post-unification education blueprints is rare. This study was started to suggest the direction of Christian educational development to revitalize North Korea's 'education' research. For the study, the characteristics of 'North Korea Research' were analyzed according to generational classification. As a result of the study, recent research on North Korea has been expanding in research topics and methodologies, and recent studies have been differentiated into microscopic studies that deviate from existing research trends at a macro level and view North Korea's daily life. The characteristics of 'North Korean education research' are summarized by period. The research on North Korean education, which began in earnest in the 1970s, was divided into the period of start(70s), transition(80s), leap(90s), expansion(2000s), and development(2010s~). and research characteristics for each period were analyzed. Through this, early North Korean education research was also conducted in the policy aspect of the country, and the characteristics of political and social studies were strong, but recent studies have confirmed that the subjects and contents are diversifying. Based on these studies, the pending issues and issues of North Korean education research in the field of Christian education were analyzed. The study of North Korea in the field of Christian education, which began in the 1980s, has been conducted in the engineering aspect of 'development of unification education programs for churches'. However, studies on Christian unification education and North Korean education itself, which can be used in public education sites including Christian schools, have yet to be sufficient. Nevertheless, the diversification of research in the field of Christian education can be evaluated as a positive change. Based on these studies, it was proposed to establish a de-ideological research foundation, secure primary research data(Raw Data), activate research topics and research methodologies, and strengthen research capabilities in the direction of development to revitalize North Korean research in the field of Christian education. I hope this study will trigger various follow-up studies and help Korean churches that must achieve unification.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.29-65
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• 2012

Der neue strukturelle Ansatz der Kommbination eines Rahmen$\ddot{u}$bereinkommens und eines ausr$\ddot{u}$stungsspezifischen Sonderprotokolls bedingt einen neuen organisatorischen Anstz f$\ddot{u}$r die Zusammenarbeit zwischen internationalen Organisationen bei der Schaffung von internationalem Einheitsprivatrecht. So haben hier zwei internationale Organisationen gemeinsam die Verantwortung f$\ddot{u}$r einmultilaterales $\ddot{U}$bereinkommen $\ddot{u}$bernommen: auf der einen Seite UNIDROIT als die internationale Organisation, die generell f$\ddot{u}$r die Vereinheitlichung des Privatrechts kompetent ist; auf der anderen Seite ICAO als die f$\ddot{u}$r die private Luftfahrt zust$\ddot{a}$ndige internationale Organisation. Dieses neue, f$\ddot{u}$r die Luftfahrzeugausr$\ddot{u}$stung praktizierte organisatorische Modell eines joint venture zweier internationaler Organisation bei der Einheitsrechtsetzung, namlich die Betreuung eines allgemeinen privatrechtsvereinheitlichenden Rahmens$\ddot{u}$bereinkommens durch UNIDROIT und die Wahrnehmung der sektorspezifischen Belange in einem ausr$\ddot{u}$stungsspesifischen Sonderprotokoll durch die jeweils zust$\ddot{a}$ndige internationale Spezialorganisation, hat bereits f$\ddot{u}$r die Sektoren der Eisenbahn- und Weltraumausrustung Schule gemacht. Das in Kapstadt beschlossene v$\ddot{o}$lkervertragliche Regelungswerk hat erstmals ein einheitsrechtliches - grunds$\ddot{a}$atzlich weltweite Geltung anstrebendes - Sicherungsrecht geschafen. Dies kann f$\ddot{u}$r die Sachenrechtsintergration einen $\ddot{a}$hnlichen Durchbruch bedeuten, wis das Wiener UN-kaufrechts$\ddot{u}$bereinkommen von 1980 f$\ddot{u}$r das Schuldvertragsrecht. Voraussetzung daf$\ddot{u}$r ist allerdings die juristische Qualit$\ddot{a}$t und Praxisgerechtigkeit des Regelungswerkes und - insbesondere - das Funktionieren des Registersystems. Von wesentlicher Bedeutung f$\ddot{u}$r den Erfolg des $\ddot{U}$bereinkkommens wird auchsein, ob es Rechtssicherheit zu gew$\ddot{a}$hrleisten vermag.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.13
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• pp.93-105
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• 1973

Differential tolerance of rice varieties, Tongil and Mangyung(or Milsung) varieties, against herbicides combined with Simetryne was investigated by the rate of application in 4 places; Jeonju, Gwangju, Iri and Milyang, whose soil textures were Lic, Sic, CL and Lic respectively. The results are summarized as follows: 1) Jeonju a. Initial crop injury At the rate of 2kg/10a prod. no initial crop injury was caused(both to Mangyung and Tongil varieties) on light clay soil, even when treated at high temperature of $30^{\circ}C$ and above. Crop injury was first caused at 3kg/l0a prod. to Tongil variety and the damage increased in proportion to the increase of application rate, while no crop injury was caused to Mangyung variety even at high rate of 5kg/l0a prod. b. Yield Tongil variety: Under high temperature condition in a vinyl house no statistical difference was observed between treated and hand weeding plot at the rates of 3kg/l0a prod. and below. Under air temperature conditions no statistical difference was observed between treated and hand weeding plot at the rates of 4kg/l0a prod. and below. Mangyung variety: No statistical difference was observed between treated and hand weeding plot at the rates of 5kg/l0a prod. and below both under air and high temperature conditions. 2) Gwangju a. Initial crop injury Although almost the same tendency as in Jeonju was observed, a little lighter crop injury was observed in general in Gwangju than in Jeonju at the time of application. And so, no crop injury was caused to Tongil variety until 4kg/l0a prod. and above. b. Yield Tongil variety: No statistical difference was observed between treated and hand weeding plot at 4kg/l0a prod. and below. Mangyung variety: No statistical difference was observed between treated and hand weeding plot at 4kg/l0a prod. and below. 3) Iri No crop injury was caused both to Tongil and Mangyung varieties at 4kg/l0a prod. and below. Also, no reduction of grain yield was observed. 4) Milyang A little lighter crop injury was observed in general. No crop injury was caused to Milsung variety at 5kg/l0a prod. ; Only a slight crop injury was caused to Tongil variety. Yield: No statistical difference was observed between treated and hand weeding plot both of Tongil and Milsung varieties even at 5kg/l0a prod. and below.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.183-189
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• 2006

Six japonica and three Tongil type cultivars that were released in different years and planted to a large area during different periods were grown at the experimental farm of Seoul National University in 2001 and compared for traits related to dry matter production and grain yield. The varieties chosen were Jodongji released in 1896, Paldal in 1944, Jinheung in 1962, Nagdong and Tongil (Tonsil type) in 1971, Milyang#23 (Tongil type) in 1976, Hwasung in 1986, Ilpum in 1991, and Dasan (Tonsil type) in 1996. The more recent cultivars tended to have lower canopy light extinction coefficients (K). The K value was 0.601 in the oldest cultivar, Jodongji, and decreased below 0.5 in the cultivars released since 1971. Radiation use efficiency (RUE) was significantly different among cultivars before heading stage, showing no consistent tendency with the year of release and not significantly different after heading. Leaf area duration (LAD) was significantly different among varieties, and LAD values tended to be higher in the more recent cultivars. In particular, this tendency was more obscure in Tongil type cultivars. LAD of whole growth period had a significantly positive correlation with dry matter yield at harvest $(r=0.776^*)$. Dry matters measured at heading and harvest tended to be higher in recently released cultivars, but not significantly. The grain yield of Jodongji was the lowest but there was no significant difference among the other varieties in japonica, while higher yield occurred in the more recent Tongil type. Grain yield was correlated with grain number per square meter, and the more recent Tongil type cultivars had the greater grain number per square meter, In conclusion, not only the dry matter and grain yield but also related traits except K value showed no clear changes when compared with the year of their release in japonica cultivars. However, the increased grain yield in the more recent Tonsil type cultivars might have resulted from the enhanced LAD that lead to the higher dry matter production and in turn to the enlarged sink size.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.53 no.3
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• pp.261-272
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• 2008

This study was conducted to provide the fundamental data based on the agronomic characteristics of domestic aroma rice, widely cultivated domestic rice and foreign aroma rice for breeding of functional aromatic rice. Among the 104 varieties, all of domestic aroma rice and widely cultivated rice varieties were headed, 24 of 84 varieties of foreign aroma rice were not headed. The average heading date of domestic aroma rice Japonica types of domestic rice was later as 136 day, and Tongil types of domestic aroma rice were faster as 122 day. The average culm length of Indica types of foreign aroma rice was longer as 130 cm, and Tongil types of were shorter as 74 cm. The average panicle length of domestic aroma rice and traditional rice were about 21 cm, and Indica types of foreign aroma rice were longer as 29.5 cm. The average 1,000 grain weight of Tongil types of domestic aroma rice and was not a difference with the domestic aroma rice and was more 2.5 g than the Indica types of foreign aroma rice. The average ratio of grain width and length of Indica types of foreign aroma rice were highest as 3.29 (W/L), and the domestic traditional rice was lowest as 1.7 (W/L). The average fertility rate of the domestic aroma rice, the widely cultivated domestic rice, and the Japonica types of foreign aroma rice were above 89.7%, but the Indica types of foreign and the Tongil types of domestic aroma rice were below 65.4%. The average germination rate of foreign aroma rice were above 83.7%, and domestic aroma rice were above 90.4%. The non-glutinous rice were 64 varieties (84.2%) of total 104 accessions of material rice and the waxy rice were 7 varieties (1%). In the domestic aroma rice, Hyangmi2ho and Aranghyangchalbyeo has a mild aroma grade. In the foreign aroma rice, 22 of 40 varieties of Indica types and 9 of 16 varieties of Japonica types has a lightly aroma grade. And 13 varieties of widely cultivated domestic rice has a non-aroma grade.