• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.304-314
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• 2004

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of organic materials (compost, straw, green manure, pig manure, seed production oil cake, and industrial by products including municipal sewage sludge, industrial sewage sludge, leather processing sludge, and alcohol fermentation processing sludge) on physical properties of soils in seven paddy and four upland fields with differential soil textures, sandy loam, loam, or clay loam, etc. The investigated physical parameters were bulk density (BD), air permeability (AP), macroporosity, hardness, shear resistance, frictional resistance, water stability aggregate (WSA), and Middleton's dispersion ratio. Except for coarse sandy loam field with weak structure, a decrease in BD and shear resistance, and an increase in macroporosity and AP in plots with applying organic materials compared to plots without applying organic materials appeared. In upland fields, the positive effect of organic materials on WSA, BD, and air permeability was higher than in paddy fields. The combined plot of NPK and compost had lower BD, hardness, and shear resistance, and higher macroporosity and WSA than plot with compost. Green manure had higher positive effect on physical properties of soils compared to other organic materials and the extent of positive effect had no significant correlation with soil organic matter content. Of industrial byproducts applied in coarse sandy loam soil under upland condition, municipal sewage sludge and pig manure compost had higher effect on increase of WSA than leather processing sludge and alcohol fermentation processing sludge. Unlike WSA, there were no significant differences between industrial byproduct types in other physical properties. in silty clay loam soil under the upland condition, straw had more positive effect on soil physical parameters than hairy vetch and pig manure. Therefore, different organic materials had differently active effect on physical parameters depending on types of soil and land use. Especially, it could be thought that well-decomposed organic materials have the advantage of an increase in organic matter content, while coarse organic materials of an increase in WSA.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.194-200
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• 1985

To find out the relationships between the changes of soil chemical properties due to submergence and paddy rice yield, a laboratory and 9 field experiments on 9 soil series were carried out. From the field experiments, relative yields of no fertilizer yield to maximum yield were widely distrbuted from 54 to 76, although the correlation between no fertilizer yields and maximum yields was significant. Among the chemical ingredients of submerged soil, $NH_4-N$ only showed significant correlation with no fertilizer yields. From the laboratory experiments, pH were much increased in the soils high in no fertilizer yield than the others. There were no significant correlation between $NH_4-N$ contents of submerged soils and organic matters of dry soils. Soils low in available $P_2O_5$, low in organic matter, and high in clay of dry soil were negligible in increments of available $P_2O_5$ due to submergence, and efficiency of phosphorous fertilizer in those soils were remarkable. Soils extremely high in available $SiO_2$ of dry sail decreased in available $SiO_2$ due to submergence.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.567-575
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• 2018

The soil physical quality is a core factor in achieving two of sustainable agriculture's goals: productivity and environment. The purpose of this study was to assess changes in soil physical properties for nearly a decade through periodic monitoring of three cultivation types: upland, orchard, and paddy. Field surveys and lab analysis were conducted to determine the soils physical properties after every 4 years; upland (2009, 2013, and 2017), orchard (2010 and 2014), and paddy (2011 and 2015). In each year soil samples from 162-338 sites were collected. The bulk density of upland subsoil decreased from $1.53Mg\;m^{-3}$ to $1.50Mg\;m^{-3}$ while the plowing depth and subsoil organic matter increased from 13.7 cm to 19.5 cm and from $12.6g\;kg^{-1}$ to $18.3g\;kg^{-1}$ respectively during the period 2009-2017. Plowing depth for orchard increased from 16.7 cm to 18.9 cm. However, organic matter content decreased from $15.9g\;kg^{-1}$ to $15.4g\;kg^{-1}$ during the 2010-2014 period. For paddy, plowing depth and subsoil organic matter decreased from 17.5 cm to 16.7 cm and from $17.5g\;kg^{-1}$ to $15.8g\;kg^{-1}$ respectively. The subsoil bulk density increased from $1.47Mg\;m^{-3}$ to $1.52Mg\;m^{-3}$ from 2011-2015. Excess ratio for soil physical standards increased from 16% to 22% in orchard, 56% to 62% in paddy, and decreased from 41% to 29% in upland. The overall soil physical quality had been ameliorated for upland, but degraded for paddy. Improved tillage practices and application of appropriate organic matter is necessary to enhance the quality of soils, especially in the paddy field.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2010.05a
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• pp.541-545
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• 2010

식생이 소실된 산불 피해 지역에서 유실되는 토양의 식생회복에 따른 정량적인 변화를 파악하고, 사면토양과 유실토양의 성분분석을 수행하여 이화학적 특성을 파악하고자 한다. 산불 이후 10개의 조사구에서 강우에 의해 유실토양의 양을 측정한 후 토양을 건조시켜 보관하였다. 토양의 입도분석, 유기물함량, 건조밀도 등을 조사하였다. 그리고 전처리한 토양수는 ICP를 이용하여 Fe, Mn, P, Al, Zn, Na, Mg, K, Ca의 성분분석을 수행하였다. 산불 이후 시간경과에 따른 조사구별 식생 회복은 빠른 지역과 느린 지역으로 크게 구분한다. 재생이 불량한 지역은 재생이 왕성한 지역에 비해 상대적으로 많은 양의 토양이 유실되었다. 사면토양의 성분분석 결과 재생불량 지역의 성분함량이 가장 작았으며, 재생왕성 지역은 비피해지에 비해 성분함량이 대체로 높았다. 유실토양의 성분분석 결과 식생회복이 느린 조사구에서 영양염류 함량이 대체로 낮았다. 그러나 식생회복이 느린 조사구에서 많은 양의 토양이 유실되기 때문에 정량적인 영양염류의 소실량은 가장 많았다. 따라서 지표식생이 없는 지역은 다량의 토양유실로 인해 다량의 영양염류가 소실되어 식생 재생을 더디게 만드는 것으로 판단된다.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.143-152
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• 1999

전북 장안산의 신갈나무림을 분류법과 서열법에 의하여 분석하였다. 분류법(식물사회학적 방법)에 의한 신갈나무림의 분석결과 신갈나무-철쭉꽃군락, 신갈나무-노린재나무군락, 신갈나무-조릿대군락의 3개 군락으로 분류되었다. CCA에 의하여 분석된 결과에 의하면 신갈나무, 철쭉꽃, 노린재나무는 고도가 높은 지역에서 분포하고, 고로쇠나무, 들메나무, 고광나무, 함박꽃나무, 까치박달은 습하고 유기물 함량 및 전질소, C.E.C등의 양료가 양호한 지역에 소나무, 굴참나무, 붉나무, 병꽃나무는 고도가 낮은 지역에서 분포하고 있다. 신갈나무림의 분포와 환경과의 상호관계를 분석한 결과 고도, 토양습도, 유기물함량, 지형, pH등이 높은 상관관계를 나타냈다.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.31-43
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• 2018

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of organic farmland soil and nutrient management on soil properties depending on organic (animal manure compost and green manure [hairy vetch]) and chemical fertilization, tillage and no-tillage, and crop rotation (corn-wheat, corn-.hairy vetch). It was found that the application of organic matter such as animal manure compost and hairy vetch, increased the soil organic matter content, the soil microbial density and microbial biomass C content as compared with the chemical fertilizer treatment. It was also confirmed that the functional diversity of soil microbial community was increased. As a result of the comparison with the crop rotation and single cropping, the soil chemistry showed no significant difference between the treatments, but the corn-wheat and corn-hairy vetch rotation treatments tended to have higher microbial biomass C content and shannon's diversity index than the single cropping. Soil chemical properties of tillage and no-tillage treatments showed no significant difference between treatments. There was no statistically significant difference in substrate utilization of soil microbial community between tillage and no-tillage treatment. Correlation analysis between soil chemical properties and soil microbial activity revealed that soil organic matter content and exchangeable potassium content were positively correlated, with statistical significance, with substrate utilization, and substrate richness. To conclude, organic fertilization had positive effects on the short-term improvement of soil chemical properties and diversity of microbial communities.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.175-184
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• 2002

Soil chemical parameters of peach orchards and the concentration of nutrients in peach leaves were investigated. Results of soil analysis showed that pH value and content of exchangeable calcium was quite low, required to adjust soil acidity in many investigated soils. Nitrogen and phosphorous contents in leaves were founded to be excessive comparing to RDA's optimal levels(N $29.3{\sim}35.9g\;kg^{-1}$, P $1.7{\sim}2.2g\;kg^{-1}$), while calcium contents were lower than optimal levels($11.2{\sim}21.0g\;kg^{-1}$) in many sites and Potassium content was higher in peach cultivars than nectarine cultivars. Correlation analysis revealed that organic matter contents in subsoils and exchangeable calcium content in soils(top and subsoil) were increased with cultivation year, but available phosphate contents in subsoils were decreased. Organic matter and exchangeable magnesium contents in top soils were positively correlated with potassium and magnesium contents in leaves, whereas were negatively correlated with calcium contents in leaves, impling antagonistic absorption of calcium against potassium and magnesium. The findings indicated that most of soils ought to managed to adjust soil acidity and application amount of nitrogen, phosphorous fertilizer and compost should be controlled properly.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.329-333
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• 2006

Most of volcanic ash soils in South Korea are distributed in Jeju province which is an island placed on southern part of Korea and has steep slope mountain area. There are many soils containing high contents of organic matter (OM) derived from volcanic ash in Jejudo, also. Therefore, irrigation and drainage in volcanic ash soil different with general soil which has low OM content have to be applied with another management way, but studies searching appropriate methods for them are set on insufficient situation because the area of volcanic ash soil in South Korea is only 1.3% (130,000ha). This study was conducted for analysis of soil water content and irrigation quantity appropriate for crops cultivated in volcanic ash soil with high OM content. Although soils with different soil color have the same soil texture, soil water characteristics curve by soil color showed the difference of water retention capability by OM content. But, this characteristics classified with soil color could be unified by scaling technique with similitude analysis method which get dimensionless water content using a present water content, a residual water content and saturated water content (or water content at 10kPa). A relation of gravimetric soil water content (GSWC) and dimensionless water content by the results showed a form of power function. The dimensionless water content (DWC) express a relative saturation degree of present water content. This was also expressed by van Genuchten model which describe the relation between relative saturation degrees and matric potentials. These results on soil water characteristics curve (SWCC) of volcanic ash soil will be the basic of irrigation plan in area having high organic contents into soil.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.156-161
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• 1982

In ginseng fields, soil organic matter content showed significant positive correlation with soil moisture content and root yield. Soil moisture content showed significant positive correlation with root yield, stem diameter and stem length but significant negative correlation with relative missing plant rate, defoliation and alternalia bright infection. For more than 2 Kg yield per Kan under present cultivation technique, soil moisture appeared to be greater than 17% and organic matter 2%. Many fields (58%) were below this requirement and belong to sand loam and loam soils.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.96 no.1
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• pp.14-20
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• 2007

In order to examine the differences in antioxidant enzyme activities which represent defence mechanism to stressful environments, and soil properties between healthy and declining (or unhealthy) trees, we selected three sites, Witseorum, Youngsil and Sungpanak (Jindallebat). Antioxidant enzymes including Ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and Glutathione Reductase (GR), forest soil properties including soil texture, soil pH, organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphate, cation exchange capacity, exchangeable cation content and nutrient contents in leaves of Abies koreana (Korean fir) trees were analyzed. There were no significant differences between healthy and declining trees in GR activity. However, seasonal difference in antioxidant enzyme activity was observed. GR activity was lower in June and August than that of September. Soil chemical and physical properties of each site showed a tendency that organic content, total nitrogen content, available phosphorus, cation exchange capacity and cation content were lower at the site of declining trees than the site of healthy trees.