• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.780-786
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• 2012

A trenching method was used to determine the contribution of root respiration to soil respiration in Quercus acutissima forest in the vicinity of Gongju, Chungnam Province, Korea. $CO_2$ efflux in soil respiration plot($R_{control}$, $R_c$) and microblal respiration plot($R_{trenched}$, $R_t$) in Q. acutissima forest were measured from June 2011 to May 2012 by using IRGA soil respiration analyzer. Seasonal $CO_2$ efflux in $R_c$ and $R_t$ were higher in summer season than in winter season. In August, maximun $CO_2$ efflux in $R_c$ and $R_t$ was 1.345 and 0.897 g $CO_2\;m^{-2}\;hr^{-1}$, respectively. $CO_2$ efflux in $R_t$ was lower by 33.31% than that in $R_c$(P<0.05). In January, $CO_2$ efflux in $R_c$ and $R_t$ was 0.097 and 0.032g $CO_2\;m^{-2}\;hr^{-1}$, respectively. $CO_2$ efflux in $R_t$ was lower by 67.01% than that in $R_c$(P<0.01). The amount of annual $CO_2$ efflux from $R_c$ and $R_t$ was 4.320, 2.834kg $CO_2\;m^{-2}\;yr^{-1}$, respectively. There was a significant correlations between soil temperatures and soil respiration. Contribution of root respiration to total soil respiration in this Q. acutissima forest was 34.40%.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.290-295
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• 1994

Soil $CO_2$ evolution was measured using the soda-lime method for 20-year-old L. tulipifera, P. albaglandulosa, and Q. rubra plantations planted on a similar soil type in the Kwangneung Experimental Forest during the growing season of 1994. Soil $CO_2$ evolution ranged from $0.21g/m^2/hr$ for Q. rubra to $0.33g/m^2/hr$ for L. tulipifera. and was significantly different among species. We found positive correlations between soil $CO_2$ evolution and air(p<0.001, r=0.39) and soil temperatures(p<0.001, r=0.49). Peaks in seasonal soil $CO_2$ evolution occurred in July and August. Seasonal soil $CO_2$evolution did not necessarily follow changes in air and soil temperatures. This study implies that more work is needed to clarify the influence of other factors on soil $CO_2$evolution.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 1997.05a
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• pp.61-64
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• 1997

본 연구는 매립 작업중인 준호기성매립지에서 유출가스를 측정하여, 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. (1) CH$_4$가스는 대부분 입형가스포집관에서 유출되며, $CO_2$가스는 총유출량의 약 50% 정도가 입형가스포집관을 통하여 유출된다. (2) 매립지 표면에서는 CH$_4$가스 보다 $CO_2$가스가 많이 유출된다. (3) 법면 복토층은 면적비율이 작으나 가스 발생량이 많으며, 특히 $CO_2$가스의 발생율이 높다. (4) 쓰레기층 표면에서의 CH$_4$가스 발생량은 미소이므로 무시하여도 된다. (5) 쓰레기층 노출, 복토층 다짐정도등에 따라 발생량의 변화를 보인다. (6) 매립부에서 새로 반입된 쓰레기층에서 $CO_2$가스 유출량이 많다. (7) 가스포집관과 복도 표면을 포함한 가스 유출량은 CH$_4$가스 유출이 많으나, 전체로는 $CO_2$가스 유출량이 많다.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.260-265
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• 2012

Soil respiration under flooded conditions is considered to be very small compared with aerobic soil respiration of soil organic matter. However, anaerobic decomposition of soil plays a key role in carbon cycling in flooded ecosystems. On the other hand, coal-ash wastes, such as fly ash and bottom ash, are known to function as a soil amendment for mitigating $CO_2$ emission and enhancing carbon sequestration in up land soils. In this study, we investigated bottom ash as a soil amendment for mitigating $CO_2$ emission, and thus enhancing carbon sequestration under anaerobic conditions. We observed that amendment of bottom ash without external organic source led to significant reduction in $CO_2$ emission rate and in total cumulative $CO_2$ emission flux over the incubation period, which was proportional to the amount of bottom ash applied. We also found that soil microbial biomass increased in response to application of bottom ash. These results suggest that bottom ash can be utilized to store $CO_2$ as a stable soil organic carbon in flooded ecosystems, as in aerobic situations.

• Journal of Korea Soil Environment Society
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.63-72
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• 1997

This study presents a surveying of methane and carbon dioxide at sanitary landfills. The following results are obtained. (1) The majority of methane and the half of carbon dioxide pour out from vertical gas vents. (2) The quantity of carbon dioxide in cove. soil was greater than methane. (3) Even though gas extrusion in side slop area was small, the quantity of gas extrusion in side slop area was much greater than in coversoil area as especially carbon dioxide rate. (4) As were carried raw refuse layer, methane extrusion was trace, but carbon dioxide was large. (5) Gas extrusion quantity were changed by the compaction of soil, and the operating area of refuse. (6) Carbon dioxide portioned much larger in the whole landfill, but methane portioned much larger in gas vent and coversoil.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.13-20
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• 2017

Greenhouse gas emission from agricultural land is recognized as an important factor influencing climatic change. In this study, the national $CO_2$ emission was estimated for paddy soils, using soil GHG emission model (DNDC) with $1km^2$ scale. To evaluate the applicability of the model in Korea, verification was carried out based on field measurement data using a closed chamber. The total national $CO_2$ emission in 2015 was estimated at $5,314kt\;CO_2-eq$, with the emission per unit area ranging from $2.2{\sim}10.0t\;CO_2-eq\;ha^{-1}$. Geographically, the emission of Jeju province was particularly high, and the emission from the southern region was generally high. The result of the model verification analysis with the field data collected in this study (n=16) indicates that the relation between the field measurement and the model prediction was statistically similar (RMSE=22.2, ME=0.28, and $r^2=0.53$). More field measurements under various climate conditions, and subsequent model verification with extended data sets, are further required.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.253-259
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• 2012

Disposal of high amount of coal combustion by-products, such as fly ash and bottom ash, is of a great concern to the country, due to the huge treatment cost and land requirement. On the other hand, those coal-ash wastes are considered to have desirable characteristics that may improve physical, chemical, and biological properties of soils. Especially, compared with fly ash, bottom ash has a larger particle size, porous surface area, and usable amount of micronutrients. In the present study, we examined bottom as a soil amendment for mitigating $CO_2$ emission and enhancing carbon sequestration in soils fertilized with organic matter (hairy vetch, green barely, and oil cake fertilizer). Through laboratory incubation, $CO_2$ released from the soil was quantitatively and periodically monitored with an enforced-aeration and high-temperature respirometer. We observed that amendment of bottom ash led to a marked reduction in $CO_2$ emission rate and cumulative amount of $CO_2$ released, which was generally proportional to the amount of bottom ash applied. We also found that the temporal patterns of $CO_2$ emission and C sequestration effects were partially dependent on the relative of proportion labile carbon and C/N ratio of the organic matter. Our results strongly suggest that amendment of bottom ash has potential benefits for fixing labile carbon as more stable soil organic matter, unless the bottom ash contains toxic levels of heavy metals or other contaminants.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.85 no.3
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• pp.496-505
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• 1996

Soil respiration was measured every two weeks from May through November 1995 using the soda lime method in 40-Year-old Pinus rigida and Larix leptolepis plantations on a similar soil in Yangpyeong, Kyonggi Province. Treatments included control and no-roots(plots trenched and root regrowth into plots prevented). Root respiration was evaluated by comparing no-roots sub-plots to control plots. Mean soil respiration showed highly significant species effects(p<0.01) and was highest at the Pinus rigida control plot($0.38g/m^2/hr$) and lowest at the Larix leptolepis no-roots plot($0.31g/m^2/hr$). High soil respiration in Pinus rigida may be related to aboveground litter production. The annual $CO_2$ fluxes ranged from 23 to 27t/ha/yr. We found significant correlations between temperatures(air : $R^2$=0.53, soil : $R^2$=0.55) and soil respiration(p<0.01), but no significant correlations between soil moisture and soil respiration(p>0.1). Root respiration was 3% of total soil respiration. We might underestimate rapt respiration because of shallow trenches and $CO_2$measurements right after trenching. Factors controlling soil respiration including belowground litterfall(especially fine roots) inputs, litter quality should be well understood to predict soil carbon fluxes and relative contributions to total soil respiration in forest ecosystems.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.105 no.1
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• pp.12-18
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• 2016

This study was carried out to investigate the change on soil $CO_2$ efflux rates, soil temperature, soil water content and soil pH by thinning intensity treatments (heavy thinning, light thinning, control) of a black pine (Pinus thunbergii Parl.) stand disturbed by pine wilt disease in Wola National Experimental Forests in Jinju, Gyeongnam province. Monthly variations of soil $CO_2$ efflux rates were not significantly different between the thinning and the control treatments (P>0.05). The annual mean soil $CO_2$ efflux rates were $0.58g\;CO_2m^{-2}h^{-1}$ for the light thinning, $0.49g\;CO_2m^{-2}h^{-1}$ for the heavy thinning and $0.45g\;CO_2m^{-2}h^{-1}$ for the control treatments, respectively. There was a significant exponential relation between soil $CO_2$ efflux rates and soil temperature, but no correlation between soil water content or soil pH and soil $CO_2$ efflux rates. The values of $Q_{10}$ were 3.40 for the light thinning, 3.20 for the heavy thinning and 3.06 for the control treatments, respectively. The results indicate that soil $CO_2$ efflux rates in a black pine stand disturbed by pine wilt disease could be affected by thinning treatments.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.110-115
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• 2003

The iufluence of abandonment of agricultural fields on soil carbon and nitrogen dynamics is rarely addressed due to lack of appropriately paired sites. In this study, we identified three sites that have native forest and abandoned rice and crop fields at Mt. Kumdan near Seoul. Currently the vegetation of indigenous forest and the abandoned rice field is deciduous hardwood forest, while that of the abandoned crop field is deciduous shrub. We measured soil $CO_2$ evolution and inorganic N availability for the three sites from 25 July 2002 through 24 January 2003. Soil $CO_2$ evolution tracked seasonal soil temperature. Mean soil $CO_2$ evolution (g $CO_2$/$m^2$/hr) for the study period was 0.42 for the rice field to forest, 0.50 for the crop field to shrub, and 0.41 for the indigenous forest, respectively. Soil $CO_2$ evolution and soil temperature were not different among the sites; however, soil water content was significantly different. Soil water content had a very weak influence on soil $CO_2$ evolution. Inorganic resin N availability differed among the three sites and seemed to be related to soil moisture.