• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.67-80
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• 2014

This study examined the chemical characteristics and the microstructure of Goryeo whiteware which was excavated in the kiln site Yucheon-ri, Gangwon-do, the southern part of South Korea. this area is considered to be used in the middle of the time of Goryeo Dynasty. We analyzed the chemical characteristics comparing Goryeo Whiteware from Seo-ri, Jungam-ri, Bangsan-dong and The temple site of Beopcheon. Based on the analysis, we confirmed the properties of raw material for making pottery. It is featured that body composition of Goryeo Whiteware from Yucheon-ri contains high silica and low solvent. However, the contents of the glaze are vice versa. Goryeo whiteware tends to contain larger part of oxide than that of titanium oxide, which applies to Goryeo Celadon. the whitewares during the early days of Goryeo Dynasty varies in components depending on kilns, whereas it does not mean that chronological changes happened in components. The whiteware shards from Yuchoen-ri have a similar aspect. The whiteware shard from the temple of Beopchen differ in composition, Thus they are estimated to have been produces and shipped from various sites. In conclusion, we judged that the component difference among Goryeo whitewares stems from production environment and origin of raw materials rather than chronological changers.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.63-72
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• 2014

This study is conducted to investigate mineralogical characteristics and estimate firing temperature and condition of earthenwares in the 5-6th Century which are found at ancient tombs in Gyo-dong, Gyo-ri, Changnyeong-eup, Changnyeong-gun, Gyeongsangnam-do, TKorea by applying petrological methods. For this study, mineralogical analysis, microtexture observation and chemical analysis were conducted. According to observations using a polarization microscope, the potshreds are mainly composed of quartz and feldspar and consist of some felsic volcanics, tempers, opaques and mullite, hematite and spinel were found under XRD and FTIR analysis. The flow pastes are observed in many potshreds, and it indicate that this textures made by the mixing process or the pottery made from the mixture of 2 sorts of clays at least. They dose not show the features of the potshreds firing under temperature of $1,200-1,300^{\circ}C$ rather than the earthenware firing under relatively low temperature of $1,000^{\circ}C$ approximately because of the existence of a number of pores and the crystals of the specific minerals. The growths mostly of mullite on the surface and into the cracks of the potshreds indicate that the firing condition was not uniform to make even temperature and oxidation. Most of the pottery shreds have felsic volcanic fragments and some of them have cristobalite which is formed at the temperature of more than 1,470^{\circ}C$. But considering the estimated firing temperature, these are not formed during firing but included in the original clay.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.157-167
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• 2012

This study aimed to interpret the provenance and firing temperature of pottery from Chipyeongdong site in Gwangju, Korea though mineralogical and geochemical methods and also investigated the post-depositional alteration of pottery in burial environments. It is also presumed that they were made of soils near the site because they have similar mineralogical composition and same geochemical evolution path. Based on the results of mineralogical analysis, the pottery samples are largely divided into 2 groups; $700^{\circ}C$ to $1,000^{\circ}C$ and 1,000 to $1,100^{\circ}C$. At some pottery fired at over $1,000^{\circ}C$, it is thought that the refinement of raw materials were processed to remove macrocrystalline fragments. However, it was found that phosphate in soil environments formed amorphous aggregates with Al and Fe within the pores and voids on pottery fired at the low temperature. It indicates the contamination of pottery after burial.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.131-147
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to analyze the characteristics of Punchong and Whiteware pottery excavated from the kiln site in Dongkok-Town, Gimge. Scientific analysis is carried out to evaluate the physical and chemical properties of the body and glaze. The physical properties indicate the gradual development of the production technology with respect to the kiln operating conditions and period. In chemical properties, the ceramic body is found to be made of raw materials from the same source, but the mixing method depends on the type of Punchong and Whiteware pottery, the production kiln, and period. Whiteware pottery is manufactured with less over 1.3% of the colorant content and more about 1.2% of the $K_2O$ flux content than Punchong pottery. This compositions allow easier vitrification at the same temperature. These characteristics which is low colorant content and high flux content become more prominent as lately. The ceramic glaze is likely to have changed the type of raw materials used after 16~17C, as the contents of MgO, $TiO_2$, MnO, $P_2O_5$ are less three to ten times than 15C.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.273-285
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• 2019

This study is aimed to interpret the raw material characteristics and manufacturing technology through physical, mineral and geochemical analysis of the brown-glazed stonewares and roof tiles excavated from the Hong Nang Sida temple in Laos, which was built in the 12th century. The glaze of brown-glazed stoneware is a typical lime serial with CaO content of more than 15 % and they were vitrified. The body is the combination of quartz, mullite and cristobalite, but had not vitrified texture, and therefore, which is assumed to have been fired more than 950 ℃. Meanwhile, The roof tiles are unglazed and its outer color is reddish brown, whitish grey and bluish grey. The bluish gray tiles has sandwich structure, which seem to experience imperfect reducing environment. The tile samples with a number of amorphous iron oxide nodule had a very similar chemical composition. In conclusion, it is assumed that the clay source was made from raw material produced from the same bedrock. The firing temperature of roof tiles were divided into less than 900 ℃, 900~950 ℃ and greater than 950 ℃ according to detection of micas, hercynite and mullite.

• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.20
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• pp.31-48
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• 2018

The Geumganasa Temple site two Ridege-end tiles at the Buyeo National Museum(The Buyeo2150-1 and 2150-2, hereinafter referred to as 2150-1 and 2150-2) were excavated the Geumgangsa Temple site. They provide important materials for investigating the shapes and production techniques of the ridge-end tiles of the time since their lower portions remain relatively intact. This study is intended to examine whether the two ridge-end tiles were identical. Conservation treatment, including removal of foreign substances, was conducted in preparation for observation with the naked eye to compare the formal features and production techniques of the two examples. The study revealed that these ridge-end tiles shared formal features such as surface color, clay composition, shape, size, and decoration; however, they differed in terms of production technique. The 2150-1 tile was made by assembling a separately-made body and wing and has no hole through the back, while the 2150-2 tile had its body and wing made as a single unit using long clay plates and features circular holes in the back. It was revealed that one portion of the body of both tiles was intentionally tilted during the production process.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.261-277
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• 2013

This study aims to research the relationship between whitewares and their rare materials from the site of Yanggu and Bunwon through the componential characteristic of the excavated whitewares from the 1st and the 2nd kilns of Chiljeon-ri in Bangsan-myeon, Yanggu-gun. As a result, the sherds were devided according to the chemical compositions of the body and the glaze via their respective production era. However, it considered that the whitewares from Chiljeon-ri had been manufactured with geochemically similar materials and the production process, such as refining and combining materials, had been different. It assumed that the firing temperatures of the whitewares from Chiljeon-ri were around $1,100-1,200^{\circ}C$ and substantially lower than for general whitewares. In the componential analysis, there were disparate properties in the cobalt pigment, which contained trace elements and rare earth elements. A review of the literature revealed a correlation between the whitewares from the late Chosun kiln site in Bunwon-ri and the raw materials from Yanggu-gun, but this was there were various techniques for refining and combining materials in Bunwon-ri.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.315-325
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• 2020

The Daetongsa temple is the earliest temple to be constructed during the era of the Three Kingdoms in ancient Korea. The main architect, purpose, and name of the temple have been confirmed through ancient literature and archeological materials carved in the Chinese letter, Daetong, excavated around Gongju. However, the location and range of the temple have remained elusive and were discussed in various studies. In this study, we examine the roof tiles obtained from the presumed site of the Daetongsa temple. The tiles were found to contain traces of red paint (red pigments) on their surface and analyzed using nondestructive techniques. The results imply that roof tiles were made using clay tablets and wooden cylinders, with latticed cloth in between. Additionally, some wooden cylinders appeared to comprise numerous wooden plates tied together by strings. The clay tablets used to make the roof tiles were produced from the source clay via the sorting process. The traces of red paint on the surface of the roof tiles were verified to be traditional pigments used for painting wooden buildings. These pigments were extracted from red ocher or red clay (Seokganju), mainly consisting of iron oxide. In the literature, the location of provenance sites for Seokganju is estimated to be far from Gongju. However, the materials for extracting the red pigments were relatively easy to source because most rocks comprised iron oxides. Therefore, it is necessary to discuss the provenance of the red pigments around the presumed site of Daetongsa.

• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.28
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• pp.17-34
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• 2022

This study seeks to identify the material characteristics of earthenware excavated from the Bangi-dong Ancient Tomb No. 3 and the articulated stone-mound tomb of the Seokchon-dong ancient tombs in the Songpa region, and analyze the homogeneity and the firing temperature of the materials used at each excavated site. The remains have been studied relatively recently, and the groups of tombs in which they were found demonstrate the transition of ancient Korean burial systems, and at the same time, provide important archaeological data about those in power at the time. The earthenware pottery excavated from the two sites examined in the study were buried at different times, and it is assumed that they were made by procuring weathered soil of similar gneiss, judging from the behavior of the compatible and incompatible elements and the weathering tendency found by examining the main components. In addition, the examination of the mineral composition and microstructure of clay indicates that the earthenware from Seokchon-dong was fired at 950 degrees Celsius or lower at a relatively early stage. On the other hand, the earthenware from Bangi-dong Tomb No. 3 was confirmed to have experienced temperatures below 850 degrees Celsius and above 1,000 degrees Celsius. However, it is difficult to interpret the difference as the result of the changes in firing temperature throughout the eras. It is expected that it will be possible to interpret the changes in earthenware manufacturing techniques by comparing more diverse earthenware potteries and ancient soils.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.54 no.4
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• pp.192-211
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• 2021

In Seongju, Gyengsangbuk-do, the Placenta Chamber (胎室, Taesil) of 18 sons and a son of the crown prince of King Sejong(世宗大王) is located in one place. Taesil refers to the place where the umbilical cord and placenta, which are separated when the baby is born, are placed in a jar made of pottery and stone box and then buried on the ground. The placenta chamber in Seongju has the Buncheong ware (粉靑沙器) cover buried on the ground to protect the baby's placenta. These covers are all hemispherical, with a diameter of more the 20cm. The decorations were made using black and white inlaid techniques only on the outside. The Buncheong ware cover with this shape and pattern has been confirmed only in the placenta chamber in Seongju. This study targets 6 of the Buncheong ware cover whose owners were identified, when and where they were prepared, what the stylistic features and meanings are, and where it was produced. The results of the study are as follows. First, ss a result of reviewing the production background and procurement system of this bowl, it was inferred that it was sourced from Jangheunggo (長興庫) at the central government office, between 1436 and 1439, when the event to bury the placenta of royal members in the ground was the most active. Second, it analyzed the unique features of this cover, such as the shape, pattern, and baked traces. The shape and pattern were compared to the ritual objects contained in the Sejong Silok Oryeui (『世宗實錄』 「五禮」, Five Rites of King Sejong Chronicle) and the lid of the royal placenta jar made in the 15th and 16th centuries. Third, this study suggests that the baking method was based on the shape and location of the traces remaining outside the cover. Finally, the following data were used to estimate the production site: the relationship with the 'Jagiso (磁器所, ceramic workshop) registered in the Sejong Silok Jiriji (『世宗實錄』 「地理志」, Geographical Appendix of King Sejong Chronicle); various records of contribution and dedication about the Buncheong ware made here; and the Buncheong ware and related tools excavated from the kiln site in the area. The place where the Buncheong ware cover was produced is estimated to be the most likely production site for the kiln site in Chunghyo-dong Kiln Site, located in Jeolla-do province by synthesizing the data above.