• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.247-254
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• 2014

Purpose: Maternal-fetal attachment in a pregnant woman is important for her health and for her child's emotional stability. This study was done to identify the contribution of maternal fatigue, social support, and Taegyo to maternal-fetal attachment based on a survey of pregnant women. Methods: The study was a descriptive correlation study. Participants were 211 from two women's health clinic centers. Data were analyzed using t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficients and stepwise multiple regression. Results: Mean scores for maternal-fetal attachment, Taegyo, maternal fatigue, and social support were 93.74 (range 25-125), 64.76 (17-85), 24.12 (10-40), and 54.43 (22-132), respectively. There were significant differences in maternal-fetal attachment according to parity, breast feeding experience, and putting prenatal education into practice. Multiple regression analysis showed that the key determinants of maternal-fetal attachment, were Taegyo (${\beta}$=.67), maternal fatigue (${\beta}$=.21), and social support (${\beta}$=.13), and these explained 55% of the total variance of attachment. Conclusion: The results suggest a need to encourage Taegyo in prenatal management program and provide methods for fatigue resolution and promotion of social support.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.16 no.9
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• pp.197-206
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• 2018

This purpose of this study was to investigate self-esteem, body image and maternal fetal attachment behavior in pregnant women and to identify factors influencing maternal fetal attachment behavior. Data were collected 188 pregnant women. Data were analyzed using t-test, ANOVA, Scheffe's test, Pearson's correlation coefficient, Stepwise Regression Analysis. There were statistically significant difference in self-esteem on variables such as religion, income. There were statistically significant difference in body image on variables such as planned pregnancy. There were statistically significant difference in maternal fetal attachment behavior on variables such as religion, planned pregnancy. Self-esteem was positively correlated with body image. Maternal fetal attachment behavior was positively correlated with self-esteem and body image. Factors influencing maternal fetal attachment behavior were body image, religion, and planned pregnancy, which explained 15.6%. Findings provide useful information for further studies in maternal fetal attachment behavior of pregnant women. Therefore, to promote maternal fetal attachment behavior of pregnant women, it is necessary to standardized prenatal education program.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.2020-2028
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• 2015

This study was conducted in order to identify factors influencing maternal-fetal attachment among pregnant women, considering the factors presented in Mercer's theory: Becoming a Mother(pregnancy stress, self-esteem, dyadic adjustment, sense of mastery, antepartum stress). The data was collected through structured questionnaires from 140 pregnant women who visited the obstetric clinic and public health centers in a metropolitan area to have prenatal tests from August 23th to November 25th 2014. The data were analyzed by SPSS 20 software using descriptive statistics, the t-test, ANOVA, the Pearson's correlation coefficients and a stepwise multiple regression. The results were as follows: Maternal-fetal attachment in the group of pregnant women under 30 years of age was significantly higher than that in the group of over the age of 31(t=2.79,p=.004). Primiparas had higher maternal-fetal attachment than multiparas(F=3.27, p=.041). There was a negative correlation between pregnancy stress(r=-0.22, p=.009) and maternal-fetal attachment. Self-esteem (r=0.45, p<.001), dyadic adjustment(r=0.42, p<.001), sense of mastery(r=0.24, p=.005) and maternal-fetal attachment were, however, positively correlated. It was found that self-esteem, dyadic adjustment and age were some of the factors influencing maternal-fetal attachment among pregnant women. These variables explained 26.1% of the variance in maternal-fetal attachment. Findings of this study indicate needs for comprehension and assessment of self-esteem and dyadic adjustment in pregnant women through prenatal tests. Also, the intervention programs to improve maternal-fetal attachment among older mothers should be developed and implemented.

• Proceedings of the KHMA Conference
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• 2013.05a
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• pp.322-322
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• 2013

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.213-223
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between stress, temperament and maternal-fetal attachment in pregnant women. The respondents in this research were 249 pregnant women who were participating in a Parent Education project. Data was collected by way of a questionnaire. A summary of the findings were as follows: Among the pregnant women in this study, total stress level was below the average and maternal fetal attachment level was above the average. The group demonstrating high levels of stress exhibited low level of maternal-fetal attachment when compared to those with low levels stress. Pregnant woman's stress and maternal temperament demonstrated a significant correlation with maternal-fetal attachment.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.126-137
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• 2018

Purpose: To evaluate the effectiveness of an experience-focused prenatal program on stress, anxiety, childbirth confidence, and maternal-fetal attachment for women in their first pregnancy. Methods: The participants were 57 pregnant women at 32 weeks or more of a first pregnancy who agreed to participate in this study. The data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, t-test, $x^2$ test, and Fisher's exact test using the SPSS 21.0 program. Results: The experimental group showed significant differences in stress, anxiety, childbirth confidence, and maternal-fetal attachment from the control group. Conclusion: The four-week experience-focused prenatal program can be used for women in their first pregnancy to reduce their stress and anxiety and to increase their childbirth confidence and maternal-fetal attachment.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.51-61
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between marital quality and parent-fetal attachment. The sample included 395 pregnant women and 251 spouses who participated in Pregnant Education Programs. We analyzed the data which were collected by means of a questionnaire from September to November, 2011. The results were summarized as follows: The total marital quality level of pregnant couples was above the average and parent- fetal attachment levels were very high. Result indicated a difference in pregnant women and spouses regarding marital quality and parent-fetal attachment. The pregnant woman's marital quality and parent characteristics (planned pregnant, pregnancy period, birth order) had a significant correlation with parent-fetal attachment. The higher effective communication and conflict resolution regarding marital quality were, the higher parent-fetal attachment was.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.232-240
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• 2015

Purpose: The purpose of this descriptive survey study was designed to identify the stress coping types of married immigrant pregnant women and find out the differences in maternal-fetal attachment and maternal identity based on each types. Methods: 151 married immigrant women who visited 3 women's hospitals located in J-do for pre-pregnancy checkup were selected as study objects. Data were analyzed by dsecriptive statistics, cluster analysis, t-test, ANOVA, and $Scheff{\acute{e}}$ multiple comparison test. Results: Cluster analysis revealed 4 distinct stress coping styles; low stress-coping involvement social support-oriented type, high stress-coping involvement hopeful thinking type, low stress-coping involvement type, effective stress coping types. Women frequently using effective stress coping type among the four types reported higher maternal-fetal attachment. The group of active coping styles got significantly higher score on maternal identity. Conclusion: Proper stress coping of married immigrant pregnant women regarding pregnancies proved to result in high levels of maternal-fetal attachment and maternal identity. Studies measuring the stress coping styles that affect pregnancies should be continuously conducted.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.99-108
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• 2017

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship among emotional clarity in emotional intelligence, maternal identity, and fetal attachment to measure how emotional clarity and maternal identity impact on fetal attachment and to determine mediating effects of maternal identity in pregnant women at the time of diagnosis with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Methods: This study used a correlational survey design. 88 pregnant women with GDM completed a study questionnaire of emotional clarity, maternal identity, and fetal attachment immediately after the diagnosis of GDM. Data were analyzed Mann-Whitney U test, and ANOVA with Duncan test, Pearson correlation, three-step regressions to test mediating effect, and Sobel test. Results: The emotional clarity was positively related with maternal identity and fetal attachment. It affected maternal identity with 21.9% of explained variance. The emotional clarity and the maternal identity were significant predictors of fetal attachment by 57.7% of explained variance. The maternal identity mediated the relationship between emotional clarity and fetal attachment. Conclusion: The results suggest that a nursing program to enhance the emotional clarity and the maternal identity needs to be developed as an effective strategy to improve fetal attachment.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.398-405
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• 2019

Purpose: This study was conducted to examine the relationships among the perceptions and practice of taegyo (a traditional set of practices and beliefs related to healthy fetal development) and maternal-fetal attachment in pregnant women. Methods: The participants were 136 pregnant women who visited a public health center or maternity hospital for prenatal care. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, the t-test, analysis of varience, and Pearson correlation coefficients with SPSS version 22.0. Results: The mean age of the pregnant women was $32.24{\pm}3.99$ years. The mean scores for perceptions of taegyo, practice of taegyo, and maternal-fetal attachment were $3.96{\pm}0.53$, $3.74{\pm}0.64$, and $3.94{\pm}0.49$, respectively. Perceptions of taegyo were significantly correlated with the practice of taegyo (r=.72, p<.001), and maternal-fetal attachment (r=.55, p<.001). A significant correlation was also found between the practice of taegyo and maternal-fetal attachment (r=.65, p<.001). Conclusion: Perceptions of taegyo affected the practice of taegyo, and had a positive effect on maternal-fetal attachment. These findings suggest that primary care nurses at hospitals and public health centers should provide nursing intervention programs to improve the perceptions of taegyo, the practice of taegyo, and maternal-fetal attachment.