• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2023.05a
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• pp.516-516
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• 2023

하천 만곡부 외곽 하안부의 빠른 유속은 침식을 유발하고 내측의 느린 유속은 토사 퇴적의 원인이 된다. 이는 하천 지형을 지속적으로 변화시키는 원인이 되고 나아가 하천 주변의 환경뿐만 아니라 안정성에도 문제를 일으킨다. 하천의 안정성과 수생태계 보존을 위해서는 수제와 같은 인공 구조물을 설치하여 하도의 안정을 유지할 수 있다. 수제는 후류에 느린 유속을 발생시켜 침식을 예방하고 제방과 하안을 보호한다. 그러나 수제 주변에서 발생하는 강한 와류는 국부 세굴을 유발하여 구조물의 안정성을 저해하기도 한다. 본 연구에서는 이동상 수리실험을 통해 수제 주변에서 발생하는 국부 세굴 및 후류에서의 하상 변동을 측정하였다. 수리실험은 길이 10 m, 폭 0.44 m, 높이 0.59 m인 수로에서 D50 = 2.98 mm인 모래를 사용하였고 하상변동은 하상이 평형상태에 이르렀을 때 물의 흐름을 멈추고 측정하였다. 실험 결과를 바탕으로 평형상태의 하상변동과 시간 변화에 따른 세굴심 변화를 도출하였다.

• Journal of Convergence Korean Medicine
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.25-33
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• 2021

경혈과 경락학설은 침의 치료 효과를 설명하고 최선의 침 치료 전략을 세우기 위해 이용되어 왔다. 이번 연구를 통해 요통 환자를 대상으로 한 무작위 대조군 임상 연구에서 요통을 치료하기 위해 사용된 경혈의 빈도를 알아보았다. PUMBED 데이터베이스를 통해 요통 환자를 대상으로 manual acupuncture나 electro-acupuncture를 사용한 논문을 분석했다. 총 664편의 논문이 검색되었으며, 그 중 62편의 논문을 분석 결과에 따르면 신수, 위중, 대장수, 곤륜, 환도, 아시혈, 관원수, 양릉천, 기해수, 요양관이었으며, 태계혈이 함께 조합되어 사용되었다. 이를 통해 요통에 대한 침 치료 효과를 밝히기 위한 이전의 연구들에서 족태양방광경의 경혈들이 주로 사용된 것, 그리고 근위와 원위의 경혈이 사용된 것을 알 수 있다. 추후 연구를 통해 경혈과 치료 효과 간의 상관 관계를 밝히고 경혈을 선정하고 조합하는 원리에 대한 가이드라인을 제시하기 위해서는 치료 효과에 대한 정량적인 분석 방법과 이용한 경혈에 대한 자세한 보고가 필수적이다.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2022.05a
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• pp.464-464
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• 2022

건강한 수생태계 유지·관리를 위하여 다양한 수생생물을 활용한 각 분류군의 종별 서식지 적합도 지수 DB 구축의 필요성이 증대되고 있다. 대부분의 수생생물의 경우 문헌 연구를 통해 서식지 적합도 지수를 산정하기는 어려우므로 현장 모니터링 자료를 이용한 어류, 저서생물 등의 서식지 적합도 지수를 산정하여 하천 복원 및 수생생물의 서식에 필요한 생태유량 결정에 중요한 인자로 활용하고 있다. 국내에서 하천 건강성 평가 등을 통해 수계별 다양한 조사를 수행하고 있으나 대부분의 연구는 출현 종 분류 및 출현율 등에 국한되어 있다. 또한, 부족한 현장 모니터링 자료로 인해 서식지 적합도 지수를 산정하기 위한 객관적이고 과학적인 물리적 인자를 도출하기 어려운 실정이며, 이는 전문가의 경험을 바탕으로 한 주관적 판단으로 이어져 결과의 신뢰성 측면에서 한계가 있을 수 있다. 따라서, 수계별 장기적인 모니터링 및 자료 구축을 위한 연구가 필요하며, 기존 서식지 적합도 지수 산정에 관한 방법의 장단점을 명확히 파악하여 국내 하천환경 및 특성에 적합한 서식지 적합도 지수 구축이 반드시 선행되어야 할 것이다.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.31 no.6B
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• pp.565-575
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to quantitatively evaluate the expression of both multi-metric qualitative habitat evaluation index (QHEI) and biological integrity index (IBI) for artificial structures eco-artificial fish reef (EAFR) for fishes asylum and habitat. Especially, both experimental evaluation and biological verification were performed in Water and Environmental Center's outdoor test-bed of Korea Institute of Construction Technology located in Andong-city, Gyeongsangbuk-do. The experimental conditions reflecting the situation of domestic river include the flow rate (e.g., $0.0{\sim}1.5m\;s^{-1}$), the width (e.g., 1.0~3.0 m), the depth (e.g., 0.05~0.70 m), and variable bed materials. Both QHEI and IBI were monitored for 8 months from May to December 2010. Whereas QHEI values were highest at experimental points of the E~F with an average of 83.1, those were lowest at B~C with an average of 78.1. However, QHEI values inside EAFR were more than 98.9, regardelss of space and time, and indicated more than the highest good of the state (Good) in the habitat. Overally, IBI values showed similar trend with QHEI, but were 44.2 in the winter dry season, compared to 32.8 of QHEI values. IBI values Also, IBI values inside EAFR were greater than those at the experimental channel by 5.7 to 11.4% and 18.7 to 34.8% in flow and stagnant conditions, respectively, indicating that EAFR can secure asylum and habitat for fish during the dry season. For comprehensive aquatic ecosystem assessment, the experimental channel showed generally fair conditions (Fair~Good), whereas EAFR showed good conditions (Good), suggesting that EAFR can be applied to aquatic ecosystem restoration and improvement.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.71-85
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• 2018

A recent topic of interest within ecology is ecosystem services that are importantly connected with biodiversity. Biodiversity is a fundamental component of ecological studies and has been the subject of many studies worldwide. However, studies on the diversity and distribution of freshwater fish were not undertaken in earnest until 2000, and the number of internationally available studies is therefore still limited. In this study, we used data from "The Survey and Evaluation of Aquatic Ecosystem Health (hereafter SEAEH)" within the framework of which whole water systems on the Korean peninsula are annually monitored to investigate and determine the current status of the diversity and distribution of freshwater fish, as well as to elucidate major factors impacting freshwater fish. A total of 130 species from 28 families were identified at around 953 sites in the SEAEH investigation of 2014. The species Zacco platypus (relative abundance: 28.2%) and Z. koreanus (19.3%) were identified as the most abundant species on the Korean peninsula, and besides these 20 endangered species, 51 endemic species and 4 exotic species were also collected. Highest (96 species) and lowest (72 species) diversity were identified in the Han River Watershed and the Yeongsan/Seomjin River Watershed, respectively. The mean endemic rate was 32.7%, which is higher than the previous rate determined in 1995. The exotic species Micropterus salmoides, Lepomis macrochirus and Carassius cuvieri were found in the whole river system except north Yeongdong, whereas Oreochromis niloticus occurred only at three sites due to the cold water temperatures in winter. Totally, 28 species were found to be translocated to different water systems not connected with known original habitats, most translocations occurring in the Nakdong River and the Yeongdong region. Among the translocated species, Opsariichthys uncirostris amurensis, and Erythroculter erythropterus were dominantly distributed in the mid- to lower reaches of Nakdong River where they may be harmful to the native fish assemblages due to their strong predation. The construction of weirs in connection with the "4 River Project" generated changes in fish assemblages before, during and after the project, resulting in altered habitat condition. Especially, a decrease in the number of endemic species and an increase in the abundance of lentic species were seen. Human-induced global warming will allow exotic species requiring high water temperatures to adapt to the environmental conditions of the Korean peninsula, which may enhance the diversity of native fishes and create changes in distribution. For the establishment of realistic and efficient management and protection strategies for Korean freshwater fish, SEAEH, which produces fundamental and quantitative data for Korean streams, is an important and necessary tool.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.160-171
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• 2018

This study aims to find an original form of temple flower decoration patterns, considering floral lattice pattern as a view element composing temple landscape. To that end, we analyzed and interpreted the form and symbol expressed in the floral lattice pattern at Nahanjeon of Seonghyel Temple at Yeongju, Gyeongsangbukdo. The front side of Nahanjeon windows shows a sculpture with 176 pure patterns in a form where two squares are in sequence. The basic concept of main front door (the inner gate of Nahanjeon) frames is considered the design language of lotus pond that symbolizes "square land" in traditional gardens. The four leaf clover and arrowhead are water plants discovered in areas nearby ponds, which are a realistic expression conforming to the water ecology of lotus pond. The lotus, which is the most important plant at the main front door, indicates purity, a non-stained state, and the world of the lotus sanctuary, which is the land of blissful happiness in Buddhism. The lotus expressed in the floral lattice pattern is spread in a diverse form, containing the features of creation and destruction, showing the landscape character of the "One Body of Buddha and Lotus". The expression of flying birds such as kingfishers and egrets is an ecologically aesthetic idea to infuse dynamism and vitality into a seemingly static aquatic ecosystem. The floral lattice pattern contains lotus pond scenery showing symbiosis of animals(i.e., dragons, frogs, crabs, fishes, egrets, wild geese, and kingfishers) and plants(i.e., four leaf clovers and arrowheads), which are symbols of relief faith for longevity, wealth, preciousness, and many sons. The pattern is not just an ecological aesthetic expression but a holistic harmony of ecological components such as growth and disappearance of lotus and its leaves, fitting habitats, symbiosis, and food chain.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.117-127
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• 2022

The survey of bird community characteristics was carried out four times on 2016 and 2017, respectively May and October to figure out effects of the manmade small ecosystem, Anseong. Twenty five species and 94 individuals were observed in the study area. The dominant species were Passer montanus 19.1%, Pica pica 12.8%, Cyanopica cyana 8.51%, Sinosuthora webbiana and Carduelis sinica ussuriensis respectively 7.45%, the diversity of the species was 2.787. With migration, the highest number and percentage to the lowest was residents 72.0%, summer visitors 20.0% and winter visitors 8.00%. Among 22 species which bred (check or possibility) in the manmade small ecology, Anseong, canopy (C) was 54.5%, hole (H) was 31.8%, bush (B) was 9.09% and ground (G) was 4.55% in their nesting guilds. In foraging guilds in breeding season was canopy (C) was 69.6%, bush (C) was 21.7%, water (W) and ground (G) was respectively 4.35%, and in non-breeding season, canopy was 64.0%, bush 24.0%, ground was 8.00% and water 4.00%. In the study site, the manmade habitats for birds were nest box and wetland (rain garden). In 7 nest box, Parus major was uesd 1 nest box as their breeding on 2016 and 2017, and Passer montanus was used 1 nest box on 2017. We assumed that sustainable rainwater supply may be important to attract many birds in rain garden, the manmade habitat for birds.Unfortunately, however, no birds used rain garden (wetland) as their habitats due to water shortage.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.55 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2022

An estuary is an area where a freshwater river or stream meets the ocean. Even before the importance of the value of estuaries was recognized, the estuary was lost because of large-scale conversion by draining, filling, damming, and dredging. In South Korea, 643 estuaries are located, and the total area is 3,248,300 ha, accounting for 32.5% of the total area of South Korea. Over 35% of Korean estuaries are closed estuaries which are only temporally connected with the sea, either permanently or periodically. Since 2008, in order to preserve the estuary ecosystem and solve major issues in the estuary by accumulating knowledge about the estuarine ecosystem, the Ministry of Environment of Republic of Korea has been conducting the "Estuarine Ecosystem Monitoring and Assessment Project". At 668 sites of 325 estuaries, epilithic diatom, benthic macroinvertebrate, fish, and vegetation are investigated, and the habitat condition of each site is evaluated using the newly developed biotic index. More than 100 researchers annually record 2,097 species of estuaries according to the standardized survey guidelines over the past 14 years and provide strictly managed data necessary for establishing estuaries conservation policies. As a result of bibliometric analysis of 1,195 research articles related to the monitoring and assessment of the estuarine ecosystem, research on pollutants such as heavy metals and sediment control have recently been conducted. "Estuarine Ecosystem Monitoring and Assessment Project" is an ecological monitoring type of long-term mandated monitoring that is usually focused on identifying trends. Although it is difficult to identify the mechanism influencing a change in an ecosystem through long-term mandated monitoring, providing empirical data for supporting evidence-based policy, decision-making, and the management of ecosystems. In order to increase the efficiency of the project, research to investigate the relationship between sediments and pollutants and organisms can be conducted at specific estuaries or sites to compensate for the shortcomings of mandatory monitoring.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.62-68
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• 2012

This study evaluated the screening level assessment of ecological health using four biomarkers and four bioindicators of Misgurnus anguillicaudatus as a indicator species in agricultural area of South Korea during May-June 2011. The endocrine disrupting chemical (EDC) indicators, such as vitellogenin (VTG) and gonado-somatic index (GSI), were not significantly changed in the agricultural site (p>0.05), indicating no effects. The biomarkers and bioindicators were compared between two sites of reference site (RS) and the agricultural site (AS) for screening assessment of ecological health. The ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, and DNA damage were significantly changed in the AS compared with the RS (p<0.05). But the individual level bioindicators such as condition factor (CF), hepato-somatic index (HSI), and gonado-somatic index (GSI) were not significantly different from reference site (RS). These results may indicate impairments of ecological health by toxic chemicals and environmental conditions. Current this study is based on screening assessment of biochemical and individual level biomarkers and bioindicators, so further study is required additional biomarkers and population or community level bioindicators for more specific health assessments in agricultural areas.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.41-58
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• 2003

This study was conducted to investigate bird community and to suggest a proper way how to manage protect bird community in Gap stream. The survey was carried out over four sections by the line transect method and point counts method from September 2001 to August 2002. Natural stream region as Gasuwon Bridge - Mannyeon Bridge are observed birds were 11 orders 29 families 67 species, Artificial stream region as Mannyeon Bridge - Daedeok Bridge are observed birds were 6 orders 10 families 30 species, Daedeok Bridge - Wonchon Bridge are 8 orders 12 families 28 species, Wonchon Bridge - Gap Stream Bridge are 8 orders 18 families 40 species. All the observed birds in artificial stream region are 8 orders 19 families 47 species. Number of species in natural stream region was higher than artificial stream region owe to a various habitat environment such as forest, cultivated land, streamside forest, sandy plain, gravelly field, reedy field etc. and can not add with the interface and the usage of the human. Number of species in artificial stream region was lower than natural stream region owe to a simple habitat environment and the water ecosystem is severed with embankment block and grass plot with the land ecosystem. The furtherance of various habitat environment which considers the ecosystem like the natural stream as the water ecosystem is joined together with the land ecosystem is desired to attract various wildbirds in Gap stream. The design is desired with the maintenance of the stream to consider the stream corridor which plays ecological important role as connect the fragment habitats.