• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.449-455
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• 2009

The increase of industrial carbonic dioxide emissions has accelerated the carbonation of reinforced concrete structures, which drops off their durability. Although advanced countries have already taken safety control measures against the carbonation of RC structures, it is still difficult now to accurately predict the actual carbonation depth. Additionally, it requires much time and efforts. Recently, it is possible to get the data more rapidly through accelerated carbonation test with the $CO_2$ concentration of 100%. In this paper, the carbonation test results obtained by two test methods such as the normal carbonation test method and the accelerated carbonation test method, were compared to investigate the carbonation characteristics of fly ash concrete. The accelerated carbonation test on concrete specimens with the pre-curing age of 180 days was also carried out to examine the carbonation characteristics of fly ash concrete at long-term age. Consequently, fly ash concrete at early age was vulnerable to carbonation and however, its carbonation resistance at long-term ages was improved compared with OPC concrete.

• Journal of the Korean Recycled Construction Resources Institute
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.261-268
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• 2022

In this study, Long-term test specimens were tested in the outdoor exposure environment and the carbonation properies of concrete were analyzed. The test specimens were manufactured in 40 %, 50 % and 60 % according to the w/c ratio. Carbonation was measured at 3 years and 15 years of age. Based on the results, long-term carbonation prediction models(KICT model) were derived. As a result, carbonation increased according to the w/c. Based on the w/c 40 %, w/c 50 % increased about 1.8 times and w/c 60 % increased about 3.7 times. Comparison of carbonation according to age was that the carbonation at 15^th year was about 3 times higher that of 3^rd year. As results of comparing the KICT models and other carbonation prediction models, the carbonation prediction showed different values.

• Journal of the Korean Recycled Construction Resources Institute
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.407-415
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• 2023

In this study, a carbonation test was conducted on cementitious composites reinforced with recycled waste rope fibers (W series) according to EN 12390-12 standards. The test results were compared to those of commercially available polypropylene fibers (P series). In the carbonation test, both the carbonation depth and area were significantly influenced by the water-to-cement ratio. Notably, the carbonation resistance performance of cementitious composites containing waste rope fibers surpassed that of commercially available PP fibers under equivalent conditions. Throughout the 250-day test period, the W series exhibited higher compressive strength values than the P series, while both series displayed a similar trend of strength increase during the same duration. During the initial stage, the W series exhibited flexural strength levels similar to those of the P series. However, in the later stages, the P series showed a higher mean flexural strength by 1.0 MPa.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.128-138
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• 2015

Carbonation is one of the most critical deterioration phenomena to concrete structures exposed to high $CO_2$ concentration, sheltered from rain. Lots of researches have been performed on evaluation of carbonation depth and changes in hydrate compositions, however carbonation modeling is limitedly carried out due to complicated carbonic reaction and diffusion coefficient. This study presents a simplified carbonation model considering diffusion coefficient, solubility of $Ca(OH)_2$, porosity reduction, and carbonic reaction rate for low concentration. For verification, accelerated carbonation test with varying temperature and MIP (Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry) test are carried out, and carbonation depths are compared with those from the previous and the proposed model. Field data with low $CO_2$ concentration is compared with those from the proposed model. The proposed model shows very reasonable results like carbonation depth and consuming $Ca(OH)_2$ through reduced diffusion coefficient and porosity compared with the previous model.

• Proceedings of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute Conference
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• 2011.04a
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• pp.400-403
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• 2011

본 논문에서는 시차열중량분석법과 X-선 회절분석법을 이용한 원전콘크리트의 탄산화에 의한 열화도 평가를 진행하였으며 두 가지 정성적 분석방법을 이용한 반정량적 평가 방법을 개발하였다. 원자력발전소 건설에 사용된 동일한 콘크리트 배합을 사용한 시편을 촉진 탄산화 시험장치에 28, 56, 91, 180, 365일 기간에 걸쳐 노출시켜 탄산화를 진행하였으며 노출된 시편은 시차열중량분석법, X-선 회절분석법을 이용하여 탄산화에 따라 발생된 열화생성물의 양을 정성적으로 분석하였다. 그 결과, 탄산화로 인해 발생되는 Calcite의 양이 노출기간에 따라 점차적으로 증가되는 것이 확인되었으며, Calcite의 생성을 위해 이산화탄소와 반응하는 Portlandite의 양이 점차적으로 감소되는 것이 확인되었다. 본 논문에서는 위의 언급된 두 방법의 관계성을 통해 열화도 평가를 진행하였다.

• Journal of the Korean Recycled Construction Resources Institute
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.373-380
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• 2023

This study investigated the carbonation of concrete brick cured in a CO₂ environment for the utilization of CO₂ captured in power plants. Concrete brick specimens were produced with electric arc furnace reducing slag (ERS) and electric arc furnace oxidizing slag (EOS), and cured for 3 days in a CO₂ chamber with a concentration of 20 % or in a constant temperature and humidity chamber. The weight change, compressive strength, flexural strength and carbonation depth of concrete bricks were measured. From the results, it was found that when subjected to CO₂ curing, CO₂ was absorbed at the level of 2.4 % of the weight of the specimen. The specimen incorporating ERS showed the highest carbonation depth, and satisfied KS F4004 standards for the concrete brick. Therefore, it is expected that the captured CO₂ can be utilized in the CO₂ curing process of concrete brick.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.27-33
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• 2014

Electrical resistivity of concrete can be measured in a more rapid and simple way for estimating durability of the concrete, however, carbonation causes a result of misleading for durability testing because carbonation leads to a significant reduction in the permeability and porosity of concrete. The purpose of this study is to estimate and quantify the effect of carbonation of concrete on a surface electrical resistivity measurement. Samples of three mixes with difference w/c were prepared and exposed in a carbonation chamber for 330 days. The results show that carbonation leads high electrical resistivity. The increase is substantial and has been shown to proportional to the extent of the carbonation by some of extent. The relationship between electrical resistivity and carbonation depth is taken in the study. Resistivity ratio of carbonated concrete to air concrete decreased significantly from the specific carbonation depth, however, resistivity ratio of carbonated concrete to air concrete had a linear relation with carbonation depth. From the relationship between electrical resistivity and carbonation depth, it is expected that the result should be subsequently used as a calibration curve for estimating carbonated concrete to overcome the interruption effect of carbonation on regular measurements of the electrical resistivity.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.140-146
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• 2017

It is laser induced breakdown spectroscopy(LIBS) that enables qualitative and quantitative analysis of the elements contained in unknown specimen by comparing the wavelength characteristics of each element obtained from the spectral analysis of the standard specimen with the wavelength analysis results from unknown specimens. In this study, the applicability of LIBS to the analysis of major deterioration factors affecting concrete durability was experimentally analyzed. That is, the possibility of applying LIBS to the diagnosis of concrete deterioration by studying the quantitative detection of harmful deteriorating factors on chloride, sulfate and carbonated mortar specimens using LIBS was studied. As a result of LIBS test for each chloride and sulfate specimen, the LIBS spectral wavelength intensity of chlorine and sulfur ions increased linearly with increasing concentration. Carbon ion LIBS spectral wave intensities of carbonated specimens increased nonlinearly over the duration of carbonation exposure. From the above results, it can be partially confirmed that LIBS can be applied to the diagnosis of concrete deterioration. In case of concrete carbonation, it is presumed that carbon content is contained in the cement itself and is different from the detection of chloride and sulfate specimen. Therefore, it is considered that more various parameter studies should be performed to apply LIBS to concrete carbonation.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.251-258
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• 2022

In the cement industry, in order to reduce CO₂ emissions, technology for raw materials substitution and conversion, technology for improving process efficiency of utilizing low-carbon new heat sources, and technology for collecting and recycling process-generated CO₂ are being developed. In this study, we conducted a basic experiment to contribute to the development of CSC that can store CO₂ as carbonate minerals among process-generated CO₂ capture and recycling technologies. Three types of CSC clinker with different SiO₂/(CaO+SiO₂) molar ratios were prepared with the clinker raw material formulation, and the characteristics of the clinker were analyzed. As a result of analysis and observation of CSC clinker, wollastonite and rankinite were formed. In addition, as a result of the carbonation test of the CSC paste, it was confirmed that calcite was produced as a carbonation product. The lower the SiO₂/(CaO+SiO₂) molar ratio in the CSC clinker chemical composition, the lower the wollastonite production amount, and the higher the rankinite production amount. And the amount of calcite production increased with the progress of carbonation of the CSC paste specimen. It is judged that rankinite is more reactive in mineralizing CO₂ than wollastonite.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.30-40
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• 2014

The demand of underground structure such as box culvert for electric power transmission is increasing more and more, and the service life extension of these structures is very important. Recent observations in field and experimental evidences show that even steel in concrete can be corroded by carbonation reaction of cover concrete. Carbonation-induced corrosion in concrete may often occur in a high carbon dioxide environment. In this study, the risk of carbonation of box culverts in our nation was evaluated by measuring the carbonation rate and concrete cover depth in field. Then, the service life due to carbonation at the cover depth was calculated by in situ information and the Monte Carlo simulation in a probabilistic way. Additionally, the accelerated carbonation test for the cracked beam specimen was executed and the crack effect owing to the carbonation process on the service life of box culvert was numerically investigated via Monte Carlo simulation based on the experimental results.