• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.387-394
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• 2010

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the whitening efficacy and longevity of home bleaching. Materials and Methods: A total of 28 patients were divided into either experimental group (Opalescence F; 15% carbamide peroxide) or control group randomly. The patients in experimental group were instructed to wear individual trays applied with bleaching gel for 2 hours a day for 4 weeks. Any treatments weren't applied to the patients in control group. The color measurements of central incisors, lateral incisors & canines of upper and lower arch were recorded at base line, immediately after the finishment of treatmemt (4 weeks), 8 weeks and 12 weeks using Colorimeter (Chroma Meter, 2600d Konica Minolta co.) and Vitapan classical shade guide (Vita Zahnfabrik). Results: A significantly stronger color change was observed for overall teeth samples in experimental group immediately after treatment (at 4 weeks) compared to ones in control group (p < 0.05). There was also a significant difference between baseline and 8 weeks or 12 weeks separately though color rebouncing phenomenon occurred as time went by (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The clinical effecacy and longevity of home bleaching without combined application of in-office bleaching was observed through this experiment.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.351-360
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• 2013

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of tooth bleaching agent contained 15% carbamide peroxide on the color, microhardness and surface roughness of tooth-colored restorative materials by using pH cycling model. Methods : Four types of tooth-colored restorative materials, including a composite resin(Filtek Z350 ; Z350), a flowable composite resin(Filtek P60 : P60), a compomer(Dyract$^{(R)}$ AP ; DY), and a glass-ionomer cement(KetacTM Molar Easymix ; KM). were used in the study. Eighty-eight specimens of each material were fabricated, randomly divided into two groups(n=44): experimental group(15% carbamide peroxide) and control group(distilled water). These groups were then divided into four subgroups(n=11). All groups were bleached 4 hours per day for 14 days using pH cycling model. The authors measured the color, microhardness, and roughness of the specimens before and after bleaching. The data were analyzed with ANOVA and T-test. Results : Z350 and P60 showed a slight color change(${\Delta}E^*$), whereas DY and KM showed significantly color change(p<0.05). Among them, the greatest color change was observed in DY. Percentage microhardness loss(PML) of the distilled water group was 1.8 to 5.1%, and 15% peroxide peroxide group was 5.0 to 25.2%. Microhardness of DY and KM showed a statistically significant decrease(p<0.05). Roughness was increased in all groups after bleaching. Z350 and P60 does not have a significant difference(p>0.05), however DY and KM significantly increased more than the 0.2 ${\mu}m$(p<0.05). Conclusions : The effects of bleaching on restorative materials were material dependent. It is necessary to consider the type of the material before starting the treatment.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.165-173
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the surface change after 15% carbamide peroxide home bleaching to various restorative materials (composite resin [CR], resin modified glass ionomer [RMGI] and glass ionomer [GI]) and to observe the effect of surface condition of the materials on re-staining. Three esthetic restorative materials (Filtek Z250, 3M, USA; Fuji II LC, GC, Japan; Fuji II, GC, Japan) were used in this study. Twenty specimens per material group were made and divided into two groups (bleached and control). The specimens were immersed in coffee after applying bleaching agent. The color change and surface roughness were measured before and after bleaching and after immersion in coffee. The data were analyzed with SPSS 18.0. The results were as follows: 1. The color of all experiment groups was significantly changed after bleaching (p<0.05). RMGI was the greatest value of ${\Delta}E^*$ and ${\Delta}L^*$. GI and CR groups were in ordering (p<0.05). The ${\Delta}a^*$ value was decreased GI, RMGI and CR. RMGI was only significantly decreased in ${\Delta}b^*$ value (p<0.05). 2. The surface roughness before and after bleaching was significantly different on CR, RMGI and GI (p<0.05). 3. After staining with coffee, the value of ${\Delta}E^*$ was increased in GI, RMGI and CR, furthermore GI and RMGI showed significant difference in the bleaching groups (p<0.05). The ${\Delta}L^*$ value of GI and RMGI was significantly decreased. 4. The change of surface roughness after staining was not significantly different in all groups (p>0.05). The maintenance of color stability in esthetic restorations is one of the most important properties. Tooth whitening is for the aesthetic. Therefore, dental professionals should notice to patients about re-staining after tooth whitening. They should give an instruction that how to prevent and which kinds of agents could be stained.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.19-29
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• 2018

Objectives: Despite a rise of an interest in tooth whitening, diverse problems are being caused in case of hydrogen peroxide that is being used as a tooth bleaching agent. Thus, the aim was to examine tooth whitening effectiveness using natural products as a plan for supplementing this. Methods: As a result of having measured a tooth color through using VITA Easyshade V after having developed toothpaste with the application of extracts such as Citrus Peels, Mulberry (Morus alba L.) Root Bark, strawberry, and lemon, and then having used it for 10 weeks, they are as follows. Both upper and lower 6 anteriors mostly got brighter. Results: A statistically significant difference was shown especially in the right canine (p=0.015), in the right central incisor (p=0.007), and in the left central incisor (p<0.001). In consequence of having measured a color change, the tooth got brighter gradually in the higher extract content and in the lengthier use time. In case of canine, it got less bright compared to other teeth. In the outcome of evaluating sensuality, most of the questions were indicated to be high in case of using a whitening toothpaste for 10 weeks. But in what "there is no stickiness in the mouth, the stickiness was more felt in the use up to 5 weeks, but was improved in 10 weeks. Conclusions: The bleaching effectiveness was proved by developing a toothpaste with the application of natural extracts. A short-term effect cannot be seen like a whitening agent of using hydrogen peroxide. But there is a continuous effect in consideration of tooth-brushing more than 3 times a day.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.533-541
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• 2012

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of tooth bleaching agent contained 35% hydrogen peroxide on the color, microhardness and surface roughness of tooth-colored restorative materials. Methods : Four types of tooth-colored restorative materials, including a composite resin(Filtek Z350 ; Z350), a flowable composite resin(Filtek P60 : P60), a compomer(Dyract$^{(R)}$ AP ; DY), and a glass-ionomer cement(KetacTM Molar Easymix ; KM) were used in the study. The specimens($8mm{\times}5mm$) were made by using a customized acrylic mold. Each material was divided into two groups equally(n=40) : experimental group(35% HP) and control group(distilled water). 35% HP group was treated 30 mim/5 days for 15 days. Each 30 minute treatment session consisted of two 15 minute cycles of gel application with 20 second light exposure. The authors measured the color, microhardness, and roughness of the specimens before and after bleaching. The data were analyzed with ANOVA and T-test. Results : 35% HP group showed an apparent color change(${\Delta}E^*$) than control group. In particular, DY and KM showed a noticeable color change and statistically significant differences(p<0.05). 35% HP group showed a reduction in microhardness. Z350 and P60 does not have a statistically significant difference(p>0.05), DY and KM showed a statistically significant difference(p<0.05). Percentage microhardness loss(PML) of control group was 0.6 to 5.5% in the group, 35% HP group was 6.6 to 34.6%. Roughness was increased in 35% HP group after bleaching. Especially DY and KM were significantly increased(p<0.05). Conclusions : Bleaching agents may affect the surface of existing restorations; therefore, they should not be used indiscriminately when tooth-colored restorations are present.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.955-963
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• 2010

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to examine effect of the application of different types of coffee on teeth stain during home bleaching. Methods : Twenty five premolars that were extracted within the past month and healthy without any signs of dental caries or restorations were collected and divided into five groups. The teeth of a control group were bleached everyday for two weeks, and the teeth of four experimental groups were bleached everyday for two weeks and then deposited respectively in four different types of coffee solution: brewed coffee, black coffee, coffee with sugar, and coffee with sugar and cream. Afterwards, the color of the teeth of the four experimental groups was checked by a shade pilot. Results : As a result, there were significant differences in the change of lightness and color according to the blending type with the lapse of time during home bleaching. Concerning changes in lightness and hue, there were the largest differences in the control group and the experimental group deposited in coffee with sugar and cream, followed by coffee with sugar, black coffee and brewed coffee. When the extent of change in lightness and hue was investigated after home bleaching, the experimental group deposited in coffee with sugar and cream was stained the least, and the experimental group deposited in brewed coffee was stained the most. Conclusions : In conclusion, the intake of coffee that is the cause of stain should be reduced during bleaching, and in case of having a cup of coffee, it's advisable to have coffee with cream.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.43-53
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• 2008

Some female college students have to recognize and understand the actual conditions of the tooth bleaching, and effective consultation and training to provide basic data for the purpose of investigation. this study made a survey about recognize and understand the actual conditions of the tooth bleaching and oral health knowledge and generalization methods for 649 female college student in Daejeon and Jeonbuk areas during the period between March. 15 and April. 10,2008. The results were as follows: 1. Tooth Status was found low, self-discontent respondents Status 44.2% and average 31.1%, self-contentment were 14.8%. Tooth color was average respondents were 69.8%, yellow 29.0%, White 1.7% (p=0.001, p=0.030). 2. Tooth bleaching experience has not experienced the most the military was 86.4%, to the desired Tooth bleaching for the external beauty 44.2%, confidence of smile time 37.5%. self-discontent 10.7%(p=0.000, p=0.000). 3. Tooth health status satisfaction was dental hygiene students higher than non dental hygiene, and scaling knowledge of the Tooth bleaching effect was non dental hygiene higher than non dental hygiene(p=0.039, p=0.000). 4. General knowledge for Tooth bleaching was found high 96.1%, as for the recognition route, 55.6% were through broadcast medium(p=0.025, p=0.000). 5. Medical institution chosen for Tooth bleaching treatment method appears the most preferred by 79.9% to the dental hospital dental clinic. 6. Important to consider that the choice of Tooth bleaching was Tooth bleaching duration of 37.1% cost 33%, And when Tooth bleaching hoped to be long-lasting. In this research the high recognized of Tooth bleaching treatment, but very low Tooth bleaching experience female college students for the Tooth bleaching had the wrong information. Therefore, Tooth bleaching treatment and counseling that can be used to development and education were required to provide the correct information.

• The Journal of Korea Institute of Information, Electronics, and Communication Technology
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.62-68
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• 2022

Due to medical and economic development, various treatment methods are being studied to restore or maintain beautiful and healthy teeth. In particular, interest in aesthetic treatment procedures such as prosthetic treatment and whitening to restore tooth loss is increasing. One of the important things in the field of prosthetics and esthetic treatment is to determine the correct color of teeth because harmony with natural teeth is an important factor in determining the perfection of esthetic prostheses. This study is about the development of a colorimetry application for tooth colorimetry using a smartphone camera. The colorimetry application UI was designed, the colorimetry algorithm was derived and the application was implemented, and the validity of the application was verified through testing the implemented application.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.901-908
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• 2013

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to evaluate the bleaching effect of 3% hydrogen peroxide containing strip with primer in vivo. Methods : 22 female subjects aged from 20 to 39 years old were recruited after informed consent. They were divided into two groups with control and experimental group. Experimental group was bleached with 3% HP strip with primer, and control group received placebo for 14 days. Color changes were measured with Shade Eye-NCC (Shade Eye-NCC, SHOFU Co., Japan), Shade guide (VITA classical shade guide, $VIDENT^{TM}$, CA, USA) and digital camera image. All collected data were analyzed using SPSS 18.0. Results : At baseline, $L^*$ was $71.75{\pm}3.2$ and $b^*$ was $14.90{\pm}3.6$ in control, and $L^*$ was $71.3{\pm}3.4$ and $b^*$ was $15.61{\pm}3.7$ in experimental group. At day 14, $L^*$ was $71.35{\pm}3.2$ and $b^*$ was $13.97{\pm}4.3$ in control, and $L^*$ was $73.51{\pm}2.0$, $b^*$ was $9.10{\pm}3.0$ in experimental group. ${\Delta}E^*$ of all teeth were statistically significant between the two groups. Final ${\Delta}E^*$ was $7.15{\pm}2.09$ at experimental group and $2.78{\pm}2.93$ at control group, and the difference was significant (p<0.005). Color changes using shade guide also significantly decreased at 14th day compared with baseline at experimental group (p<0.005). Conclusions : 3% hydrogen peroxide strip with primer revealed effective enough to bleaching the human enamel during 14 days without any soft and hard tissue irritations.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.79-91
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• 2006

Through the investigation and analysis for awareness about Tooth Bleaching treatment for general adults, to rethink the real ideas of Tooth Bleaching which adults has already had and to find the method for generalized Tooth Bleaching, this study made a survey about General Awareness and Common sense for Tooth Bleaching and Oral Health Knowledge and Generalization Methods for 570adult citizen in Busan from 1th August to 10th September. The obtained results were as follows 1. Tooth Shade self contentment was found low, self-discontent respondents were 73.5% and self-content respondents were 26.5%. 2. Tooth Bleaching recognition was found high, as for the recognition period, between 2 and 5 years is 65.5% and as for the recognition route, 33.9% were through broadcast medium. 3. General knowledge for Tooth Bleaching was found low as 2.34(1.12) of 5 score and it is similar to ages and occupations(pE0.001, pE0.05). 4. Tooth Bleaching treatment method appears Home Bleaching and In-Office bleaching was 73.5% and 26.5% respectively. The other side medical institution chosen for Tooth Bleaching treatment appears dental hospital or dental clinic and Home bleaching was 75.6% and 12.1% respectively. 5. To generalize the Tooth Bleaching Care, recommendations of oral health care team and oral health education and development of information data also need to be performed.