• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.27
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• pp.1-22
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• 2022

A chimi(a roof ridge decoration) excavated from the Busosan Temple Site in Buyeo was restored in 1978 at the Buyeo Museum. The gypsum restoration material had deteriorated over time and part of it was seriously damaged and unable to bear the weight of the chimi. The chimi features traces of emergency treatment revealing that the inside of the body and some portions of the tail were reinforced several times using epoxy resin. A condition survey performed in preparation for its transfer for an exhibition found the lower body and wings of the chimi to be highly vulnerable and it was determined that the chimi needed further restoration. The dismantling of the chimi for restoration revealed several elements that provide clues to the production techniques applied by its makers, so they were subjected to inspection. This study explores the production techniques used in the chimi from the Busosan Temple Site that were revealed during the process of dismantling it for restoration. The chimi was inspected using 3D scanning and its rigid vertical shape was restored to a natural form based on the production techniques identified during the dismantling process. The existing restoration material was replaced to improve durability. 3D printed elements were produced based on 3D modelling and were joined to the original chimi to correct its shape and fill in the missing parts, restoring the chimi to its original appearance.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.518-527
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• 2019

This investion studies the manufacturing techniques of chimi(ridge-end roof tiles based on the) fragments excavated from the Wonju Beopcheonsa temple site(Historic site No. 466) and aids in the conservation of the fragments. The results of the investigation are categorized into the production of the body parts, the wing and the feather attachment, the production of the decorative parts, the scratches in the upper and lower part, the perforations connecting the upper and lower parts, and the formative features(bending phenomenon). The procedures in the conservation treatment of the chimi was performed in a sequential order beginning with a preliminary examination, followed by the removal of foreign substances, coating, joining and restoration, and color retouching. A three-dimensional scanning data was employed to restore the missing parts after adhesion to determine the location, size, and angle of the original shape. The restored chimi measures 118 cm in height and weighs 121 kg, which makes it the fifth largest in size among any chimi(including restored) in Korea. We expect that the pointed feathers will make the chimi from the Beopcheonsa temple site a rare reference as no specimens with these features have been found in Korea until now.

• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.20
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• pp.31-48
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• 2018

The Geumganasa Temple site two Ridege-end tiles at the Buyeo National Museum(The Buyeo2150-1 and 2150-2, hereinafter referred to as 2150-1 and 2150-2) were excavated the Geumgangsa Temple site. They provide important materials for investigating the shapes and production techniques of the ridge-end tiles of the time since their lower portions remain relatively intact. This study is intended to examine whether the two ridge-end tiles were identical. Conservation treatment, including removal of foreign substances, was conducted in preparation for observation with the naked eye to compare the formal features and production techniques of the two examples. The study revealed that these ridge-end tiles shared formal features such as surface color, clay composition, shape, size, and decoration; however, they differed in terms of production technique. The 2150-1 tile was made by assembling a separately-made body and wing and has no hole through the back, while the 2150-2 tile had its body and wing made as a single unit using long clay plates and features circular holes in the back. It was revealed that one portion of the body of both tiles was intentionally tilted during the production process.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.430-439
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• 2019

This study investigates the characteristics of ridge-end tiles excavated from temple sites in Sabi Baekje. Analyses were carried out to evaluate the chemical and mineralogical compositions of the excavated samples. All the samples except one from the Gunsu-ri temple exhibit a similar element distribution pattern in rare earth element contents. However, major and trace element contents differ because the mixing method used in each sample depends on the type of ridge-end tile. The mineral components of the tiles were grouped into three types, irrespective of the excavated areas. Group 2 and 3 were probably developed in high-temperature fires in comparison with Group 1; this is verified by the Fe₂O₃ content of more than 5 wt% in these samples. In conclusion, the raw materials utilized in each ridge-end tile are prone to have changed according to the time of use of the tile, regardless of the excavated site.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.217-225
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• 2019

The chimi(ridge-end tile) of Wangheungsa temple is the oldest in our country. The upper part of the chimi was excavated from the southern side of Wangheungsa temple and the lower part from the northern side. These parts are considered to be portions of the same chimi, because they are similar in shape and are excavated from two sides of the same temple structure. However, the original shape of the chimi cannot be determined owing to substantial deterioration. Hence, in this study, replicas of the deteriorated chimi portions of Wangheungsa temple were fabricated by employing 3D scanning technology and the computer numerical control machining method. While observing the bending phenomenon of the chimi, the proposed model was warped realistically on the basis of the bending direction of the actual chimi. Consequently, the restoration process was modified several times. The results indicated that no gaps can be found between the upper and lower parts, and the corresponding patterns connect naturally. Furthermore, the proposed method is contactless, safe, operable, reproducible, and appropriate for restoration of artifacts. Additionally, the modeling data is semi-permanent. Hence, if modelling data is appropriately applied as per the characteristics of artifacts, it can be utilized in various fields such as virtual exhibitions, hands-on exhibitions, cultural heritage restoration, and production of teaching aids and souvenirs.

• 보존과학연구
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• s.35
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• pp.57-71
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• 2014

As results of this study about the restoration and production techniques of the ridge-end roof tiles excavated from middle gate site in Bunhwangsa Temple, the ridge-end tile was considered that can be combined with four distinguished parts such as a body with upper and lower portions, a back, a belly, and a wing. And also some patterns can be verified. The body and the wing were piled up the coil clay and the back-side was bonded. The pileup process was assumed that three types of wood tools were applied to bond the facing surfaces. After the completion of the pileup process, the entire exterior was retouched by hand. For touching the inside, bare hands or some tools like a wooden branches were used to scratch and to re-face a clay plasterwork. And also, the stamped patterns which produced by framework were bonded to the body. The results from the XRD and the TG-DTA, Tridymite which shows the phase transition in more than $867^{\circ}C$ could not be identified, and also the endothermic reaction peak at $1063^{\circ}C$ showed the result that the alkali feldspar such as the albite was changed into a different mineral at $1050^{\circ}C$. Therefore, the ridge-end tiles can be considered that the firing temperature was below $867^{\circ}C$.

• 보존과학연구
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• s.5
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• pp.91-99
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• 1984

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.19-26
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• 2017

This paper aimed to identify the architectural characteristics of the chimi excavated from ancient ruins, especially middle gate remains of Bunhwangsa Temple in the Unified Silla period. Middle gate had planned $3{\times}2$ with 295mm measuring unit and gabled building. Detailed study of the shape of chimi of the middle gate restored by related field experts reveals as follows. 1) Height of chimi is 4.5(130.6cm) of Tang's system of measurement classified as large one. 2) The front and back side square hole is made for transverse timber placement. 3) Position of chimi is not the end of the ridge of roof, it moved toward the center. 4) Construction method of chimi is structured with smaller beam and center column. 5) Width and height of the ridge is less than 38cm and 54cm to be approximately, Width and height of the gabled ridge is less than 38cm and 50cm. 6) This chimi is considered to be very unique when compared to existing ancient restored chimis, it is designed to be advantageous to the chimi construction.

• 건강소식
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• v.36 no.8
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• pp.32-33
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• 2012

살다보면 누구나 화가 나고 분노가 치미는 상황에 직면한다. 이때 지나친 욕설이나 폭력 등 극단적인 방법으로 분노를 표출하는 사람도 있고, 분노를 안으로 삭이고 참으며 순간을 넘기는 사람도 있다. 대부분 전자보다는 후자가 낫다고 생각할 수도 있으나 사실, 전자도 후자도 그다지 현명한 방법이 아니다. 분노를 폭력적으로 표출하는 것도 문제지지만 분노를 참고 삭이는 것도 능사가 아니기 때문이다. 가장 중요한 것은 올바른 대상에게 적당하게, 적절한 시기에 올바른 목적으로 올바른 방법으로 화를 내야 한다는 점이다. 바로 지혜롭게 분노를 다스릴 수 있어야 한다.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.59-68
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• 2022

This paper is an architectural historical study on Chimi of Hwangnyongsa Temple. In this research, the shape and cross-section of the chimi are reviewed. The results of the study are as follows. The chimi is a form in which the head part facing the maru is omitted, and the upper and lower body are separated. The upper and lower bonds are assembled into a two types of joint throughout the side of the torso, and then bound with an iron strap. Because of the absence of ridge line in the front, and the narrow curved surface which makes the side plate close to the plane, the entire cross-section is triangular, and the rear plate maintains the shape of the chimi. The naerimmaru connected to the side of the chimi has a slope, so it is clear that the chimi was used on the woojingak-jibung(hipped-roof), and the wing part and back of the chimi are erected on the side roof. The height of the yongmaru and chunyeomaru is about the same and the roofing tiles of those are in contact. The roofing tiles of chunyemaru should be cut to fit the angle of the contacting part. The maru is 30 stories high of roofing tiles as a result of the on-board survey. Based on reference on the shape and timing of the production of chimi, the height of chimi, and the maru is believed to have been built before the Unified Silla Period and used in buildings with at least seven-kan frontage. Buildings corresponding to these construction conditions can be seen as Central hall and East hall in Hwangnyongsa temple.