• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.33 no.5 s.100
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• pp.323-337
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• 2003

This study was performed to establish Korean soft tissue cephalometric norms, to compare the norms between sexes and between races, and then to suggest a guideline to execute orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning for dentofacial deformities in Korean. Young Korean adults were selected. They were 27 males $(23.8{\pm}2.6-year-old)$ and 20 females $(22.5{\pm}1.7-year-old)$ who had harmonious facial balance. After taking lateral cephalograms under the natural head position which is widely known as a highly reliable and reproducible reference position, films were traced and analysing factors were measured as introduced by Arnett et at. Comparisons were done between male and female groups and between Korean and Caucasian groups using unpaired t-test. From the results it was concluded that Korean male had generally thicker lower facial soft tissue and smaller nasolabial angle, longer facial height, deeper facial depth, and more protrusive lower face than Korean female. From the comparison with Caucasian norms adopted from the research of Arnett et al., both Korean male and female showed longer facial lengths generally except less exposed maxillary incisor, and shorter facial depth than Caucasian counterparts. Also, both races showed similar horizontal position of maxillary structures from TVL (true vertical line), but there were more significant anteroposterior differences of marilla-mandible in Korean groups. These results mean Korean had relatively more retruded mandibular structures from the reference line, TVL. Individuals who had harmonious facial balance showed similar facial angle, more or less 170 degree, regardless of sexes or races.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.27 no.4 s.63
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• pp.549-557
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• 1997

This study was designed to investigate the attrition pattern in Angle Class III malocclusion with facial asymmetry. The sample consisted of three groups, the 20 subjects of normal occlusion group(Group I), the 12 subjects of class III malocclusion without facial asymmetry group(Group II) and 17 subjects of Class III malocclusion with facial asymmetry group(Group III). Attrition areas from canine to second molar on both sides in upper and lower arch, totally twenty, was marked by pencil and mesured by computer system(INTERGRAPH CO. USA) 2 times and the average value was used for date processing. Attrition areas from canine to second molar on both sides in upper and lower arch, totally twenty, was marked by pencil and mesured by computer system(INTERGRAPH CO. USA) 2 times and the average value was used for date Processing. All attrition areas were measured 2 times and the average value was used for data processing The data were statistically analyzed by SAS program. The results of this study were as follows. 1. Total attrition area in Group I was larger than in Group II and III. 2. There was no significant difference in attrition area between right and left side in each group, but attrition area in Group III was larger than in Group I and II. 3. In Group I, Maxillary attrition area was larger than mandibular attrition area, but in Group ll and III, there was no significant difference in attrition area between maxilla and mandible. 4. In Group III, the attrition area of deviated side was target than undeviated side 5. There was no significant difference in attrition area between chewing side and non-chewing side in each group. 6. The total attrition area was unaffected by gender.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.291-297
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• 2003

While making diagnosis and the treatment plan for the growing children who visited at Chonnam National University Hospital for orthodontic treatment, authors obtained 8 lateral cephalometric measurements in antero-posterior and vertical relationship such as APDI, WITS, ANB, SN-MP, ODI, PFH/AFH, Y-axis, SUM for children aged 7 to 9 with class III malocclusion and compared them with these of 73 children of elementary school aged 7 to 9 with proper profile and normal occlusion in Gwangju. The results were as follows: 1. Between normal occlusion and class III malocclusion, ANB, SN-MP, ODI, SUM, except PFH/AFH and Y-axis showed statistically significant differences(p<0.05). 2. Between mesurements to describe skeletal disorder of antero-posterior relationship such as APDI, WITS, ANB and skeletal disorder of vertical relationship such as SN-MP, ODI, PFH/AFH, Y-axis, SUM, all of them in both normal occlusion and Class III malocclusion showed significant correlation, except Y-axis, SUM correlation(p<0.01). 3. Wald' statistics of WITS, ANB and APDI expressing skeletal disorder of antero-posterior relationship showed 7.118, 5.148, 0.741, respectively and Wald' statistics of ODI, Y-axis, PFH/AFH, SN-MP, SUM were presented 28.348, 2.238, 1.376, 0.090, 0.089, respectively. Therefore, WITS and ODI could be considered as useful diagnotic measurements for class III malocclusion.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.214-220
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• 2001

The clinical application of the three-dimensional radiographic technique had been limited to standard Broadbent-Bolton cephalometer with biplanar stereoradiography. We developed a new method for compensating the error of head position in ordinary non-biplanar cephalostat. It became to possible to use the three dimensional cephalogram commonly in clinical bases. 1. The method of methemetical compensation of head positioning error in non-biplanar condition was evaluated with dry skull. The error of the method of first and the second trial was $0.46{\pm}1.21$, $0.33{\pm}0.90mm$, which means the error of the head positioning correction in conventional cephalogram was within clinical acceptance. 2. The reproducibility of this system for clinical application was 0.54 mm ($-2.99{\sim}2.26mm$) which defines the absolute mean difference of the first and second trial. Compare to the The landmark identification error $1.2{\pm}1.6mm$, the error of the measurement was within the range of landmark identification error. The result indicates the adequate clinical accuracy of the computation of three-dimensional coordinates by compensation of the error of the head position in ordinary non-biplanar cephalostat.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.25 no.2 s.49
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• pp.175-185
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• 1995

This study was undertaken to investigate the activities of genioglossus and orbicularis oris muscle between normal occlusion and anterior open bite group. 39 subjects without the experience of orthodontic treatment and T.M.disorder were selected for this study. 20 subjects were normal occlusion. 19 subjects were anterior open bite. The twenty items were measured from the cephalometric headplates, and EMG recording of the genioglossus, orbicularis oris muscle were taken at rest position, water swallowing, jaw opening, isometric tongue protrusion, maximum tongue protrusion. All data were analyzed and processed with the computer statistical method. The following results were obtained: 1. Except at rest position. the muscle activities of genioglossus muscle in anterior open bite were higher than in normal occlusion with singificatn difference. 2. Except druing water swallowing, the muscle activities of orbicularis oris muscle in anterior open bite were higher than in normal occlusion with significant difference. 3. During maximum tongue protrusion, the geniolossus muscle of anterior open bite subjects showed the highest muscle activity. 4. Anterior open bite showed closer interrelationship between facial morphology ad the genioglossus, orbiculars oris muscle activities than that of nomral occlusion with significatn difference.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.168-176
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• 2009

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate how airway changes influence facial growth during puberty in Korean children. Methods: Thirty-six patients aged 9 to 11 (mean age: 10.7 years) were selected. Cephalograms and hand-wrist x-rays were taken at pre-treatment (T1) and post-treatment (T2). The sample was divided into narrow (5.2 - 8.6 mm, AW-Narrow), medium (8.9 - 11.5 mm, AW-Medium), and wide (11.7 - 16.0 mm, AW-Wide) groups according to the airway width at T1. Cephalometric measurements at T1, T2 and growth from T1 to T2 were compared between groups. Results: The degree of increase in airway size in each group was 4.55 mm, 3.84 mm and 1.94 mm in the AW-Narrow, AW-Medium, and AW-Wide groups, respectively. Moreover, the differences were statistically significant. The significant smallest posterior facial height was found in the AW-Narrow group at T1. For the growth values from T1 to T2, the AW-Narrow group showed significantly larger values of PFH/AFH, facial axis, ANS (T1 - T2), and Gn (T1 - T2) than the AW-Medium group. Conclusions: The compensational changes in the airway width and facial growth were found in the narrow group. Surgical approach of the airway to prevent unfavorable facial growth in these years of age should be carried out, but with careful deliberation because these problems may be improved naturally.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.31 no.1 s.84
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• pp.39-50
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• 2001

In proceeding with orthodontic treatment, the prediction for the shape, growth rate and growth direction of mandible plays a major role to set up the treatment plan and determine its period and prognosis. Various approaches being made so far have shown that the linear and angular measurement using lateral cephalograms are relatively accurate to estimate them. This study was purposed to find the shape of mandible more clearly by preventing the overlap of the Condyle head area which appears in lateral cephalogram, and to estimate its growth rate by comparing the growth quantity and ratio via lateral area measurement. This experimental was performed against 40 patients total, of which Class I of 14, Class II of 9 and Class III of 17 consist. Wide open lateral cephalograms of 40 patients were taken over average period of 4 Year 3 Months, then the linear and angular measurements were carried out with 11 itemized lists. Autocad Rl4 application program was utilized to draw their appearance, measure and compare their lateral area. As a result of study, conclusions were made as follows; 1. Mandibular body length (gonion-menton) tended to increase in order of CIII, CI and CII, and Mandibular body length of CIII group had a tendency to grow twice faster than that of CII group. 2. In lateral items such as Go-Me, A-Cd, B-Cp, E-F and G-H, CIII showed a significant increase on the year-average quantity and rate of the growth, and especially apparent difference was observed in CIII group rather than CII group. 3. For the 4 Year 3 Months period, the year-average growth quantity of lateral area of the mandible was $1.0cm^2$ for Class I, $0.8cm^2$ for Class II and $1.4cm^2$ for Class III, which corresponds to $11.9\%,\;11.8\%\;and\;20.3\%$ of growth ratio respectively. Thus, growth ratio almost 2 times more than other groups was observed in group CIII while growth ratio between group CI and CII has little difference. 4. Considering the results as above, it can be proposed that the difference in size of the mandible between groups is caused by the difference in the growth rate and growth quantity of the mandible, which generated in the middle of growth, rather than the difference in size of congenital Jaw-bone.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.161-169
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• 2011

Longitudinal serial cephalometric films in the every second year from fifty girls were used for the analysis of growth pattern of maxillary alveolar bone (MAE). Six parameters regarding MAB height were measured and were compared with stature and chronological age. Descriptive analysis. correlation coefficient test and linear regression analysis were done for the statistical analyses. 1. The height of MAE increased until 14 years although growth velocity was gradually decreased. which was different with stature growth pattern. 2. The correlation coefficients between chronological age and MAB height were high and had no statistical differences with those of stature and MAB height. In addition. the correlation coefficients between chronological age groups within each parameter of MAB were very high. 3. The growth amount of MAB could be predicted using linear regression analysis on the basis of chronological age data. The growth pattern between MAE and statue was quite different because of the growth pattern difference between skeletal and neuronal system. Therefore. growth pattern of Korean MAB must be considered in dental treatment of youth. Also. close relationship between chronological age and MAB height would be useful when clinicians want to predict growth amount of MAE for the dental implant treatment.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.339-347
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• 2012

There still remains a controversial debate whether facial skeletal morphological differences exist between patients with nasal and mouth breathing habits. The aim of this study is to assess a relationship between over a period of time mouth breathing and facial skeletal morphology by analyzing lateral cephalometric radiographs of patients with nasal or mouth breathing habits. A total of 120 patients with skeletal class I, II, and III, who had undergone orthodontic diagnosis in department of pediatric dentistry - chonbuk national university, were chosen and their lateral cephalometric radiographs were analyzed. These patients were divided into six groups of 20, each with or without mouth breathing habits. The result of this study has not showed noticeable differences in cephalometric measurements between nasal and mouth breathing children of skeletal class I, II, and III (p > 0.05). However, when the groups were divided by age factor, mouth breathers of age 12 and older showed significant differences in cephalometrics such as decreased ramus height, maxillary retrusion, and clockwise pattern of mandible than children under age 12 (p < 0.05). In conclusion, a longer period of mouth-breathing habits in children displayed a greater chance of impaired facial growth.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.30 no.2 s.79
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• pp.143-157
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• 2000

To investigate the developmental stages of dental and skeletal maturation by ages and the correlations among dental maturity, skeletal maturity of cervical vertebrae, and that of hand-and-wrist, the author used the cephalograms, orthopantomograms, and hand-and-wrist radiograms of 1055 patients (male 458, female 597) aged 7 to 20 years old. In the cephalograms, the skeletal maturity stages of each bone were mainly assessed by Hassel and Farman's cervical vertebrae maturation indicators (CVMI) method. In the orthopantomograms, the dental maturity stages of each tooth were mainly assessed by Nolla's tooth calcification stages method. In the hand-and-wrist radiograms, the skeletal maturity stages of each bone were mainly assessed by Fishman's skeletal maturity indicators (SMI) method. The results were as follows. 1. There was a high correlation among dental maturity, skeletal maturity of cervical vertebrae, and that of hand-and-wrist in the both sexes (P<0.001). 2. There was a high correlation (r=0.91-0.93) between skeletal maturity of cervical vertebrae and that of hand-and-wrist. 3. There was a high correlation (r>0.8) between skeletal maturity of hand-and-wrist and maturity of upper and lower canine, first premolar, and second premolar. 4. There was high a correlation(r=0.8) between skeletal maturity of cervical vertebrae and maturity of upper canine. 5. By the ages, dental maturity, skeletal maturity of cervical vertebrae, and that of hand-and-wrist were obtained in the both sexes. In summary, dental maturity, skeletal maturity of cervical vertebrae, and that of hand-and-wrist we of sufficient diagnostic worth as an index to predict adolescent growth.