• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.111-121
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• 1987

Lipie peroxide formation, antiperoxidative s system and body adaptability for handling lipid p peroxide were examined in the first and second g generations of rats fed fish oil. Mackerel oil(MO) was used and four other dietary oils and fat, i.e. soybean oil(SO), perilla oil(PO), rapeseed oil(RO) and beef tallow(BT) were also employed to compare the effect of fish oil. Synthetic diets containing these five dietary fats at the level of 1O%(w/w), were given to the correspond­m ing groups of male and female rats weighing about 70 grams. After 34 days of feeding, male a and female rats were mated and their offsprings were raised throughout suckling (17, 26 days) and weanling (39 days) periods. Liver lipid pero­x xide level was highest in MO group of both first (mother rats after lactation) and second genera­t tions of 17 and 26 days old, but not of 39 days old. During suckling period, liver lipid peroxide level was well matched to total unsaturation of dietary fat. Brain lipid peroxide levels were not different among five groups. Liver $alpha$-tocopherol a and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels were lowest in MO fed first generation. In second generation, $alpha$-tocopherol level was also low in MO group, although the effect was less pronoun­c ced, but GSH level was not different from other groups. Oxidized glutathione (GSSG) level did not consistently vary by change in dietary fat. Glutathione peroxidase activity increased as young rats grew up to 39 days. Superoxide d dismutase activity change was insignificant by a age, but was shown as lowest in MO group. At the age of 26 and 39 days, liver glutatione peroxidase activity was increased as was level of lipid peroxide, suggesting that this is the one of the mechanisms responsible for body adapta­b bility for protection against the accumulation of lipid peroxide.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.141-148
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• 2008

Nitric oxide (NO) is an important regulator of renal blood flow, glomerular hemodynamics, and tubule transport processes in the kidney. There is also evidence that NO is involved in cell cycle regulation and mitotic division. During development the nNOS expression pattern differs from that observed in adult animals. However, little is known about temporal and spatial patterns of nNOS expression in the developing kidney. The purpose of this study was to establish the time of expression and the distribution of nNOS in the developing rat kidney. Kidneys from 14-, 16-, 17-, 18-, and 20-day-old fetuses, 1-, 4-, 7-, 14-, and 21-day-old pups, and adult animals were preserved and processed for immunohistochemistry. In the adult kidney, nNOS was detected in the parietal epithelium of Bowman s capsule, macula densa, descending thin limb and inner medullary collecting duct. nNOS immunoreactivity appeared first in the distal tubule anlage at 15 days of gestation, and in all epithelial cells of developing thick ascending limbs (TAL) as well as macula densa of 17- and 18-day-old fetuses. From 20 days of gestation to 14 days after birth, nNOS was expressed in the newly formed cortical TAL, which are located in the medullary ray, whereas in mature TAL of juxtamedullary nephrons, nNOS immunolabeling gradually decreased in intensity and became restricted to the macula densa. In inner medullary collecting ducts, nNOS immunoreactivity appeared first at 7 days after birth in the papillary tip and gradually ascended to the border between outer and inner medulla. In the descending thin limb and parietal epithelium of Bowman's capsule, weak nNOS immunoreactivity was observed at 14 days after birth and labeling gradually increased to adult levels at 21 days after birth. These results suggest that differential expression of nNOS in the developing kidney is an important physiological regulator of renal function during kidney maturation.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.53 no.3
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• pp.300-306
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• 2010

Purpose : Recent changes in the population structure of Korea, such as rapid decline in birth rate and exponential increase in old-aged people, prompted us to prepare a new health improvement program in children and adolescents. Methods : We reviewed current health screenings applied for children and adolescents in Korea and other developed countries. We collected and reviewed population-based data focused on mortality and morbidity, and other health-related statistical data. We generated problem lists in current systems and developed new principles. Results : Current health screening programs for children and adolescents were usually based on laboratory tests, such as blood tests, urinalysis, and radiologic tests. Almost all of these programs lacked evidence based on population data or controlled studies. In most developed countries, laboratory tests are used only very selectively, and they usually focus on primary prevention of diseases and health improvement using anticipatory guidance. In Korea, statistics on mortality and morbidity reveal that diseases related to lifestyle, such as obesity and metabolic syndrome, are increasing in all generations. Conclusion : We recommend a periodic health screening program with anticipatory guidance, which is focused on growth and developmental surveillance in infants and children. We no longer recommend old programs that are based on laboratory and radiologic examinations. School health screening programs should also be changed to meet current health issues, such as developing a healthier lifestyle to minimize risk behaviors—or example, good mental health, balanced nutrition, and more exercise.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.689-694
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• 2003

Weight records of Hanwoo cows from birth to 36 months of age collected in Daekwanryeong branch, National Livestock Research Institute(NLRI) were fitted to Gompertz, von Bertalanffy and Logistic functions. For the growth curve parameters fitted on individual records using Gompertz model, the mean estimates of mature weight(A), growth ratio(b) and growth rate(k) were 383.42 ${\pm}$ 97.29kg, 2.374 ${\pm}$ 0.340 and 0.0037 ${\pm}$ 0.0012, respectively, and mean estimates of body weight, age and daily gain rate at inflection were 141.05 ${\pm}$ 35.79kg, 255.63 ${\pm}$ 109.09 day and 0.500 ${\pm}$ 0.123kg, respectively. For von BertalanfTy model, the mean estimates of A, b and k were 410.47 ${\pm}$ 117.98kg, 0.575${\pm}$0.057 and 0.003 ${\pm}$ 0.001, and mean estimates of body weight, age and daily gain at inflection were 121.62 ${\pm}$ 34.94kg, 211.02 ${\pm}$ 105.53 and 0.504 ${\pm}$ O.l24kg. For Logistic model, the mean estimates of A, b and k were 347.64 ${\pm}$ 97.29kg, 6.73 ${\pm}$ 0.34 and 0.006 ${\pm}$ 0.0018, and mean estimates of body weight, age and daily gain at inflection were 173.82 ${\pm}$ 37.25kg, 324.47 ${\pm}$ 126.85 and 0.508 ${\pm}$ 0.131kg. Coefficients of variation for the A, b and k parameter estimates were 25.3%, 14.3% and 32.4%, respectively, for Gompertz model, 28.70/0, 9.9% and 33.3% for von Bertalanffy model, and 27.9°/0, 5.0% and 30.0% for Logistic model.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.50-56
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• 1997

The objective of this study was to compare the family environment and developmental history of three groups of children classified by their temperament. The parents of 484 Korean children aged between 3 and 7 years completed the Korean version of Parental Temperamental Questionnaire developed by Thomas and Chess and Developmental Questionnaire created by Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Samsung Medical Center. After clustering these children into 5 temperamental groups according to the method proposed by Fullard et al, 98 Easy, 36 Difficult, and 21 Slow-To-Warm-Up children were included in the analysis. Statistically meaningful differences observed among three groups were as follow：1) Marital conflict of parents was more frequent in Difficult and Slow-To-Warm-Up children than in Easy children. 2) Parentchild conflict was more frequent in Difficult children than in Easy children. 3) Conflict among siblings was more frequent in Difficult children than in Easy children. 4) Average monthly income of family was less in Difficult children than in Easy children. 5) Toilet training was achieved later in Difficult children than in Easy children. 6) Motor development was slower, between 2 and 5 years old, in Slow-To-Warm-Up children than in Easy children. 7) Fear of stranger started earlier in Slow-To-Warm-Up children than in easy children. 8) Physical health was poorer in Difficult and Slow-To-Warm-Up children than in easy children. The findings indicate that Difficult child or Slow-To-Warm-Up child group have unfavorable family environment, different developmental milestone and poorer physical health in comparison with Easy child group.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.35-43
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• 1996

The appearance of the primordial germ cells (PGC's), early gonadogenesis, sex differentiation and sex ratio of the embryo in the viviparous teleost, Ditrema temmincki were investigated by using photomicroscopy. The PGC's were first observed in the fibrous mesenchymal tissue located between the early alimentary tract and the dorsal body wall in the late embryonic development stage. During the period from the hatching to the individual total length (TL) of 4.0 mm the PGC's were evenly distributed in the fibrous mesenchymal tissue between alimentary tract and body wall. But the period of TL 5.0 mm mesenchymal tissue separated from the dorsal body wall, the PGC's moved to the posterior mesenchymal tissue and formed the primitive gonad. During the early gonadogenesis, differentiation of the testis and ovary were distinguished from the arrangement of the germ cells and somatic cells. Gonad of embryo in TL 10.0 mm can be separated into the ovary and testis by external morphology. The testis had a separated form which was consisted with two lobes, and the ovary had a fused form in half-posterior part. In the testicular differentiation of the embryo, histological pattern of the seminiferous tubule appeared when TL of the embryo was to be 25.0 mm, for the seminal vesicle was formed In the individual TL of 30.0mm. The testis of the embryo with TL of 45.0 mm was similar to that of the adult fish in the external and internal structures. In the ovarian differentiation, formation of the ovigerous folds and the ovarian cavity were clearly observed when the TL reached to 30.0 mm. The ovary from the individual with TL of 60.0 mm was differentiated into a similar ovary as seen in the adult fish in the external and internal structure. Right before parturition the total length of the individual was approximately 63.0 mm of which the individual embryo has an ovary containing the oocytes in the chromatin nucleolus stage, or a testis containing the spermatogonia, respectively. And the embryonic sex ratio of female to male was 1.65 : 1. Ditrema temmincki is dioecism and the pattern of sex differentiation is belonged to a differentiation type.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.233-239
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to survey the knowledge and awareness of dental hygienists and dental hygiene students about hepatitis B in an attempt to lay the solid foundation for the prevention of hepatitis B and infection control, as dental hygienists were highly likely to be exposed to HBV during job performance. The findings of the study were as follows: 1. 32.5% of the dental hygienists and 15.6% of the dental hygiene students were aware of their own HBsAg and HBsAb states. The dental hygienists who were cognizant of the states statistically significantly outnumbered the dental hygiene students who were (p=.000). 2. As for vaccination against hepatitis B, 71.8% of the dental hygienists and 47.3 % of the dental hygiene students were inoculated against it. The dental hygienists who were vaccinated against it outnumbered the dental hygiene students who were, and the disparity between the two was statistically significant (p=.000). 3. In the event of those who were vaccinated against hepatitis B, the dental hygienists were better cognizant than the dental hygiene students of the right time for the vaccination, required vaccination frequency (three times) and confirmation of the formation of hepatitis B antibody (p=.000). 4. Regarding awareness of hepatitis B infection route, the dental hygienists knew significantly better than the dental hygiene students that hepatitis B might be infected via blood (p=.030), sexual relations (p=.000), contaminated needle sticks (p=.000), mothers with hepatitis B positive during delivery (p=.000), toothbrushes/razors (p=.000) and exchange of drinking cups (p=.000). 5. As to the relationship between health status and knowledge on hepatitis B infection route, the respondents who were in bad shape had the best knowledge about that, followed by those in an average state of health and healthy respondents. And the dental hygienists had a significantly better knowledge than the dental hygiene students (p=.001). 6. Just a small number of the dental hygienists and students knew about the hepatitis B-related past experiences of their families, and the gap between the two was insignificant.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.91-98
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• 2007

Objectives : Considering the impact of depressive illness on physical and mental health of both mother and fetus, specification of a treatment algorithm for depressive disorder during pregnancy is legitimated. This article provides a systemic review of treatments for depressive disorder during pregnancy and lactation. Methods : According to the search strategy of the Clinical Research Center for Depression of Korean Health 21 R & D Project, PubMed and EMBASE were searched using terms with regard to the treatment of depressive disorders during pregnancy and lactation. Reference lists of related reviews and studies were searched. In addition, relevant practice guidelines were searched using the PubMed. All identified clinical literatures were reviewed and summarized in a narrative manner. Results : Pharmacotherapy during pregnancy and lactation requires a comprehensive assessment of the risks and benefits of treatment for both mother and fetus or neonate. Recently, there is growing evidence that the use of tricyclic and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors during pregnancy and lactation does not result in increased risks of teratogenicity. Treatment strategies are described according to the point of time of pregnancy or lactation. FDA categories for antidepressants during pregnancy and lactation are described. In addition, issues regarding to the electroconvulsive therapy and psychosocial treatment are discussed. Conclusion : The treatment option for depressive disorders during pregnancy and lactation depends on the severity of depressive illnesses of the individual patient. For mild to moderate depression, the non-pharmacological treatment should be considered first. For moderate to severe depression, pharmacotherapy should be administered in addition to the psychosocial treatment. ECT is recommended for depressive disorder of severe intensity. As the research knowledge is limited, the recommendations should based on the best judgement of psychiatrists.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.38-47
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• 2024

Background: Korea's population of children and adolescents has decreased by 2.88 million over the past decade and is expected to decline further due to the unprecedented low birth rate. In the fee-for-service compensation system, the decline in the pediatric population relates directly to the profit decrease in the pediatric clinics. This study analyzed whether the worsening profits of pediatric clinics impacted their closure. Methods: We built annual data for pediatric and other department clinics (internal medicine, otolaryngology, and family medicine) using the status of medical institute and health insurance claims data from 2012 to 2022. Then, we analyzed whether institutional variables such as annual profit and regional variables (Herfindahl-Hirschman index, the number of clinics per 100,000, etc.) affected the closure of clinics. The methods used in this study are descriptive statistics and chi-square analysis. Odds ratios for each variable were estimated by generalized estimating equations (GEE). Results: The closure rate of pediatric clinics was 2.66%-7.04% in 2012-2022, which was consistently higher than those of internal medicine, otolaryngology, and family medicine clinics. The profit gap per institution between the pediatric and the other clinics grew from 126 million won in 2012 to 245 million won in 2019. In the GEE analysis, profit decrease compared to the previous year with lower profit was the main factor that increased the closure of pediatric and other department clinics. After adjusting profit-related variables, the decrease in the pediatric population itself did not relate to the closure of pediatric clinics. The number of pediatric clinics or monopolies also did not affect the closure of pediatric clinics. Conclusion: The worsening profit is the crucial factor for the closure of pediatric clinics, while the pediatric population is decreasing. For this reason, it is necessary to actively seek ways to maintain a stable treatment system for children and adolescents.