• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.280-294
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• 2001

Despite to the reality that the outbreaks from flood poisoning in Korea have been continuously increasing in the last two decades, it was very much neglected even in the public health field in Korea. Food poisoning outbreaks resulted in many cases not only in the damage of health but also in the death of many lives. However, this problem can be effectively solved by effects through health education activities, but not solely by the legal measures. This study was carried out to provide information that can be used in planning health education programs and proposing new rules to prevent any possible outbreaks from flood poisoning. The main problems contributing to flood poisoning outbreaks in an institutional setting or school catering and at home were reviewed and analyzed through the epidemiological investigations and articles related to flood poisoning in the last a decade (1991 ∼ 2000). Accordingly, the data presented in this study are sufficient to show and prove the significant trends in food poisoning accidents in Korea. The major findings investigated in this study are as follows. The frequency of food poisoning accidents as well as the number of victims have continuously increased in Korea. The number of victims per food poisoning accident is also increased from 20 persons in 1990 to 69.8 persons in 2000. Therefore, we should realize that the group poisoning outbreaks occur more frequently and the size of group poisoning accidents is getting larger. Among four seasons, the food poisoning accidents occurred more frequently in the summer (May ∼September) until 1997, However, after 1997, the food poisoning accidents occurred evenly in three seasons except the winter. The most important bacteria that cause food poisoning in Korea were Salmonella spp., Vibrio spp. and Staphylococcus aureus. They occupied 85∼90% of the rates of accidents and the number of victims.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.206-211
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• 1984

The influence of fertilizer on the growth characteristics in Korean lawn grass was studied from June through October in a experiment. The results were as follows: 1. Maximum dry matter weight of Korean lawn grass was achieved in early in early August when it was $64.3g/m^2$ without fertilizer and $157.9g/m^2$ with fertilizer. On the other hand, the dry matter weight of whole plant including Korean lawn grass reached the maximum in late September, which was late, to some extent, compared with that if pure Korean lawn grass, presumably associated with seed maturing period of $C_4$ type plants. 2. Notable positive effect on leaf blade and non-leaf part weight in Korean lawn grass was also detected. However, the rate of dry matter occupied by non-leaf part was markedly increased by fertilizer application. 3. The dry matter portion occupied by Korean lawn grass the in total dry matter weight of whole plant was significantly decreased as time went by, particularly in case of fertilizer application. 4. Fertilizer, which might imply an increased potential of tiller numbers according to fertilizer. 5. In general, the seasonal change pattern of the rhizome of Korean lawn grass coincided with that of the aboveground organs: Its maximum dry matter weight achieved from late August to early September was $194.2g/m^2$ with nil fertilizer, and, with fertilizer, $259.7g/m^2$, of which figures were equivalent to be increased to 33.7%, compared to that with nil fertilizer. Applying fertilizer increased the weight of root: The highest values were $36.7g/m^2$ with nil fertilizer and $80.9g/m^2$ with fertilizer.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.23-29
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• 2009

Purpose: To provide the primary data for reaching a consensus on the adequate duration of treatment of lamivudine in children with HBeAg negative chronic hepatitis B. Methods: Seven of 83 children/adolescents with chronic hepatitis B were diagnosed with HBeAg-negative and HBV DNA-positive chronic hepatitis B and treated with lamivudine. Six children/adolescents were enrolled among 7 patients, who had been treated with lamivudine over 2 years. The primary goal of treatment was HBV DNA clearance and normalization of the serum ALT level; the final goal of treatment was the durability of the complete response after discontinuation of lamivudine. It was planned to continue lamivudine for more than two additional years after HBV DNA negativity and normalization of ALT. Results: The mean duration of lamivudine treatment was 32.2 months (range, 26~40 months) and the mean duration of follow-up was 59.5 months (range, 26~110 months). HBV DNA levels became undetectable (<0.5 pg/mL) in 6 patients within 3 months of treatment. ALT levels were normalized in 3.5 months (range, 2~7 months) in all 6 patients. Biochemical breakthrough developed in 1 patient 18 months after the initiation of lamivudine treatment. No evidence of relapse could be found in 4 patients with a mean follow-up of 23.8 months (range, 4~75 months) after cessation of lamivudine treatment. Conclusion: Suppression of HBV replication and normalization of serum ALT levels were effectively achieved with long-term lamivudine treatment in children/adolescents with HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B. Two additional years of lamivudine may be needed after HBV DNA clearance and ALT normalization in HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B in order to decrease the relapse rate.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.157-165
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• 2005

Purpose : Children occupy a large proportion of burn victims. So we want to aid to pediatric burn care through the understanding of the bacterial distribution in burn wounds and antibiotic susceptibility against isolated microorganisms from burn wounds. Methods : We analysed the medical records of 213 pediatric burn patients(0~15 years), 406 samples that grew bacteria in burn wound sites. Results : Of the total 213 patients, male were 59.6% and female were 40.4%. Scalding burn was the most common(78.4%), flame burn was the second(16.4%). Pathogens were isolated in 406 samples. The most common was Pseudomonas aeruginosa(58.1%). Next were Enterococcus species, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus species, Acinetobacter species. P. aeruginosa was resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in 100%, cephalothin in 98.1%, ampicillin-sulbactam in 96.2%, ampicillin in 95.3%, ceftriaxone in 95.2%, tobramycin in 93.7%, cefoperazone in 68.9%, ceftazidime in 67.7%. Enterococcus species were resistant to tetracycline in 63.9%, streptomycin in 45.5%, gentamicin in 36.1%, penicillin G in 13.7%. S. aureus was resistant to gentamicin in 89.7%, tetracycline in 86.2%, ciprofloxacin in 86.2%, penicillin G in 84.3%, oxacillin in 78.4%, erythromycin in 76.5%. Acinetobacter species were resistant to ampicillin-sulbactam in 100%, gentamicin in 85.7%, ampicillin in 83.3%, piperacillin in 61.5%. Conclusion : P. aeruginosa was highly resistant to drugs like cefoperazone in 68.9%, ceftazidime 67.7%. S. aureus was highly resistant to penicillin G in 84.3%, oxacillin in 25.9 %, but none to vancomycin in 0%, teicoplanin in 2.2%. According to the study, Acinetobacter species turned out to be multi-resistant strains, so careful attention must be paid to the choice of antibiotics.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.174-180
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• 2014

Purpose: This study was performed to assess the clinical and epidemiological changes after the introduction of the rotavirus vaccine in Korea, as well as to determine the efficacy of the rotavirus vaccine among hospitalized rotaviral gastroenteritis patients over the past two years. Methods: We analyzed yearly and seasonal patterns of 1,165 inpatients who were hospitalized for rotaviral gastroenteritis under the age of 5 years between 2006 and 2013. We also conducted a survey among 460 gastroenteritis patients who were hospitalized between 2012 and 2013 regarding the rotavirus vaccination and the symptoms of gastroenteritis. Among those individuals surveyed, clinical indices were analyzed for 124 patients who were tested positive for the rotavirus antigen. Results: The incidence of Rotaviral gastroenteritis have decreased significantly by year 2010. After the introduction and widespread dissemination of the rotavirus vaccine, the onset of the disease and the seasonal peak have been delayed. Overall, the vaccinated group showed a lower rate of positivity than the unvaccinated group. Among the hospitalized rotaviral gastroenteritis patients, the vaccinated group had a shorter hospitalization period, less severe clinical symptoms of gastroenteritis, and better laboratory test results. Conclusions: After introduction of the rotavirus vaccine in Korea, there were two main trends observed: 1) the overall level of disease incidence was reduced; 2) the severity of rotaviral gastroenteritis cases also decreased. Based on this data, more children should receive vaccination in order to prevent the rotavirus infection and decrease the severity of rotaviral gastroenteritis.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.155-161
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• 2007

Purpose : We evaluated the epidemiologic characteristics of rotavirus gastroenteritis in Daejeon, Korea from January 2001 through December 2005. Methods : We retrospectively analyzed 540 medical records of children with gastroenteritis, who had been hospitalized at The Catholic University of Korea, Daejeon St. Mary's Hospital and were tested positive by rotavirus stool examinations (latex agglutination or immunechromatography). Results : The mean age was $21.8{\pm}15.3$ months (ranged from 2 months to 9 years of age) and the distribution of children were 144 cases (26.7%) in <1 year of age, 228 (42.2%) in 1 year of age, and 93 (17.2%) in 2 years of age, and the 505 children (93.5%) were less than 4 years of age. The male-to-female ratio was 1.4:1. The mean annual number of cases was 108, with a relative even occurrence in each year. Although the patients with rotaviral gastroenteritis occurred through the year, a higher rate of occurrence was seen in spring (March to May, 40.8%) and winter season (December to February, 37.9%), without significant differences in each year. Conclusion : In Daejeon, Korea, rotaviral gastroenteritis have occurred in children less than 4 years of age, with slight annual variations and similar seasonal occurrence in the recent years. The data indicate that the recent trend in peak rotavirus activity is different from that observed decades ago in Korea.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.265-279
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• 1987

About 140 weed species belonging to 42 families occurring in summer were observed in Ulreung island. The Compositae was the most wildely occurring family covering 27 weed species, followed by 21 species in Graminae, 9 in Polygonaceae, 7 in Leguminosae, and 7 in Labiatae etc. In terms of the lands classified, about 60 species in 26 families were observed in the cultivated and the medical crops grown areas, respectively, and 116 species in 40 families occurred in the non-cultivated land like the vicinity of the cultivated area and 94 species in 34 families in the valley. No. of species and families were much greater in the non-cutivated land than those of the cultivated one. The most dominant weed species in both the cultivated and its vicinity in Ulreung island were Digitaria sanguinalis, followed by Portulaca oleracea, Polygonum hydropiper, Equisetum arvensis, Artemisia princeps, Commetina communis, Setaria viridis in order. Community analysis was done by the method of Toyohara in two cultivated lands such as the general crop land and the medical herb crop grown land, and two non-cultivated areas such as the vicinity of the cultivated land and valley. The cultivated land consisted of the communites of P. hydropiper and Cyperus amuricus, including Bidens tripartita in P. hydropiper community. The medical crop grown land composed of three major communities like P. hydropiper, Amaranthus mangostanus and Sonchus asper in which A. mangostanus and S. media were presented in the ecoton, indicating community being transiting. In the non-cultivated areas like the vicinity of crop land, the communities of Erigeron annuus, P. oleracea, and Oxalis corniculata were dominant, and Dystaenia takeshimana was included in the community of E. annuus and Stellan'a aquatica in P. oleracea community. In the valley, Ranunculus quelpaertensis community was existed in between the communities of Sonchus asper and Plantago asiatica.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.201-213
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• 2003

The adsorption property and ability of domestic zeolites for some heavy metal ions (Ag, Pb, Cr, Cu, Zn, Mn), which may cause a serious environmental problem in industrial wastewater, were evaluated on ore unit through a series of adsorption experiments together with careful examinations of mineral composition and properties of the zeolites. Though the adsorption behavior basically took place in the form of a cation exchange reaction, the higher CEC value does not necessarily to imply the higher adsorption capacity for a specific heavy metal. A general trend of the adsorption selectivity for heavy metals in the zeolites is determined to be as follow: $Ag\geq$Pb>Cr,Cu$\geq$Zn>Mn, but the adsorption properties of heavy metal ions somewhat depend on the species and composition of zeolite. Clinoptilolite tends to adsorb selectively Cu in case of Cr and Cu, whereas heulandite prefers Cr to Cu. A dominant adsorption selectivity of the zeolite ores for Ag and Pb is generally conspicuous regardless of their zeolite species and composition. The zeolite ores exhibit a preferential adsorption especially for $Ag^{+}$ so as not to regenerate when treated with $Na^{+}$ . In the adsorption capacity for heavy meta ions, the zeolites differ in great depending on their species: ferrierite>clinoptilolite>heulandite. Considering the CEC value of mordenite, the mordenite-rich ore appears to be similar to the clinoptilolite ore in the adsorption capacity. The adsorption capacity for heavy metals is not positively proportional to the CEC values of the zeolites measured by the exchange reaction with ammonium ion. In addition, the adsorption capacity roughly tends to depend on the zeolite contents, i.e., the grade of zeolite ore, but the trend is not consistent at all in some ores. These may be caused by the adsorption selectivity for some specific heavy metals, the presence of possible stacking micro-faults and natural cations such as K hardly to exchange in the zeolite. Considering the economic availability and functional effectiveness as natural zeolite resources, clinoptilolite ores could be applicable to utilize the domestic zeolites for the removal of heavy metals.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.59-70
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• 1977

This study was designed to evaluate the changes and improvements in the Korean diet during the last thirty years (since independence in 1945), and to make recommendations for the improvement of their nutritional status, consequently contributing to the physical and mental welfare of the Korean people. The results and recommendations are as follows: 1. The total calorie and carbohydrate intake decreased by $8{\sim}12%$ in the 1970's, as compared with the 1940's and the 1950's. 2. The intake of calcium and vitamiu A increased $30{\sim}50%$ and $20{\sim}60%$ respectively in the 1960's and 1970's as compared with the 1940,s. But this intake level is still lower than the RDA values. 3. The vitamin C intake was somewhat higher in the mountainous and farming areas than in urban areas. 4. In the 1970's, the decrease of untriend intake due to seasonal variation was marked especially for protein, niacin, vitamin $B_1$, and vitamin C. 5. The consumption of protein foods (meats and legumes) increased in an amount of $15{\sim}36g$ per day. There was a marked increase in the intake of meat in farming areas and of milk in urban areas in the 1970's. This increased intake of animal proteins is a very desirable dietary change. 6. The cereal consumption was lowest in urban areal, but there was a general decrease in the intake of the cereal group in the entire area in the 1970's. For the farmers, the intake of cereal food decreased most, from 750 g to 576 g, but cereals still composed a high proportion of the entire diet. 7. Fruits and vegetables showed the highest intake for the urban people, as expected. For the whole area, this food group showed an increase of 8.7% in the 1970's, as compared with the 1960's. 8. The gradual ihcrease in the intake of the fats and oil group was a desirable dietary change. but the absolute amount was too low. 9. A 7% increase in height and a 9% incrrase in weight for growing children and adolescents was observed in the 1970's as compared with the 1940's, but several kinds of deficiency diseases, such as nutritional anemia and dental caries were still apparent in many areas. 10. To improve cur food life and to cope with food shortages faced in Korea, an efficient and nationwide nutrition education program should be implemented. This would maximize efficiency of intake from the limited food sources for a balanced diet. 11. As it is of utmost importance to provide growing children with a desirable physical, sccial mental, and especially nutritional environment, a well-planned and organized school feeding program should be practiced widely and efficiently. 12. Young mothers and pregnant women should be educated on the importance of their children's nutrition, especially for the critical fetal and infancy periods. 13. More thorough and continuous nutritional survey studies on the changes in dietary patterns for the entire nation should be pursued, evaluated and documented. This would Provide a good information guide for future nutritional study programs. 14. It is the nutritionistist's strong desire that national leaders, especially decision makers recognize the fact that improvement of the nutritional status of the People is one of the most economic and preventative ways of improving their physical and mental health. This is closely related to the economic development and strength of the nation.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.254-262
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• 2011

Purpose: This study aims to evaluate and prospect for current research trend and developmental perspectives via analyzing recent biomaterial coated-implants study. Materials and methods: To investigate each subject respectively, several biomaterials that are using for implant surface coating were set as 'keywords'. By these keywords, major research groups in each subject were chosen, and research trend of them was analyzed. Trend of In vivo studies that examined selected biomaterials were analyzed to evaluate commercial potential. Results: The collagen research accounted for 40% of total implant study, which was the highest, and fibronectin, BMPs (bone morphogenetic proteins) and RGD (Arg-Gly-Asp) peptides followed, which were ranked in descending order. Furthermore, figures of all four research subjects were also increased with time, especially a sharp increase in RGD research. According to the results of major research group, collagen that was combined with other organic and inorganic biomaterials was mostly examined, rather than using collagen only. Major research groups investigating BMPs mostly focused on rhBMP-2. In animal studies, collagen was used as resorbable membrane in guided bone regeneration (GBR) or drug carrier, while BMPs were used with bone graft materials or coating material for titanium implant surface. Conclusion: There is not consistency of results even in identical subjects research field. Many studies are ongoing to optimize combination between mechanical surface treatment and biomaterials such as extracellular matrix component and growth factors.