• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.136-146
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• 2024

This paper introduces the seismic facies classification and mapping of igneous bodies found in the sedimentary sequences of the Yellow Sea shelf area of Korea. In the research area, six extrusive and three intrusive types of igneous bodies were found in the Late Cretaceous, Eocene, Early Miocene, and Quaternary sedimentary sequences of the northeastern, southwestern and southeastern sags of the Gunsan Basin. Extrusive igneous bodies include the following six facies: (1) monogenetic volcano (E.mono) showing cone-shape external geometry with height less than 200 m, which may have originated from a single monogenetic eruption; (2) complex volcano (E.comp) marked by clustered monogenetic cones with height less than 500 m; (3) stratovolcano (E.strato) referring to internally stratified lofty volcanic edifices with height greater than 1 km and diameter more than 15 km; (4) fissure volcanics (E.fissure) marked by high-amplitude and discontinuous reflectors in association with normal faults that cut the acoustic basement; (5) maar-diatreme (E.maar) referring to gentle-sloped low-profile volcanic edifices with less than 2 km-wide vent-shape zones inside; and (6) hydrothermal vents (E.vent) marked by upright pipe-shape or funnel-shape structures disturbing sedimentary sequence with diameter less than 2 km. Intrusive igneous bodies include the following three facies: (1) dike and sill (I.dike/sill) showing variable horizontal, step-wise, or saucer-shaped intrusive geometries; (2) stock (I.stock) marked by pillar- or horn-shaped bodies with a kilometer-wide intrusion diameter; and (3) batholith and laccoliths (I.batho/lac) which refer to gigantic intrusive bodies that broadly deformed the overlying sedimentary sequence.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.61-71
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• 2024

In this study, we analyzed chlorogenic acid indicator components in preparation for the additional listing of green coffee bean extract in the Health Functional Food Code and optimized caffeine for simultaneous analysis. We extracted chlorogenic acid and caffeine using 30% methanol, phosphoric acid solution, and acetonitrile-containing phosphoric acid and analyzed them at 330 and 280 nm, respectively, using liquid chromatography. Our analysis validation results yielded a correlation coefficient (R²) revealing a significance level of at least 0.999 within the linear quantitative range. The chlorogenic acid and caffeine detection and quantification limits were 0.5 and 0.2 ㎍/mL and 1.4, and 0.4 ㎍/mL, respectively. We confirmed that the precision and accuracy results were suitable using the AOAC validation guidelines. Finally, we developed a simultaneous chlorogenic acid and caffeine analysis approach. In addition, we confirmed that our analysis approach could simultaneously quantify chlorogenic acid and caffeine by examining the applicability of each formulation through prototypes and distribution products. In conclusion, the results of this study demonstrated that the standardized analysis would expectably increase chlorogenic acidcontaining health functional food quality control reliability.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.72-82
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• 2024

This study aimed to develop a scientifically and systematically standardized xylooligosaccharide analytical method that can be applied to products with various formulations. The analysis method was conducted using HPLC with Cadenza C₁₈ column, involving pre-column derivatization with 1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazoline (PMP) and UV detection at 254 nm. The xylooligosaccharide content was analyzed by converting xylooligosaccharide into xylose through acid hydrolysis. The pre-treated methods were compared and evaluated by varying sonication time, acid hydrolysis time, and concentration. Optimal equipment conditions were achieved with a mobile phase consisting of 20 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 6)-acetonitrile (78:22, v/v) through isocratic elution at a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min (254 nm). Furthermore, we validated the advanced standardized analysis method to support the suitability of the proposed analytical procedure such as specificity, linearity, detection limits (LOD), quantitative limits (LOQ), accuracy, and precision. The standardized analysis method is now in use for monitoring relevant health-functional food products available in the market. Our results have demonstrated that the standardized analysis method is expected to enhance the reliability of quality control for healthy functional foods containing xylooligosaccharide.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.103-113
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• 2024

Since 2009, the Korean Society of Plant Pathology has established the Committee on Common Names of Plant Disease to systematically review and determine plant disease names and related terminologies. The committee published the 6th edition of the List of Plant Diseases in Korea (LPDK) in 2022, and the list has been made publicly accessible online. The online database has significantly enhanced user accessibility, expedited update processes, and improved interoperability with other databases. As a result, the 6.1 edition of the list was released by online LPDK in 2023, detailing new disease names added over the preceding year and revisions to existing names. Subsequently, in 2024, the 6.2 edition was published, encompassing 6,765 diseases caused by 2,503 pathogen taxa across 1,432 host species. The public release of the online database has, however, introduced several challenges and tasks. Addressing these issues necessitates the development of modern, standardized nomenclature guidelines and a robust system for the registration of new disease names. Open communication and collaboration among the diverse members of the Korean Society of Plant Pathology are required to ensure the reliability of the LPDK.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.155-169
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• 2023

Jerusalem artichoke (JA, Helianthus tuberosus L.) has a great potential to enhance the quality of yakju due to the plentiful inulin content which is functional and indigestible carbohydrate in human. In this study, the optimal preparation conditions such as the added amount and steam treatment of JA were investigated to improve the quality of yakju. As the amount of JA added to yakju increased, alcohol production decreased, whereas fermentation was performed well when the steam-cooked JA was added to yakju. The pH and total acidity of yakju decreased and increased, respectively, when the amount of JA added to yakju increased, whereas pH and total acidity of yakju increased and decreased, respectively, when the steam-cooked JA was added to yakju. The free sugar and organic acid contents of yakju increased and decreased, respectively, when the amount of JA added to yakju increased, whereas those of yakju decreased when the steam-cooked JA was added to Yakju. Amino acid content of JA decreased as the amount of JA added to yakju increased and that of JA significantly decreased when the steam-cooked JA was added to yakju. In the sensory evaluation analysis, the addition of 10% unsteam-cooked JA to yakju was the best when considering sweetness, flavor, sourness, and overall preference of yakju supplemented with JA. Consequently, utilizing JA to yakju may contribute to the improvement of the quality of yakju.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.109-121
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• 2023

This study was conducted to evaluate vitamin D intake of Koreans in a total diet study (TDS) and to determine the effect of irradiation on vitamin D synthesis in mushrooms. For analysis, sample were saponified and extracted with hexane, and vitamin D was quantified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Based on the validation results, the recovery of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) standard reference sample (SRM) 1849a was 96.7% and the z-score of -1.6 was obtained by the Food Analysis Performance Assessment Scheme (FAPAS) proficiency test (PT) 21115. Vitamin D₂ was not detected in any samples, and the highest level of vitamin D₃ was detected in mackerel and anchovies ranging from 24.2 to 120.2 ㎍/kg. The mean daily intake of vitamin D was 0.99 ㎍/day, as estimated from the vitamin D contents of the analyzed foods and their corresponding intake. The adequate intake (AI) of vitamin D based on the Dietary reference intakes for Koreans provided by the Ministry of Health and Welfare is 5-15 ㎍/day for Koreans aged 6 to 75 years. Compared with this AI, vitamin D intake of Koreans estimated in this study was inadequate. For that, the increased vitamin D content in ultraviolet (UV)/sun light irradiated mushrooms warrants further research to increase vitamin D intake of Koreans through diet.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.822-832
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• 2023

This study investigates the effectiveness of CA (controlled atmosphere) containers in maintaining the freshness of exported melons. The melons were harvested on June 5, 2023, in the Yeongam area of Jeollanam-do, Korea. The CA container was loaded with melon samples packed in an export box. The temperature inside the container was set at 4℃, while the gas composition was set at 5% oxygen, 12% carbon dioxide, and 83% nintrogen. Following two weeks of simulated transportation, quality analysis was conducted at 10℃. The melons were inoculated with spore suspensions, and the decay rate was determined to investigate the effect of the gas composition inside the CA container on suppressing the occurrence of Penicillium oxalicum in melons. The results were compared with a Reefer container set at the same temperature. The samples transported in the CA container exhibited lower weight loss. The melon pulp softening, respiration rate, and ethylene production were slower using the CA container. Moreover, the decay rate during the distribution period in the CA container was lower than in the Reefer container. In contrast, the firmness of melons transported in the Reefer container decreased significantly (from 9.03N to 5.18N) immediately after transportation. The soluble solid content (SSC) of melons transported in the Reefer container also decreased rapidly. The results suggested that the CA container is the optimal export container for maintaining the freshness of melons.

• Industry Promotion Research
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.203-212
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• 2024

The purpose of this study is to examine the validity of Hidden Stems (支藏干) in the Four Pillars of Destiny with regard to the use of human governance periods in the hidden stems (人元用事). First, there is a theory of assigning period of governance for designated constituents (司令論) in the Hidden Stems of the Earthly Branch. Second, there is a theory that determines the structure of the Four Pillars by the Exposed Constituent from the Hidden Stems (透出論) in the Month Earthly Branch. Since these two theories conflict with each other and cause confusions, this study examined the theory of Hidden Stems in the Four Pillars Classics and examined the historical development of governance period for constituent hidden stems and their validity. The results of the study are as follows: Firstly, the number of dates assigned to respective constituents does not correspond to the calendarical principle, and the assignment of the governance dates for each constituent does not correspond to the principles proposed in ancient books of Four Pillars. Second, though it is said in the Classics that 72 days are equally assigned to each of the Five Elements, actual distributed days for the five elements was 65 days for Wood, 55 days for Fire, 100 days for Earth, 65 days for Metal, and 65 days for Water. Third, though it is said that 7 days should be designated to Yang Earth Mu for the months of Tiger 寅, Monkey, Snake, and Pig, it is logically more legitimate to assign those days to Yin Earth Ki since the month before Tiger is Ox, and the month before Monkey is Goat. Lastly, rationale behind assigning Ki Earth only to Horse Oh as constituting Hidden Stem while disregarding months of Rat, Rabbit, and Rooster is considered not reasonable. Looking at these results comprehensively, it is concluded that the Exposed Constituent theory is logically more appropriate than Assigned Governance theory.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.83 no.3
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• pp.632-644
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• 2022

Purpose To determine the incidence of atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH) in needle biopsy and the upgrade rate to carcinoma, and to evaluate difference in findings between the upgrade and non-upgrade groups. Materials and Methods Among 9660 needle biopsies performed over 48 months, we reviewed the radiologic and histopathologic findings of ADH and compared the differences in imaging findings (mammography and breast US) and biopsy methods between the upgrade and non-upgrade groups. Results The incidence of ADH was 1.7% (169/9660). Of 112 resected cases and 30 cases followed-up for over 2 years, 35 were upgraded to carcinoma (24.6%, 35/142). The upgrade rates were significantly different according to biopsy methods: US-guided core needle biopsy (USCNB) (40.7%, 22/54) vs. stereotactic-vacuum-assisted biopsy (S-VAB) (16.0%, 12/75) vs. USguided VAB (US-VAB) (7.7%, 1/13) (p = 0.002). Multivariable analysis showed that only US-CNB (odds ratio = 5.19, 95% confidence interval: 2.16-13.95, p < 0.001) was an independent predictor for pathologic upgrade. There was no upgrade when a sonographic mass was biopsied by US-VAB (n = 7) Conclusion The incidence of ADH was relatively low (1.7%) and the upgrade rate was 24.6%. Surgical excision should be considered because of the considerable upgrade rate, except in the case of US-VAB.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.83 no.6
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• pp.1327-1341
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• 2022

Purpose To evaluate the pattern of use and the perception of digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) among Korean breast radiologists. Materials and Methods From March 22 to 29, 2021, an online survey comprising 27 questions was sent to members of the Korean Society of Breast Imaging. Questions related to practice characteristics, utilization and perception of DBT, and research interests. Results were analyzed based on factors using logistic regression. Results Overall, 120 of 257 members responded to the survey (response rate, 46.7%), 67 (55.8%) of whom reported using DBT. The overall satisfaction with DBT was 3.31 (1-5 scale). The most-cited DBT advantages were decreased recall rate (55.8%), increased lesion conspicuity (48.3%), and increased cancer detection (45.8%). The most-cited DBT disadvantages were extra cost for patients (46.7%), insufficient calcification characterization (43.3%), insufficient improvement in diagnostic performance (39.2%), and radiation dose (35.8%). Radiologists reported increased storage requirements and interpretation time for barriers to implementing DBT. Conclusion Further improvement of DBT techniques reflecting feedback from the user's perspective will help increase the acceptance of DBT in Korea.