• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.33 no.1
• /
• pp.222-224
• /
• 2004

This study was performed to analyze the contents of titanium dioxide in commercial foods by UV/VIS spectrophotometry. This method incorporated foods reducing to ashes, dissolution of the ash in sulfuric acid and color development using hydrogen peroxide. The UV/VIS spectrophotometric response was compared to a standard solution. The contents of titanium dioxide in commercial foods were 1.56∼7.74 g/kg in chocolate, 0.27∼1.74 g/kg in health food, 0.48∼2.96 g/kg in chewing gum and 0.34∼2.34 g/kg in candy, respectively. Recoveries of titanium dioxide in foods were 88.46∼104.75％ accordingly.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.36 no.6
• /
• pp.872-878
• /
• 2004

Food products selected based on their annual sales and international acrylamide research data were analyzed for quantitation of acrylamide. Samples including raw food, substitute meal, snack, drink, and sauce products were analyzed by LC/MS/MS methods adopted by PDA. Upon comparison, concentrations of acrylamide in these products were similar to those analyzed in other countries.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
• /
• v.32 no.6
• /
• pp.811-817
• /
• 2016

Purpose: People have long been interested about antioxidant nutrients such as vitamin A and E to stay in healthy states. This present study provides trustworthy nutritional information and evaluates vitamin A and E contents in emphasized food items. Methods: Vitamin A or vitamin E emphasized foods including beverage, cereal, snack, chocolate product, other cocoa products, and sugar products were analyzed. The contents of vitamin A, E in samples were examined by high performance liquid chromatography. Vitamin A and vitamin E contents were compared with the labeled value indicated on the nutrition label. Results: Vitamin A (n=18) value ranged from 90% to 248% and vitamin E (n=20) value ranged between 96-413% of labeled value. Analyzed samples ranged more than 80% of the labeled value, which complied with food labeling rules. Conclusion: Providing accurate information for nutrition label is essential to confirm nutrient contents in foods. It will help to decide the adequate level of nutrient intake. Therefore, the nutrition labeling system should be supervised continuously with regular monitoring analysis.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
• /
• v.22 no.4
• /
• pp.535-542
• /
• 2012

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the quality characteristics and antioxidant activity of chocolate added with Rehmannia Radix Preparata (R. Radix Preparata) concentrate (0, 3, 6 and 9%). As the amount of R. Radix Preparata concentrate increased, water content significantly. The pH of chocolate decreased significantly as R. Radix Preparata concentrate increased, but the acidity of chocolate increased. Sugar concentration and reducing sugar contents also increased according to the amount of R. Radix Preparata concentrate. The L(lightness), a(redness) and b(yellowness) values significantly decreased as R. Radix Preparata concentrate increased. However, texture was not significantly different among the treatments. As the amount of R. Radix Preparata concentrate increased, DPPH radical scavenging and hydroxyl radical scavenging activities increased. In the results of the sensory evaluation, scores of color, taste, flavor, texture, and overall acceptability were the highest in chocolate added with 6% R. Radix Preparata concentrate. From these results, it was suggested that the optimum addition amount of R. Radix Preparata concentrate to chocolate is 6%.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
• /
• v.33 no.3
• /
• pp.247-255
• /
• 2017

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of various leaf powders on chocolate by analyzing quality characteristics, antioxidant activities, and sensory characteristics. Methods: Pine needles, mulberry leaves, ramie leaves, barley leaves, and squash leaves were freeze-dried, powdered, and added to the chocolate. Results: Water contents of all leaf powder-added groups were significantly higher than that of the control (15.78%). The pH values of chocolate with leaf powder were lower than that of the control (6.33) while that of mulberry leaf chocolate (6.56) was higher than that of the control. In color measurement, L-value, a-value, and b-value were highest in pine needle chocolate (30.31, 3.52, and 4.78, respectively). The ${\Delta}E$ value (total color difference compared to white board) was the highest in squash leaf chocolate (69.51) and significantly different from that of the control (67.69). The hardness of leaf powder-added chocolate was lower than that of the control (6.84 N), except for pine needles. In the antioxidant activity analysis, chocolate with pine needles and squash leaves had higher polyphenols, flavonoids, and ABTS radical scavenging antioxidant activity than those of the control. Overall consumer acceptability was the most preferred in the control compared to the other groups. However, chocolate with mulberry and barley leaves also received high scores (5.60 and 5.40, respectively) for overall acceptability. Conclusion: It can be concluded that chocolate with barley leaves is desirable for making functional chocolate due to its high consumer preference and positive effects on improving antioxidant activities.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
• /
• v.40 no.1
• /
• pp.35-45
• /
• 2013

The fat content, fatty acid composition, trans fatty acid content and triacylglycerol (TAG) composition of 22 chocolates (domestics 8, foreigns 14) collected from the Korea distribution markets were investigated. The crude fat was extracted by acid hydrolysis method and analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and reversed-phase HPLC for fatty acid and TAG compositions, respectively. The crude fat content of all chocolates varied between 30.11% and 49.59%. The major fatty acids in most of the chocolates were palmitic acid (19.36~31.15 wt%), stearic acid (5.11~36.32 wt%) and oleic acid (18.77~36.68 wt%). Whereas lauric acid (approximately 35.43 wt%) was detected in chocolate fat of sample No. 18. High oleic acid content was observed for the sn-2 position fatty acid with a range from 64.91% to 86.93%. Trans fatty acid contents in domestic chocolates (sample No. 1~8) and foreign chocolates (sample No. 9~22) were 0.03~0.59 wt% (0.01~0.19 g/100g chocolate) and 0.05~6.32 wt% (0.02~1.99 g/100g chocolate), respectively. In TAG composition, TAGs such as POP/PPO(1,3(2)-palmitoyl-2(3)-oleoyl glycerol, PN=48), POS/PSO(palmitoyl-oleoyl-stearoyl glycerol or palmitoyl-stearoyl-oleoyl glycerol, PN=50), SOS/SSO(1,3(2)-stearoyl-2(3)-oleoyl glycerol, PN=50) were mainly detected in most of the chocolates. The peaks of TAG with low PN (ex, 32-34, 36-38, and 40-42) were detected in No. 18 chocolate fat because of containing short chain fatty acid such as lauric acid.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
• /
• v.28 no.4
• /
• pp.479-487
• /
• 2012

Mulberry pomace, a by-product obtained from mulberry juice, has not been utilized as a food material for food processing. In this study, the quality characteristics and antioxidant activities of chocolate to which mulberry pomace has been added were evaluated. Freeze-dried mulberry pomace was added to white chocolate at the level of 0, 0.5, 1.5 or 2.5%, and then the white chocolate ganache was put between two layers of dark chocolate. The moisture content and sweetness were not significantly different among treatments, but reducing sugar content was increased, according to the amount of mulberry pomace powder. The Hunter color L(lightness) and b(yellowness) values decreased, according to the mulberry pomace powder amount, whereas the a(redness) increased. The hardness increased according to the mulberry pomace powder amount. Total phenol and flavonoid contents increased, according to the mulberry pomace powder amount. Antioxidant activities(DPPH and hydroxyl radical scavenging activities) also increased, according to the mulberry pomace powder amount. The result of the sensory intensity test revealed that the scores of color, mulberry taste, hardness and chewiness were the highest in the 2.5% mulberry pomace powder added chocolate. Sensory preference test results showed that chocolate added with 1.5% mulberry pomace powder had the highest scores in color, flavor, taste, texture and overall preference. It is suggested that chocolate to which mulberry pomace powder has been added may be a functional chocolate, with high antioxidant activity.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.45 no.12
• /
• pp.1823-1829
• /
• 2016

This study investigated the optimal percentage of brownies substituted with rice bran dietary fiber (3%, 6%, 9%, and 12%). The sample and control were compared for quality characteristics, specific gravity, viscosity, pH, moisture content, water activity, specific volume, color, textural characteristic, consumer acceptance, and CATA (check-all-that-apply). The specific gravity of the control sample was not significantly different among the samples. The viscosity was highest at the brownie containing 12% of rice bran dietary fiber. Moisture content and water activity were highest in the 6% sample. pH of control sample batter was highest, but reduced with increasing amounts of rice bran dietary fiber. For colors, lightness of the 6% sample batter was highest at 25.31, and redness and yellowness significantly increased with increasing amounts of rice bran dietary fiber. For textural characteristics, hardness, and chewiness significantly increased with increasing amounts of rice bran dietary fiber. Cohesiveness and resilience were not significantly different between samples. In the sensory evaluation, overall acceptability was highest in the control group and lowest for the 12% sample. In the frequency analysis of the CATA, as rice bran dietary fiber was added, the amount of bran flavor, oliy, and unpleasant increased while frequency of bitterness, sweetness, and chocolate taste decreased. In the principal component analysis, characteristics of unpleasant, oily, soybean flavor, and sweetness were strongly detected in the 12% sample. The control sample showed strong sweetness and bitterness. The results indicate that 3% to 6% rice bran dietary fiber is appropriate for production of brownies.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
• /
• v.26 no.2
• /
• pp.182-185
• /
• 2011

This study was conducted to develop an appropriated management for safety of children snacks sold around school. Total 598 items as targeted food were collected; 66 biscuits, 320 candies, 57 chocolates, 40 ice creams and 115 beverages. Microbiological hazards such as total aerobic bacteria, Coliforms, Escherichia coli, Bacillus ceruse, Yeasts & molds were measured by analytical method in Korean food code. Total aerobic bacteria and Yeasts & molds were detected in cookies at the level of less than 2.69 and 2.65 $log_{10}$ CFU/g and the detection rates were 54.55 and 62.12%, respectively. Bacillus cereus was detected in 1 snack only at the level of 1.39 $log_{10}$ CFU/g but it was less than Korean microbial standards and specifications (3 $log_{10}$ CFU/g). Total aerobic bacteria and Yeasts & molds were detected in candies less than 2.86, 3.36 $log_{10}$ CFU/g and the detection rates were 46,8% respectively. Total aerobic bacteria, Yeast & mold were detected in chocolates at the levels less than 2.52 and 1.87 $log_{10}$ CFU/g and the detection rates were 33 and 22% respectively. Total aerobic bacteria in both ice creams and beverages were detected at the levels less than 3.39 and 1.35 $log_{10}$ CFU/g and the detection rates were 82 and 5% respectively. Coliforms were found in one ice cream (1.39 $log_{10}$ CFU/g) only. The result of this study indicated that all children snacks around school were suitable for microbial standard and specifications in Korean Food Code. However, since most children snacks around school are circulated without proper storage temperature and handing condition, consistent microbial management for children snacks are needed.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.41 no.9
• /
• pp.1265-1273
• /
• 2012

The purpose of this study was to investigate the BMI, intake of snacks, and perceptions and use of food and nutrition labels by middle school students (144 boys and 189 girls) in Chuncheon area. The average height and weight of boys were $171.0{\pm}6.4$ cm and $61.0{\pm}11.4$ kg, respectively, whereas those of girls were $160.0{\pm}4.8$ cm and $50.8{\pm}6.6$ kg, respectively. Average body mass index (BMI) of boys and girls were $20.8{\pm}3.3$ and $19.8{\pm}2.4$, respectively (p<0.01). Dietary intake attitude score of girls ($34.39{\pm}5.66$) was higher than that of boys ($33.92{\pm}5.40$) (p<0.05). Subjects bought and ate snacks 1 to 3 times per week (40.2%) by themselves, and most consumed snacks were cookies (23.1%), instant noodles (16.2%), ice cream (13.2%), and candy and chocolates (13.2%). The most important factor in purchasing of snacks was 'taste' ($4.49{\pm}0.67$). When subjects bought processed foods, the rates of reading food labels was 86.6%. The most important factor of the food labels was 'expiration date' (42.9%). The degree of reading food labels on processed foods by girls ($22.70{\pm}5.72$) was higher than that of boys ($20.96{\pm}5.35$) (p<0.01). Of the 13.2% of subjects that did not read food labels, the reason why was that they were not interested (50.0%). Of the 78.4% of subjects that read nutrition labels, the most important component of the nutrition labels was 'calories' (75.9%). The main reason for reading nutrition labels was 'to control weight' (45.6%). In general, use of food labels correlated positively with dietary intake attitude score (p<0.05) and use of nutrition labels (p<0.01). Using multiple regression analysis, we found that 'usefulness of dietary life' was the most significant variable that affects the importance of food and nutrition labels. Therefore, development of an educational program on food and nutrition labels for adolescents will be effective in improving dietary life.