• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.115-123
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• 1990

The longitudinal study was done to study the effect of length of lactation on mineral content of breast milk and to find out basic data on nutritional status for infants and lactation women in Korea. Milk was collected from primiparae(n=10) and multiparae(n=6) at 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 months postpartum. During lactation the content of total ash, calcium, phosphours decreased significantly (;<0.001), but magnesium increased significantly (p<0.001). Total ash, calcium, phosphrus and magnesium contents of breast milk per 100ml were as 0.22g, 27.25mg, 14.67mg and 2.77mg in total lactating women(n=16), respectively. These contents were not significantly different between primiparae and multiparae. A ratio of calcium to phosphorus was about 1.88:1 in breast milk and 0.50:1 in maternal dietary intake. No correlation was found between maternal dietary intake and mineral content of breast milk.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.15 no.10
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• pp.493-500
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to identify the relationships among Body Image and Self Efficacy, Parenting Stress and influencing factors on Parenting Stress of Primipara Women. Data were collected from 134 Primipara Women in U city from January 1 to March 31, 2017. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficients, and stepwise multiple regression. Significant correlations were found among Body Image and Self Efficacy, Parenting Stress. Meaningful variables that influenced Parenting Stress were Post-discharge supporter, Body Image and Support of family, and the total explanation power was 29.5%. In conclusion, development of Parenting Stress Coping program to decrease the Parenting stress of Primipara Women based on the convergent influencing factors is needed, and further development of program for Parenting Stress Coping for the Primipara Women ion the related factors is also needed.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.36-41
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• 1989

In this study longitudinal of the taurine content in the human milk of 23 Korean lacto-ovo-vegetarian women was studied during the lactating periods of the 15th, 30th, 60th, 90th, 120th and 150th day after delivery. The results of the study on primiparae and multiparae studied separately are as follows: 1) The taurine content of the primiparae per 1ml of human milk was 356.1nmole on the 15th day, 238.6 nmole on the 30th day, 249.6 nmole on the 60th day, 148.7 nmole on the 20th day, and 139.6 nmole on the 150th day. There was a significant decrease in the measns. 2) The taurine content of the multiparae per 1ml f human milk was 401.6 nmole on the 90th day, 189.9 nmole on the 120th day, and 159.8 nmole on the 150th day. There was a significant decrease in the measns. 2) The taurine content of the multiparae per 1ml of human milk was 401.6 nmole on the 15th day, 342.3 nmole on the 30th day, 273.2 nmole on the 60th day, 248.6 nmole on the 90th day, 189.9 nmole on the 120th day, and 159.8 nmole on the 150th day. There was a significant decrease in the measns. The multipareas had higher taurine content in every lactating period than the primiparae but there was not a significant difference. The correlation between the changes durinig lactating periods and the taurine content was negative. The correlation coefficient of the primiparae was -0.641 and that of the multiparae was -0.753. The overall correlation coefficient of the primiparae and the multiparae is -0.644, decreasing significantly up to the 150th day.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.235-244
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• 2003

Purpose: To examine the difference of physical discomfort and childbirth satisfaction between postpartum women with and without having taken Epidural Analgesia. Method: The subjects were divided into one group of 128 primipara taken Epidural Analgesia and the other of the same 70 women who were not taken it. Data were collected by questionnaires of their own physical discomfort and birth satisfaction at postpartum 1 to 2 days in OBGY hospitals, and data were analyzed using SPSS Program. Result: Women having taken epidural analgesia appealed higher physical discomfort than those without it in the lower limbs exercise discomfort, difficult urination, urinary retention, nausea & vomiting, whereas appeared vice versa in breast pain. Among indicators for childbirth satisfaction, women having taken epidural analgesia preferred the same delivery method later again more than those without it. Conclusion: It is confirmed that the method of epidural analgesia is not an absolute way to control labor pain, rather stir physical discomfort after childbirth and does not fully increase the women's childbirth satisfaction. Therefore, it is proposed that nurses should provide the pregnant women the right knowledge and information, thereby enabling them to select the useful method of childbirth to their own course of childbirth and health-recovering after the delivery.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.46-53
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to explore the structure of nursing needs during labor pain as perceived by women who have given birth. The phenomenological perspective of qualitative research theory guided the approach to the study. The sample consisted of 20 women who had undergone normal labor and had delivered a healthy baby at term. Collection of data was by means of in-depth interviews conducted 1-2 days after delivery in the admission room from March to may 1998. On average, the interviews lasted for about 30 minutes. Interviews were taken with the consent of the subjects. Data were analyzed by means of Giorgi's method and categorized according to the similarities of their contents. The investigator read the data repeatedly to identify themes and categories. Four categories were : 1) a sense of security 2) self esteem 3) willingness to learn 4) a sense of comfort. Under these categories there were twelve themes. I. A sense of security : (a) presence (b) conversation (c) touching II. Self esteem : (a) praise (b) encouragement (c) treating the women with respect (d) caregiver with good character III. Willingness to learn : (a) teaching (b) information IV. A sense of comfort : (a) self controlled pain relief (b) artificially controlled pain relief (c) skillfulness of caregiver The findings should sensitize nurses to the various needs of women in labor who are under their care. Further research should focus on developing instruments to assess the nursing needs of parturients. Researchers also need to identify ways to assess women's satisfaction with nursing needs.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.15-22
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• 2023

This study was to investigate the relationship between chick weight in the growing period and the laying performance of Korean native chicken (KNC) breeders. We measured the body weights of 1,384 KNC breeders at 1-140 days of age at two-week intervals. The age at first egg laying, hen-day and hen-housed egg production, and the egg weights were investigated. Correlation coefficients between the body weight and egg production traits were analyzed. The results showed that the correlation coefficients between body weight and age at first egg laying were significantly positive before 4 weeks, but negative after 8 weeks of age. The correlation coefficients between body weight and egg production rate were estimated to be negative before 8 weeks and positive after 12 weeks of age. Coefficients of hen-day and hen-housed egg production were similar. There was little correlation between body weight and egg weight at 32 weeks of age, whereas a low positive correlation was with egg weight at 50 weeks. In conclusion, there was little correlation between body weight and laying performance before 8 weeks of age, whereas a significant positive correlation was with body weight after 12 weeks. The results suggest that as the chick's weight increases in the late growing stage, sexual maturity is faster, the egg production rate is higher, and the egg weight increases. Therefore, the weight management of KNC female breeders is very important in the late growing stage, and the body weight of chicks must be maintained above the standard weight.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.50 no.12
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• pp.1206-1211
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• 2007

Purpose : The aim of this study was to investigate the risk of low birth weight associated with delayed first childbearing in Korea. Methods : The national birth certificate data of the singletons and first babies in Korea from January 2001 to December 2003 (n=736,167) was used. Outcome measures were rates of low birth weight infant, very low birth weight infant between 6 maternal age group (<20 years, 20-24 years, 25-29 years, 30-34 years and >35years). Odd ratios were calculated by multiple logistic regression on marital state, maternal education, maternal occupation, paternal occupation, duration of marriage and address. Results : Compared with women aged 25 to 29 years, women aged 30-35 years, 35-40 years and over 40 years had higher odds ratios of low birth weight, odd ratios were 1.3, 2.1, 2.4 respectively. Even though adjusted by marital state, maternal education, maternal occupation, paternal occupation, duration of marriage and address, odds ratios were 1.3, 1.9, 2.0 respectively. Compared with women aged 25 to 29 years, women aged 30-35 years, 35-40 years and over 40 years had higher odds ratios of very low birth weight, odd ratios were 1.8, 3.3, 3.7 respectively. Even though adjusted, odd ratios were 1.6, 2.7, 2.6 respectively. Compared with the incidence of low birth weight in each maternal age, maternal education, marital state, married, high school graduated thirties women was lower incidence than unmarried, high school graduated twenties women. Conclusion : These findings suggest that delayed childbearing increase the risk of low birth weight and very low birth weight, but if pregnant women have better socioeconomic condition, the impact of advanced maternal age on the risk of low birth weight will be decreased.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.129-137
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• 1989

This study was conducted to estimate heritabilities and genetic correlations on economic traits in Korean Native Ogol Fowl. The data analysis were the record of 450 pullets produced from 150 dams and 20 sires of Korean Native Ogol Fowl raised at Chungnam National University from June 18, 1987 to April 6, 1989. The results obtained are summarized as follows ； 1. The average body weights at 8 and 24 weeks,300 and 500 days of age were 514.54, 1490.96, 1753.47 and 2013.31g respectively, The age of first egg was 179.19 days, and the number of egg Produced to 300 and 500 days of age were 80.12 and 162.82 e89s, respectively. The egg weight at first egg, 300 and 500 days of a8e were 40.03 and 49.92 and 55.59g, respectively. 2 The heritability estimates based on the variance of sire, dam and combined components were 0.441-0.661, 0.120-0.490, 0.345-0.465 for body weight； 0.365, 0.207 and 0.282 for age at first egg； 0.354-0.362, 0.204-0.230 and 0.279-0.296 for number of egg production: 0.259-0.464, 0.512-0.633 and 0.386-0.540 for egg weight, respectively. 3. The genetic correlations coefficients of economic traits were as follows: the coefficients between body weight with age at first egg, number of egg Production and egg weight were 0.539-0.617, -0.520-0.157 and 0.180-0.754； between age at first egg with number of egg production and egg weight were -0.717 and 0.552-0.587； between number of egg production and egg weight was -0.383-0.381, respectively.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.31 no.4 s.63
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• pp.751-769
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• 1998

This study was conducted to assess the attitude of pregnant women toward delivery method, understanding of the reason for determining her own delivery method, participation in decision-making process and satisfaction with delivery method after labor. Study subjects were 693 pregnant women who had visited obstetric clinic for prenatal care in the last month of pregnancy in one general hospital and one obstetrics-gynecology specialty hospital in Taegu city from February 1 to March 31 in 1998. A questionnaire was administered before and after labor and a telephone interview was done one month after labor. Proportion of women who had health education and/or counselling about delivery method during prenatal care was 24.0% and this proportion was higher for women who had previous c-section(35.5%) than others. Women thought vaginal delivery is better than c-section for both maternal and baby's health regardless of previous delivery method. About 90% of primipara and multiparous women who had previous vaginal delivery wanted vaginal delivery for the index birth, while 85.6% of multiparous women who had previous c-section wanted repeat c-section. Reasons for choosing c-section in pregnant women who preferred vaginal delivery before labor were recommendation of doctors(81.9%), recommendation of husband (0.8%), agreement between doctor and pregnant woman(4.7%), and mother's demand (12.6%). Reasons for choosing vaginal delivery were mother's demand(30.6%) and no indication for c-section(67.2%). Reasons for choosing c-section in pregnant women who preferred c-section before labor were recommendation of doctors(76.2%), mother's demand(20.0%), recommendation of husband(1.3%), and agreement between doctor and pregnant woman(2.5%). Of the pregnant women who had c-section, by doctor's recommendation, the proportion of women who had heard detailed explanation about reason for c-section by doctor was 55.1%. Mother's statement about the reason for c-section was consistent with the medical record in 75.9% . However, over 5% points disparities were shown between mother's statement and medical record in cases of the repeat c-section and mother's demand. In primipara and multiparous women who had previous vaginal delivery, the delivery method for index birth had statistically significant association with the preference of delivery method before labor(p<0.05). All of the women who had previous c-section had delivered the index baby by c-section. Among mothers who had delivered the index baby vaginally, 84.9% of them were satisfied with their delivery method immediately after labor and 85.1% at 1 month after labor. However, mothers who had c-section stated that they are satisfied with c-section in 44.6% immediately after labor and 42.0% at 1 month after labor. Preferred delivery method for the next birth had statistically significant association with delivery method for the index birth both immediately after labor and in 1 month after labor. The proportion of mothers who prefer vaginal delivery for the next birth increased with the degree of satisfaction with the vaginal delivery for the index birth but the proportion of mothers who prefer c-section for the next birth was high and they did not change significantly with the degree of satisfaction with the c-section for the index birth. These results suggest that the current high technology-based, physician-centered prenatal and partritional cares need to be reoriented to the basic preventive and promotive technology-based, and mother-fetus-centered care. It is also suggested that active involvement of pregnant woman in decision-making process for the delivery method will increase the rate of vaginal birth after c-section and decrease c-section rate and improve the degree of maternal satisfaction after delivery.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.55-60
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• 2021

Fluorination was carried out to improve the adsorption performance of pitch-based activated carbon fibers (ACFs) onto acetic acid. Both plasma and direct gas fluorination were used for fluorination, and the acetic acid gas adsorption performance of fluorinated ACFs was investigated. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is analyzed to determine the surface characteristics of ACFs, and the pore characteristics were analyzed by 77 K nitrogen adsorption. An adsorption performance was measured through gas chromatography, and it was confirmed that the breakthrough time of plasma fluorinated sample was 790 min and that the breakthrough time was delayed compared to that of using untreated one of 650 min. However, the breakthrough time of direct gas fluorinated sample was 390 min, indicating that the adsorption performance was inhibited. The plasma fluorinated ACFs showed an increase in the adsorption performance due to an electrostatic attraction between the acetic acid gas (CH3COOH) with the fluorine group introduced to the surface without changing its specific surface area. On the other hand, the specific surface area of the direct gas fluorinated ACFs decreased significantly up to 55%, and the physical adsorption effect on the acetic acid gas also reduced.