• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.33 no.7
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• pp.1154-1161
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• 2004

The objective of this study was to evaluate microbiological Quality of HACCP application in elementary school foodservice operations. Microbiological Quality of utensils and non-heated foods such as salad was measured two times at five elementary schools in Daegu. The two experimentations differed in that after the first experimentation employees were educated and trained on HACCP based sanitation standards with a goal of improving microbiological Quality of foodservice. Microbiological Quality, time, and temperature were evaluated at three critical control points (CCPs)： washing and disinfecting, personal hygiene and non-cross contamination. Micro-biological Quality was assessed using 3M petrifilm to measure total plate count and coliform group. The first experimentation showed low microbiological Quality due to cross contamination of utensils and cooking gloves; high microbiological count of the garlic, powdered red pepper, and ginger; and not thoroughly washing and disinfecting vegetables. In the second experimentation, microbiological Quality was greatly improved by washing and thoroughly disinfecting raw ingredients and utensils, and using good personal hygiene. However, microbiological Quality of seasonings was still low. Immediate corrective actions were required in one of the foodservice operations that was assessed. These results strongly suggest that foodservice operations should address non-heated food Quality. It is essential to measure microbiological Quality regularly and continually train and retrain employees on hand washing and disinfecting raw ingredients. Further studies are needed to determine whether pathogens are present in raw vegetables and seasonings.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.81-89
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to analyze the patterns and interrelationships for meeting recommendations of physical activity, sedentary behavior, and dietary behavior in elementary school students. A cross-sectional design was used to assess 259 students ages 11 to 13 years. Physical activity (moderate to vigorous physical activity $\geqq$60min/day), sedentary behavior (viewing time for TV, computer, DVD, video, etc<3hr/day), and dietary behavior (servings of fruits and vegetables$\geqq$5times/day) were categorized into two levels: meeting recommendations or not meeting recommendations. Parents' health behaviors and home environmental variables were assessed with self-reported measures. Chi-squared tests and independent t-tests were conducted to compare anthropometric variables and the prevalence of students not meeting the recommendation for the three health behaviors. Comparison between males and females and logistic linear regression were used to determine the interrelationships of three health behaviors. 25.9% of students did not meet the physical activity recommendations. 15.4% did not meet sedentary behavior recommendations, and 41.7% did not meet dietary recommendation. Only 39.8% of students met all three recommendations, but 19.0% did not meet over two recommendations. Patterns that simultaneously did not meet two recommendations were: sedentary and dietary behavior in males (8.1%), and physical activity and dietary behavior in females (10.4%). Students who did not meet dietary recommendations were at greater risk of not meeting physical activity (OR 2.76; 95% CI 1.15 to 6.64), and sedentary behavior (OR 3.07; 95% CI 1.15 to 8.16) compared with students who did meet dietary recommendations. The findings of this study support not an independent behavior approach but a multiple behavior approach taking into account gender and interrelationships among the three behaviors.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.13-25
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• 2017

This study aims to analyze the impacts on self-regulated learning (SRL) and problem-solving (PS) competencies rather than learning achievement through the use of digital textbooks in the SMART learning environment. To achieve the objective, $3^{rd}$ and $4^{th}$ grade elementary and $1^{st}$ year middle school students were selected from 29 schools where the digital textbooks were utilized in the subjects of science in pilot schools in 2014. In this, One-Group Pretest-Posttest Designs were applied as a research method to analyze SRL and PS competencies. Additionally, the effect size of Cohen's d was presented in order to display the practical significance. The results showed the positive impacts on SRL and PS competencies, in spite of a small effect size of about 0.2 through the use of digital textbooks. ANCOVA was conducted to determine the difference in the impacts according to demographic variables. The results demonstrated that the difference in the impacts on both SRL and PS were statistically significant according to the grade and level. For SRL, both the elementary grade 4 and middle school students showed more significant differences than elementary grade 3. Moreover, for PS, the elementary grade 4 students showed the most significant difference.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.275-289
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• 2009

A new computerized testing system, called the Computerized Multiple-choice Testing (CMMT) system, was introduced. In this system, questions of multiple choice (MC) items are presented first without options, so that students must generate answers for themselves. They can click for the options when they are ready, and can respond within a brief, specified time period. The present study was performed to examine whether this system is effective in reducing backward reasoning, I. e., using the options of MC items as cues to find the correct answer. One hundred and seventy-seven 6th grade students (12 year olds) were divided into two groups so that mean scores from a prior test were equal: The experimental group took an intervening computerized test in the new format, and the control group in the MC format. Five days after the computerized intervening test, a short answer paper-and-pencil final test was given. Testing effect was greater in the new system than in the MC system. Analysis of the final test response in relation to the intervening test response showed that i) the students retained the correct answer in the new system more than in the MC testing system, and that ii) students corrected their previous failures in the intervening CMMT format more than those in the MC format. These results suggest that the new system is effective in reducing backward reasoning.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.133-144
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• 1997

Clothing is considered as a means of self-projection in the childhood and children show clear preference on their own favorite clothing on which their latent identity is reflected. Changing sex-role identity, in particular, in the modern complex society specially affects the clothing behavior of children. The purpose of this study is to investigate the clothing behavior of children in conjunction with sen-role identity and home environment variables. This study will provide fundamental information on the clothing behavior in the childhood and be of help in selecting appropriate clothing in accordance with the variation of sex-role identity. Necessary information for this study was obtained through a questionaire. 'Bem sex-role identity inventory' was used to investigate the effect of sex-role identity and the clothing behavior was studied in conjunction with the factors of conformity, dependence, aesthetics and interest. The subjects of investigation are composed of three hundred male and female elementary school students in the 5th and 6th grades. For the statistical analysis of the collected data, percentage(%), mean value(M), standard deviation(SD) and Pearson's correlation coefficient were calculated and t-test, $x^2$-test, and Duncan's multiple range test were performed. The results form this study are as follows : 1. Sex-role identity shows a little difference according to gender, order of a birth and standard of living. This small difference is shown to be statistically insignificant. 2. In clothing behavior in connection with the sex-role identity, statistically significant trend was not found in typical sex-role identity group. However, clothing behavior in modernistic sex-role identity group exhibits statistically significant results in the factors of dependence, aesthetics and interest at the level of P<.001. 3. As concerns the clothing behavior in connection with gender, boy students show statistically more significant tendency in aesthetics and interest than girls do. However, boy students show statistically more significant tendency in aesthetics than girls do in connection with the standard of living. Although the clothing behavior associated with the level of parents education, mother's age and existence of mother's job shows a little difference in mean values, statistically significant trend was not detected. 4. Clothing behavior of the children shows a meaningful correlation between the factors. 5. Through 3-dimensional variables analysis, it is found that there is no mutual interaction between gender, sex-role identity and standard of living on the clothing behavior. The results from MCA supplementary analysis reveal that there is difference according to the gender, sex-role identity and standard of living.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.947-956
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• 2012

This study aims to investigate both general dietary behaviors and clinical symptoms of diet related effects among fifth grade students at an elementary school in Ulsan Metropolitan City, and to categorize those relationships in terms of their comparative differences. The findings of this study are as follows. 1. Out of 694 students polled, 53.7% were of boys and 46.2% were girls with average age of $11.9{\pm}0.3$, average height of $145.1{\pm}6.8cm$, and average weight of $39.7{\pm}9.7kg$. Obesity in boys (5.5%) exceeded girls (3.9%) whereas children categorized as underweight showed girls (14.6%) slightly exceeded boys (10.4%). 2. Dietary behaviors were largely the result of four factors - unbalanced diet, balanced diet, protein and fruits and healthy dietary habits. Of these factors, protein and fruits ($4.04{\pm}1.03$) ranked first, balanced diet ($3.38{\pm}1.04$) second, healthy dietary habits ($3.04{\pm}1.01$) third and unbalanced diet ($2.23{\pm}0.6$) ranked last. 3. When Dietary behaviors were classified with four low ranking factors, they were divided into four types such as convenience (22.4%), good diet (24.7%), busy contemporary modern man (24.3%) and healthy dietary habits (26%). 4. Clinical symptoms include colds ($2.27{\pm}1.15$) followed by headaches ($2.17{\pm}1.19$), stomachaches ($2.16{\pm}1.15$), dizziness ($2.02{\pm}1.15$), atopic allergy ($1.95{\pm}1.30$), prevalence for cold sores ($1.86{\pm}1.07$), allergy ($1.65{\pm}1.05$), and constipation ($1.54{\pm}0.87$). 5. According to the results, clinical symptoms were divided into two groups - unhealthy (40.1%) and healthy (59.9%). 6. By analyzing the relationship between dietary behavior types and clinical symptom types, the convenience factor included slightly more of the unhealthy group (56.3%), whereas the good diet (71.1%), busy contemporary modern person (55.8%) and healthy dietary habits (69.7%) included more of healthy group (p<.001). Since the majority of students belonging to the unhealthy group had convenience dietary behavior, education about desirable dietary activities is needed for these students. In addition, nutrition information and information on possible clinical symptoms caused by nutritional imbalance should be provided for students and their households.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.14 no.12
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• pp.854-862
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• 2014

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) students' intellctual defects, learning problems, and poor academic achievements seem to be due to significantly lower intelligence compared to the normal students, but rather the characteristic of inability to pay attention at a given time can be seen as the more attributing reason. In this study, a comparison between the ADHD students and the normal students will be performed using a fMRI analysis in order to differentiate the brain function between the two groups during a working memory task performance and to assess the difference in the activated regions of the brain. Clinical survey examinations and fMRI measurements were performed for a group of 26 elementary students from the Incheon area. The stimulus of fMRI was a working memory. Cartography statistically analyzed parameters and the Statistical Package of Social Sciences using single-sample t-test, two-sample t-test, were analyzed by multiple regression analysis, the statistical significance level was p<0.05 in, respectively. The disproportionate developments could be seen in the ADHD students group such as the frontal cortex, parietal cortex, thalamus, and caudate nucleus, among others. In addition, as some students felt the increase in the difficulty of working memory task performance, the orbitofrontal cortex and the hippocampus were activated, which seems to be the result of an effort for looking for an answer. More types of ADHD students needs to be secured as research subjects, and more stimulations for fMRI experiments should be considered as it would be useful in the overall evaluation of brain function.

• Journal of The Korean Association of Information Education
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.649-659
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• 2005

A window presentation style, either tiled window or single page design, determines the spatial arrangement of information in a modern computer-based instructional design. This study investigates the interaction between spatial ability and window presentation style in terms of student's achievement of cognitive knowledge through Web-based instruction. Seventy-one students from the Falk School in Pennsylvania were pre-tested to determine their level of spatial ability, then randomly divided into two treatment groups in order to study a Web-based instructional unit on flowering plants. The Web-based instructional package was organized with either tiled window presentation or single page presentation. A posttest measured participants'acquisition of the instructional content. Posttest and spatial ability test scores were analyzed using multi-variate linear regression for the full sample (n=71) and three sub-samples: (a) 4th and 5th grade students only, (b) female students only, and (c) 4th and 5th grade female students only. The goals of the data analysis included the examination of (i) the correlation between spatial ability and posttest scores; (ii) the correlation between window presentation style and posttest score; and (iii) the interaction between spatial ability (aptitude) and presentation style (treatment).The data from all four sample groups showed a significant relationship between spatial ability and achievement of cognitive knowledge at the 1% level of significance. The aptitude-treatment interaction between spatial ability and style of window presentation was not significant in the full sample, but was significant in the sub-samples either at the 10% or 5% level. In neither the full sample nor any sub-sample data did window presentation style have an impact on average posttest score. In all analyses, the higher the level of spatial ability, the higher the posttest score. The sub-samples revealed that students with low spatial ability performed better with the tiled window presentation, while those with high spatial ability did better with the single page presentation. Neither window presentation style was shown to better foster learning by children of all levels of spatial ability.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.227-231
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• 2005

To provide basic data necessary to develop an efficient sealant project as a public oral health project, this study applied a sealant through a photodimerization method to first-graders from public primary schools in the Dong-gu Health Center in Incheon and conducted a survey on favor and knowledge of the sealant project with their parents and, consequently, obtained the following results. 1. 84.7% of the parents knew a sealant and most of them got the knowledge from a dental clinic (35.7%) or a school (31.6%). 2. A large majority of respondents (86.2%) were satisfied with sealant application; many parents (75.8%) checked for maintenance of the sealant; and 75.6% demanded reexamination after sealant application. 3. As factors associated with acceptance of a sealant, high recognition of a sealant, much experience of visiting a dental clinic, and parents' great concern about children's dental health were related to high sealant application. To put the results together, it is desirable to develop the sealant project by the Dong-gu Health Center in Incheon actively as a public oral health project.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.495-501
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• 2014

This study was conducted to investigate of effects of school dental clinic program by evaluating the oral health knowledge and the attitude subjected on the students who had experienced the program in Gimhae and Yangsan city. The subjects were a total of 780 students from 6 elementary dental clinics in Gimhae and Yangsan city from July 5 to 23, 2013. The average oral health knowledge level of students with operating program was 3.36 points, the average oral health knowledge level of students with non-operating program was 2.94 points, the average oral health knowledge level with operating school was higher than non-operating school (p<0.001). The more four times tooth brushing per day with operating school was 37.2%, the three times tooth brushing per day with non-operating school was 34.6%. The oral health knowledge level of students with operating school (odds ratio [OR]=1.58, 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.35~1.85) were significantly higher compared to non-operating school, but the number of tooth brushing times per day (OR=1.06, 95% CI=0.93~1.21) was not significant. There is a clear difference of oral health knowledge and attitude depend on whether the school dental clinic operating or not, because it has a positive effect on the attitude and knowledge for health prevention of students, it will be able to enhance the oral health promotion of the students through the program.