• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.39 no.9
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• pp.1295-1304
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to investigate the BMI, dietary behaviors, body satisfaction and factors affecting the weight control interest according to gender of middle school students (195 boys and 251 girls) in Wonju area. The average height and weight of the boys were $164.8{\pm}8.3\;cm$ and $55.5{\pm}12.3\;kg$ respectively. Those of the girls were $158.8{\pm}5.0\;cm$ and $48.7{\pm}7.4\;kg$ respectively. The average body mass index (BMI) of the boys and girls was 20.3 and 19.3 respectively. In both boys and girls, 69.7% of them had regular meals and the main reason for skipping meals was insufficient time to eat due to oversleeping (33.6%). Most of the subjects consumed snacks more than once a day (95.5%). The dietary intake attitude score of the girls ($35.08{\pm}5.91$) was higher than that of the boys ($33.81{\pm}5.45$) (p<0.01). The eating disorders score of the girls ($12.92{\pm}6.22$) was higher than that of the boys ($10.70{\pm}9.82$) (p<0.01). Also, 87.2% of the subjects showed normal behavior and 12.8% of the subjects had eating disorders, but there was no significant difference according to gender. The body satisfaction score of the boys ($30.16{\pm}5.08$) was higher than that of the girls ($28.00{\pm}5.52$) (p<0.001). In general, body satisfaction score correlated positively with dietary intake attitude score, but correlated negatively with eating disorders score (p<0.05). Multiple regression analysis revealed that body satisfaction score was the most significant variable which affected the weight control interest. Therefore, development of the nutrition education program for adolescents will be effective not only for the improvement of dietary behaviors but also for the positive change in the misleading perception about the ideal body shape.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.43-54
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• 2001

This study was to investigate the behavior related to health, food habits, food consumption pattern and nutrient intakes of female students who residing in dormitory(self cooking) according to BMI(Body Mass Index). This study was carried out by questionnaired on June, 2000. Three hundred nine students were answered. The results were as follows: 1. The means of height, weight and BMI were 162.37$\pm$4.36cm, 52.48$\pm$5.54kg and 19.89$\pm$1.89. Under 20 of BMI among students were 53.1% and 20-25 of BMI were 46.9% of students. 2. In the self recognition of body shape, 63.4% of under weight subjects answered that their weight were normal. 73.1% of normal weight regard themselves more obese than their actual body shape normally shows. 51.2% of under weight subjects had attempted to control their weight. This results suggest that their weight control attempts were unnecessary. 3. 81.4% of subjects were answered irregular meals regardless BMI. 89.6% of subjects skipped breakfast. The main reasons were due to lack of time or not to eat proper food. Under weight subjects had less snack than normal weight subjects did(p '||'&'||'lt; 0.05). Normal weight subjects had more bun and cake than under weight subjects(p '||'&'||'gt; 0.05). 4. The consumption of vegetables and fruits were low regardless BMI. Mean energy, protein, Fe, Vit A, B$_1$, B$_2$, niacin, Vit C were above 75% of RDA, except calcium, in subjects. This study suggest that a comprehensive nutrition education program is need for college student in dormitory to improve their eating habits about skipping meal and breakfast and to increase the consumption of vegetables and fruits.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.31 no.5 s.88
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• pp.525-534
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• 2001

Bone remodeling in response to force requires coordinated actions of osteoblasts, osteoclasts, osteocytes, and periodontal ligament cells. Coordination among these cells may be mediated, in part, by cell-to-cell communication via gap junctions. This study was designed to evaluate the expression of gap junction, connection 43 In periodontal tissue during the experimental movement of rat's incisors, by LSAB(labelled streptavidine biotin) immunohistochemical staining for connexin 43. Twenty seven Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into a control group(3 rats), and 6 experimental groups(24 rats) where 75g of force was applied from helical springs across the maxillary incisors. Rats of experimental groups were sacrificed at 12 hours, 1, 4, 7, 14 and 28 days after force application, respectively. And the tissues of a control group and experimental groups were studied immunohistochemically. The results were as follows : 1. In control group, the expression of connexin 43 was rare in gingiva, dentin, cementum, periodontal ligament, and bone cells. 2. In experimental group, the expression of connexin 43 was increased in pulp, periodontal ligament, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts, comparing to that in control. And it was rare in gingiva, dentin, and odontoblasts regardless of the duration of force application, which was not different from that of control group. 3. The expression of connexin 43 in pulp of experimental group began to increase in 4-day after force application and got to the highest degree at 7-day. And it decreased after 14-day to be similar to that of control group at 28-day. 4. The expression of connexin 43 in periodontal ligament was noted in small capillaries adjacent to alveolar bone, showing higher intensity of immunolabelling after 4-day And it was stronger in the pressure side than in tension side of periodontal ligament. After 7-day, decrease in connexin 43 expression was observed. 5. The expression of connexin 43 in alveolar bone began to increase 1-day, reached to the highest degree at 4-day, and decreased at 7-day. And the expression in osteoclasts was more than that in osteoblasts or osteocyte at 7-day.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.37 no.4 s.109
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• pp.436-447
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• 2004

Wetland plants have evolved specialized adaptations to survive in the low-oxygen conditions associated with prolonged flooding. The development of internal gas space by means of aerenchyma is crucial for wetland plants to transport $O_2$ from the atmosphere into the roots and rhizome. The formation of tissue with high porosity depends on the species and environmental condition, which can control the depth of root penetration and the duration of root tolerance in the flooded sediments. The oxygen in the internal gas space of plants can be delivered from the atmosphere to the root and rhizome by both passive molecular diffusion and convective throughflow. The release of $O_2$ from the roots supplies oxygen demand for root respiration, microbial respiration, and chemical oxidation processes and stimulates aerobic decomposition of organic matter. Another essential mechanism of wetland plants is downward water movement across the root zone induced by water uptake. Natural and constructed wetlands sediments have low hydraulic conductivity due to the relatively fine particle sizes in the litter layer and, therefore, negligible water movement. Under such condition, the water uptake by wetland plants creates a water potential difference in the rhizosphere which acts as a driving force to draw water and dissolved solutes into the sediments. A large number of anatomical, morphological and physiological studies have been conducted to investigate the specialized adaptations of wetland plants that enable them to tolerate water saturated environment and to support their biochemical activities. Despite this, there is little knowledge regarding how the combined effects of wetland plants influence the biogeochemistry of wetland sediments. A further investigation of how the Presence of plants and their growth cycle affects the biogeochemistry of sediments will be of particular importance to understand the role of wetland in the ecological environment.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.231-248
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• 1989

The growth and development of the metacercariae of F. seoulensis cultivated in vitro or on the chick chorioallantois were assessed by comparison with the optimum process of maturation in albino rats and new born chickens. The process of maturation was divided for convenience into six stages: Stage 1 ; cell multiplication, Stage 2; body shaping, Stage 3; separation of genital anlagen, Stage :1 organogeny, Stage 5; gametogony, and Stage 6: oviposition. In Hank's and Tyrode's .solutions, the metacercariae were alive up to 200 days or more at $4^{\circ}C$ without any development. The in vivo maturation process in rats or chicks was as follows: stage 1 from 6 hours; stage 2 from 24 hours; stage 3 from 48 to 72 hours; stage 4 from 3 to 4 days; stage 5 from 4 to 5 days; and stage 6 from 5 to 8 days. Despite unsuccessful infection of the metacercariae to 12 day old chicks, fully mature worms of stage 5 or 6 were recovered from new born chicks (1 to 2 days old), The metacercariae of F. seoulensis grown in vitro were up to stage 3 and no further maturation was observed. Of various media employed, the medium NCTC 109 (Gibco) or NCTC 135(Gibco) supplemented with 20% egg yolk or 20% whole egg macerate or 0.5% yeast was basically required for the earlier development of the fluke. It took 16.1 days(in average) to reach the stage 3 after cultivation. The metacercariae cultivated on the chorioallantoic membranes of 6∼13 day old chick embryo at 37∼38℃ showed their full development up to stage 5 or 6. However, the worms were in general remarkably retarded, compared with those grown in rats or chickens. In the experiments of worm transplant, although the transfer was failed from in vitro culture to in vivo of rats(Per os), the transplants from in vitro culture to the chorioallantois and from the choriollantois to in vivo of rat host were successful with or without development of the transferred worms. In the present study, it was observed that the metacercariae of F, seoulensis can be maintained in vitro media with poor development as well as fully matured in 1 to 2 day-old chicks or on the chorioallantois at a very low rate.