• 사물인터넷융복합논문지
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.59-68
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• 2021

본 연구는 소년원생들의 재비행 방지와 사회적응을 효과적으로 향상시키기 위하여 인성교육 차문화치료 프로그램을 개발하고자 한다. 사회적 개입을 통한 차문화치료 프로그램의 효과성을 검증하기 위하여 프로그램에 참여하기 전과 후 소년원생들의 자기효능감, 자기통제력, 대인관계 등의 사회적 특성 점수에 유의미한 차이가 나타났는지 분석하였다. B시 소재 소년원에서 수용생활을 하는 14세에서 17세 사이 소년원생들 10명을 연구대상의 실험집단으로 선정하였다. 소년원생 사회적 개입 인성교육을 위한 차문화치료 프로그램을 10회기 진행하였고, 그 결과 자기효능감은 사전 평균 2.37(SD 0.33), 사후 평균 2.49(SD 0.31)로 나타나 유의미한 차이를 보였으며(Z=-5.874, P=.000), 자기통제력은 사전 평균 2.06(SD 0.20), 사후 평균 2.16(SD 0.19)으로 나타나 유의미한 차이를 보였다(Z=-4.743, P=.001). 대인관계는 사전 평균 1.90(SD 0.32), 사후 평균 2.15(SD 0.21)로 나타나 유의미한 차이가 나는 것으로 확인되었다(Z=-5.892, P=.000). 이상의 결과들은 본 프로그램이 소년원생들의 자기효능감, 자기통제력, 대인관계 등의 사회적 특성 향상에 유의미한 효과가 있음을 보여주고 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서 개발된 소년원생 인성교육을 위한 차문화치료 프로그램은 향후 교정복지 현장뿐 아니라 다양한 유형의 청소년들을 위한 인성교육 프로그램으로 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

• 한국심리학회지 : 문화 및 사회문제
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.109-142
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• 2005

본 연구는 국내 범죄심리학(criminal psychology)의 학문적 정체성을 확립하기 위한 기초로 범죄심리학이 어떤 영역들을 연구해야 되는지를 탐색해 보았다. 이를 위해서 주로 심리학 분야와 심리학자들의 연구에 한정시켜 국내외 학자들의 범죄심리학에 대한 정의, 국내외 일부 범죄심리학 교재들의 주요 장과 그 구성내용, 그리고 범죄심리학과 연구영역들이 중첩되는 법정심리학(forensic psychology), 법심리학(legal psychology)의 국내외 일부 저술들의 주요 장과 내용들을 비교분석해 보았다. 또한 한국심리학회와 5개 분과학회 등 총 6개 학술지의 창간호부터 2004년 마지막 호 또는 2005년 1호까지에 게재된 논문들과 이들 학회들 중 일부 학회와 법심리학회에서 실시한 심포지움의 주제와 발표내용들을 중심으로, 범죄심리학의 연구영역과 연구주제에 포함될 수 있다고 판단되는 내용들을 범죄심리학의 이론적 기초와 응용의 두 차원에서 분류해 보았다. 이러한 분류된 내용들을 기초로 하고, 일반인이 범죄를 행하고, 처벌을 받고, 다시 사회인으로 복귀하는 전과정을 8개 과정으로 세분하여 각 과정에 상응하는 연구영역, 관련된 심리학의 분야, 그리고 범죄심리학의 하위 분야를 제시해 봄으로써 연구자가 상정하는 한국의 범죄심리학이 주로 다루어야 될 연구영역을 탐색해 보았다. 주요 연구영역으로 범죄심리학의 이론, 일반심리학적 이론, 공격성·분노·도덕성, 청소년 비행, 범죄동기와 범죄인 심리, 범죄피해자, 수사기법, 증언, 범죄자 평가·상담·교정·사회복귀, 범죄예측과 범죄예방 등을 제시했다. 끝으로 한국 범죄심리학의 학문적 발전을 위한 몇 가지 제언을 했다.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.117-128
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• 2002

목 적：10대 임신의 보다 정확한 역학적 접근을 위한 일련의 연구의 첫 단계로, 우선 의료 일선에서 10대 산모를 돌보고 있는 산부인과 전문의들을 대상으로 하여, 이들이 현장에서 인지하고 있는 10대 임신의 현황과 문제점 및 정신과 자문에 대해 파악코자 본 연구를 시행하였다. 방 법：10대 임신의 빈도, 특성, 출산과 중절의 결정과정, 산모 및 신생아의 산부인과적, 정신과적 문제점, 정신과 자문 필요성을 중심으로 한 구조화된 설문지를 작성하여 전국 2800명의 산부인과 전문의에게 우편으로 배포한 후 회수된 349명의 자료를 분석하였다. 결 과：(1) 10대 임신의 빈도는 약간 증가한다는 추세였으며, 10대 임신모가 처음 병원을 방문하는 시기는 임신초기와 중기가 가장 많았으며, (2) 임신의 원인으로는 강압적이나 난잡한 성 관계보다는 지속적인 성 관계 에 의한 우발적 임신이 가장 많았다. (3) 출산하게 된 원인은 임신중절시기를 놓쳐서가 가장 많았다. (4) 10대 임신모의 정신심리학적 문제로는 지능저하나 성폭행피해 보다는 성 지식의 부재나 비행소녀가 많았다. (5) 10대 임신모에 대한 상담 역할은 대부분 산부인과 의사 본인이 담당하였고 정신과전문의나 전문 상담인력과 연계하는 일은 비교적 드물었다. 대부분 정신과 자문의뢰 필요성은 느끼나 ‘보호자나 환자의 거부’때문에 현실적으로 어렵다고 하였다. (6) 10대 임신에 관한 가장 절실한 예방대책으로는 피임교육이라고 응답하였다. 결 론：본 연구의 결과를 토대로 추후 10대 임신모를 대상으로 한 체계화된 면담기법을 이용하여, 10대임신의 위험요인을 분명히 하고, 이들의 사회적응에 관련된 정신과적인 접근방안과 나아가 10대 임신의 예방방안에 관한 구체적인 연구가 산과의사와 연계하에 이루어져야 되리라 본다.고 지능 수치가 상대적으로 낮아 학습 및 학교 생활 적응에 어려움이 더 많을 것이므로 적극적인 치료개입이 필요할 것으로 생각되었다.모두 능력의 향상을 보였으나, 간섭이 있는 주의력 검사에서는 산소흡입군만이 유의한 호전을 보였다. 또한 처치 전후의 변화율((치료후값-치료전값)/치료전값 *100)을 계산하여, 산소군과 공기군 간의 통계적 유의성을 평가한 결과, 공기 흡입군에 비해 산소흡입군이 스트룹 검사의 간섭시행, 그리고, 선로잇기검사의 B부분의 수행에서 유의한 차이를 보여, 산소흡입이 전두엽의 수행능력과 관련된 주의력의 호전에 보다 유의한 기여를 할 가능성이 있음을 보여주었다. 2) 기억능력평가：16가지의 기억능력 평가 도구 소척도값 중에서, 산소흡입군은 흡입 전에 비해 11개의 소검사 항목들에서 보다 우수한 수행을 보여 주었고, 공기흡입군은 7개 영역에서 유의한 호전이 있었다. 처치전후의 각 소척도 값의 변화율을 계산하여, 산소군과 공기군 간의 통계적 유의성을 평가한 결과, 단기기억소척도의 점수에서만, 두 군간에 유의한 통계적 차이가 발견되었다. 결 론：주의력과 기억능력에 미치는 산소효과를 검증하기 위해, 대조군비교-이중맹검 임상실험을 실시하여, 반복검사로 인한 효과, 위약효과 등을 배제하였다. 그 결과 양쪽 검사 모두에서 어느 정도의 반복검사 및 위약효과가 확인되었으나, 주의력에서는 전두엽의 실행능력(executive function)과 관련되는 검사들에서 산소흡입이 특이한 효과를 보여준다는 것이 확인되었고, 기억능력에서는 단기기억능력 평가에서 산소흡입군이 대조군보다 유의한 효과를 보여주는 것으로 평가되었다. 이러한 연구결과는 산소흡입이 전두엽과 관련된 수행능력, 작동기억능력 향상에 도움이 될 가능성이 있음을 시사하는 결과라고 생각된다.증 1명(5%)이었다.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.26-45
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• 1992

본 연구는 약물의 작용기전이 각기 다른 methylphenidate와 imipramine을 투여하여 주의력결핍(注意力缺乏)${\cdot}$과잉운동장애(過剩運動障碍)(attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder : ADHD)아동에서 부모와 교사의 평정척도(平定尺度)로 행동변화를 그리고 신경심리학적검사(神經心理學的檢査)로 주의력(注意力)과 인지기능(認知機能)을 측정하여 두 약물이주는 영향이 행동영역(行動領域)과 인지기능(認知機能)에서 어떻게 다르게 나타나는 지를 비교검토해 본 것이다. 저자들은 미국정신의학회 정신질환 진단기준편람 개정3판(DSM-III-R)에 의거하여 주의력결핍(注意力缺乏)${\cdot}$과잉운동장애(過剩運動障碍)로 진단받은 생후 만 5년 6개월부터 12년 1개월사이의 남아 30명을 대상으로 이들의 임상적${\cdot}$의학적 특성을 조사하고, 지능검사를 포함한 신경심리학적검사(神經心理學的檢査)를 시행한 뒤, 부모(父母) 및 교사용(敎師用) 평정척도(評定尺度)로 이들의 행동을 평가하였다. 그리고 평가된 아동을 무작위로 15명씩 두 집단으로 나누어 각각 methylphenidate($0.5{\sim}0.6mg/kg)$와 imipramine(25${\sim}100mg$)을 경구투여(經口投與)하고, 투여 1개월후 및 2개월후에 각 1회씩 다시 부모와 교사들에게 같은 평정척도(評定尺度)로 이들의 행동을 평가시키고 아울러 지능검사(知能檢査)를 제외한 모든 신경심리학적검사(神經心理學的檢査)를 시행하였다. 그 결과를 보면 imipramine을 투여받은 아동들은 투여 1개월후 아동행동조사표(兒童行動調査表)(CBCL)의 외상성(外商性)과 과잉행동(過剩行動)${\cdot}$사회적위축요인(社會的萎縮要因)에서 호전을, 그리고 2개월후에는 학교상황질간지(學校狀況質間紙), 코너스씨(氏) 단축형 교사평정척도(短縮形 敎師平定尺度)(CATRS) 및 연속과제수행(連續課題遂行)(CPT)에서 호전을 보였다. 반면 methylphenidate를 투여받은 아동들은 투여 1개월후 부터 부모가 평가하는 코너스씨(氏) 단축형 부모평정척도(短縮形 父母平定尺度)(CAPRS), 아동행동조사표(兒童行動調査表) 및 연속과제수행(連續課題遂行)에서 호전을 보였고, 투여 2개월후에서도 같은 양상의 호전을 보였으며, 또한 아동행동조사표(兒童行動調査表)에서 외향성(外向性)은 물론 소통불능(疏通不能)${\cdot}$사회적위축(社會的萎縮)${\cdot}$과잉행동(過剩行動)${\cdot}$공격성(攻擊性)${\cdot}$비행요인(非行要因)에서도 호전양상을 보였다. 이와같은 결과는 이 두 약물이 모두 주의력(注意力)과 인지기능(認知機能)을 증진시키기는 하였으나, 보다 뚜렷한 변화는 methylphenidate 투여후에 볼 수 있었다. 특히 methylphenidate투여후 연속과제수행(連續課題遂行)에서 민감도(敏感度)와 반응오류수(反應誤謬數)의 호전이 있었으나 반응기준(反應基準)에는 변화가 없었다는 소견, 그리고 단기기억수행(短期記憶遂行)에서의 호전과 '같은 그림 찾기' 검사의 오류수(誤謬數)에서 변화가 없었다는 소견은 methylphenidate가 훈기요인(勳機要因)의 호전에 의한 이차적인 변화에 의한 것이 아니라 주의집중력(注意集中力)에 직접적으로 효과를 나타내는 것으로 해석할 수 있었다. 또한 이같은 소견으로 주의력결핍(注意力缺乏)${\cdot}$과잉운동장애환아(過剩運動障碍患兒)에서의 충동성(衝動性)은 이 장애의 중심증상이 아니거나, 이들 약물투여에 의해 호전되지 않거나, 호전의 측정에 문제가 있을 수도 있겠다. 마지막으로 주의력결핍(注意力缺乏)${\cdot}$과잉운동장애(過剩運動障碍)에서 과잉행동(過剩行動)과 주의력결핍(注意力缺乏)이 서로 다른 신경전달체계(神經傳達體系)를 통해서 나타날 가능성에 대해서도 논의하였다.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.139-152
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• 2002

연구 목적：ADHD 아동을 대상으로 DSM-Ⅳ 진단기준을 이용하여 세 아형으로 분류한 후, 임상적 특징과 신경심리학적 차이를 비교하고자 본 연구를 시행하였다. 방 법：연구는 1998년 7월부터 2001년 7월까지 주의력결핍 증상을 주소로 영남대학교 부속병원 정신과를 내원하여 ADHD로 진단된 6~15세 아동을 대상으로 하였고, 신경정신과적 공존질환이나 신경학적 이상이 있는 아동은 배제하여 총 404명으로부터 자료를 얻었다. DSM-Ⅳ 진단기준을 사용하여 아형으로 분류하였고, ADHD-C형이 234명(57.9%), ADHD-Ⅰ형이 156명(38.6%), ADHD-HI형이 14명(3.5%)이었다. 평균 연령은 9.63±2.49세였다. 약물치료 시작 전에, 정신병리평가, 지능 평가, 행동증상평가, 신경심리학적 실행기능에 대해 각각 평가를 하였다. 평가도구로는 정신병리를 평가하기 위해 한국아동인성검사(K-PIC)를, ADHD행동증상을 평가하기 위해 4종의 설문지형 평가도구인 한국판 주의력결핍장애 평가척도-가정판(ADDES-HV), ADD-H comprehensive teacher’s rating scale(ACTeRS), 한국형 소아기 집중력 문제척도(CAP)와 SNAP을 이용하였다. 지능은 K-ABC와 KEDI-WISC로 평가하였고, 주의력 및 실행기능검사는 Conner의 연속수행검사(CPT), 위스콘신분류검사(WCST), 정지신호검사(SST)를 사용하였다. 결 과：세 아형 별 비교에서 ADHD-C형이 가장 많았고 ADHD-Ⅰ, ADHD-HI 순 이었다. 아형간 남녀성별에 따른 유병율 차이는 보이지 않았다. 연령은 ADHD-Ⅰ형이 가장 높았다(p<.001). 정신병리평가에서 비행 과잉행동 정신증 점수는 ADHD-C형과 ADHD-HI형이 ADHD-Ⅰ형보다 높게 나타났고(p<.05), ADHD-C형에서 가족관계의 문제와 자폐증 점수가 ADHD-Ⅰ형보다 높게 나타났으며(p<.05), 자아탄력성 점수는 ADHD-Ⅰ형 보다 낮았다(p<.05). 불안, 우울, 신체화 증상은 세 아형간 차이를 보이지 않았다. 아형별 행동증상측정 결과 ADHD-C형이 ADHD-Ⅰ형보다 주의력결핍, 과잉행동, 충동성 점수가 더 높게 나타났다(p<.05). 단, 교사가 평가하는 ACTeRS에 의한 결과는 ADHD-HI형에서 주의력 결핍 증상과 과잉행동점수가 더 높았다(p<.05). 아형간 지능의 비교에서는 K-ABC를 이용한 평가에서 ADHD-HI 형이 순차처리항목과 계산능력에서 유의하게 높았고(p<.05), KEDI-WISC를 이용한 평가에서는 ADHD- HI형은 대상수가 소수여서 비교할 수 없었으며, ADHD-C형과 ADHD-Ⅰ형 사이에 유의한 차이는 보이지 않았다. CPT, WCST, SST를 이용한 신경심리학적 실행기능의 비교에서 아형간 계량적인 차이는 있었으나 통계적으로 유의한 차이는 보이지 않았다. 결 론：결론적으로 ADHD 세 아형은 임상적으로 뚜렷한 차이를 보였지만, 실행기능상 유의한 차이를 발견할 수 없었다. 향후 보다 잘 고안 된 연구와 발달중인 아동에 적절한 신경심리 평가 도구의 개발을 통해 결과를 보완해야 할 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국학교보건학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.171-187
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• 1998

In recent years, adolescent issues including smoking, drinking, drug abuse, juvenile delinquency, deviant sexual behavior, mental health problems, high suicide rate, juvenile delinquency and absence without due notice, etc are emerging as serious social problems and the debate on these controversial issues is heating up. The previous studies on adolescent health behavior and social juvenile delinquency such as run-away from home and absence without due notice have been conducted mostly by cause analysis utilizing social demographic factors or biological factors. In other words, the main factors analyzed were demographic and economic factors or parent's educational level, etc, which were the fixed environmental ones that were unable to cause the change in the health behavior. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to analyze factors which are changeable and fixable among the factors influencing the adolescent's health behavior and misconducts and, eventually influencing factors which can be used as the basis to establish health policies and health promotion program to reduce the health risk behavior and misconducts of adolescents. The study subjects were selected by dividing senior high school student in Seoul by region and through random sampling. The 890 subjects were selected from 10 schools including the preparatory school, vocational schools and institutional schools. The duration of the study was for July 1-5, 1997 for the first survey and the second one, for August 25-September 10. Regarding the analysis method, the SAS program was used. The adoptablity of theoretical model was tested through covariance structural analysis utilizing PC-LISREL 8.12 Program. The major findings of the study are as follows: As a result of establishing the model of factors influencing health behavior and juvenile delinquency, in case of male students as the health behavior self-efficacy, education level of fathers, economic level, self-control and the health interest of parent were higher, students were more likely to practice the health promoting behavior. Juvenile delinquency and health risk behavior were prevalent among those with the less shyness, the lower health behavior self-efficacy, lower self-control, lower self-assertiveness, lower economic level. The self-control was the most powerful factor. In case of female students, those with higher health behavior self-efficacy were more likely to practice the health promoting behavior whereas those with lower health behavior self-efficacy, lower self-control, lower self- assertiveness, less shyness were more likely to practice health risk behavior and juvenile delinquency. In case of prep schools, those with higher health behavior self-efficacy and better perceived health status were more likely to practice the health promoting behavior while those with less shyness, lower health behavior self-efficacy and lower academic achievement were more likely to engage in health risk behavior and juvenile delinquency. In case of vocational schools, as health behavior self-efficacy and economic level were higher, the practice rate of health promoting behavior was higher. As the self-control, shyness, self-assertiveness, health behavior self-efficacy were lower, the rate of health risk behavior and juvenile delinquency were higher. In case of social institutional schools, as, the health behavior self-efficacy, social support and economic level, health interest of parents were higher, the rate of health promoting behavior were higher. As the self-control, shyness, self-assertiveness, health behavior self-efficacy and social support were lower, the rate of health risk behavior and juvenile delinquency were higher. So the health promoting behavior was positively related to the health behavior self-efficacy, health interest of parents, social support, education level of fathers, level of perceived health status, economic level. The health risk behavior and juvenile delinquency were higher with the lower health behavior self-efficacy, self-control and self-assertiveness, lower health locus control, less shyness and loneliness, lower economic level and academic achievement. In conclusion, the health risk behavior and juvenile delinquency can be reduced by enhancing self-control, self-assertiveness, health behavior self-efficacy and social support. According to the final model drawn by connecting health behavior and juvenile delinquency, the reduction of health risk behavior can greatly contribute to decreasing social juvenile delinquency as the process of juvenile delinquency was extended from common behaviors to problem behaviors and further into juvenile delinquency.

• 보건교육건강증진학회지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.37-58
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• 2001

This study placed its objectives in suggesting the basic data for setting up an approach to protect the educational environment, by analyzing the relevance between the misconducts of adolescence and the harmful environment around the school, as an object of study, middle school students and high school students all over the country. Thus, this study carried out the questionnaire survey, by the multi-stage of stratified sampling in 2,114 middle school and high school students from June 29, 2000 through July 29, 2000. And the results of analysis were as follows: 1. In case of the ratio of students using harmful environment, the electronic game room had the highest ratio (78.3％); next, the PC room (75.6％), the singing room (71.6％), and the cartoon room (34.3％). 2. In terms of the experiences of using the harmful environment according to the personal characteristics, high school students used it in a higher ratio, compared with middle school students (p〈0.001); the students, whose father graduated from a high school, comparatively used it much more(p〈0.05). Also, when a school is located near to amusement quarters or shopping centers, students used the harmful environment most highly (p〈0.001). And the differences were found to be statistically significant. 3. In case of the perceived susceptibility factors, the harmful environment was found to be used in lower ratio, by the students who answered “very so” to the question item, The more harmful environment facilities are positioned around school, the more student have the opportunities to use them. (p〈0.001). That is, the findings showed that the higher students' degree of perceived susceptibility factors was the less students used harmful environment facilities. The differences were statistically significant. In terms of the ratio of using harmful environment according to perceived seriousness factors, it was founded out that the students, who answered, “If I use any harmful environment facilities, it will be very harmful to myself.”. had the less opportunities of having used them, compared with the students who did not answer so (p〈0.001). This indicated that the higher the degrees perceived seriousness of students, the less they used harmful environment facilities. And the differences were statistically significant. In the side of the ratio of using harmful environment according to the perceived barriers, it was found out that there were any special large differences. That is, perceived barriers had nothing to do with students' using harmful environment. 4. As the result of having analyzed the factors influencing the behaviors of using harmful environment, the factor to explain the behaviors of using harmful environment was found to be the degree of perceived seriousness, among individual perceiving factors; next, the location of a school - one of personal characteristics, the degree of perceived susceptibility and ages, m sequence. 5. Among students' misconduct experiences, drinking was highest (21.6％), next, smoking (11.9％), drug abuse (4.3％), and sexual relations (1.6％), In sequence. Among other problematic behaviors, excessive waste was highest (14.6％); next, disobedience and lie (10.7％), night wandering (7.8％), and bad dressing and making-up (5.5％), in sequence. 6. In terms of the misconducts according to the behaviors of using harmful environment, compared with the students who did not commit any misconducts, harmful environment facilities were used more highly, by each group of students who experienced drinking (p〈0.00l), smoking (p〈0.001), sexual relations (p〈0.05), excessive waste (p〈0.001), disobedience ＆ lie (p〈0.001), and bad dressing ＆ making-up (p〈0.05). And the differences were statistically significant.

• 지역사회간호학회지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.347-367
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to investigate drug abuse and to find related factors among high school students. The subjects for this study were 973 students from 10 high schools in Taegu city. The data were collected from September 30, 1996 to October 30, 1996. The questionnaire developed by Kim Soyoaja (1991) surveyed adolescent drug use and questions on smoking and drinking were readjusted and added by the researcher based on review. The data was analyzed using frequency, percentage, $X^2-test$, t -test, Pearson Correlation Coefficient with the SPSS /PC+. The results of this study were summarized as follows: 1. The proportion of students who drank alcohol 1-2 times or more per year was 52.4% and smoked Cigarette 1 -2 times or more per year was 20.8%. The 7 different drugs(Analgetics 5.7%. sleeping pills and sedatives 4.2%, antihistamines 1.1%. stimulants 7.7%, hallucinogens 0.8%, inhalants 3.3%, and narcotics 0.6%) were also evaluated. 2. There was a significant relationship between drinking and type of school($X^2$=62.97, p<.0l), grades($X^2$=33.86, P<.001), school life($X^2$= 19.04, p<.001), and delinquent friends($X^2$= 64.72, P<.001). 3. There was a significant relationship between smoking and type of school($X^2$=153.65, p<.001), grades ($X^2$=67.53, p<.001), their respect for teachers ($X^2$=33.80, p<.001) school life($X^2$ =50.87, p<.001), and delinquent friends($X^2$ =85.28, p<.001). 4. There was a significant relationship between the 7 different kinds of drug abuse and type of school ($X^2$=14.65, p<.01), grades($X^2$=12.89, p<.01), their respect for teachers ($X^2$=8.46, p<.05), and delinquent friends($X^2$=22.42, p<.001). 5. There was a significant relationship between a parent's habitual drug abuse and the 7 different kinds of drug abuse($X^2$=7.78, p<.01), as well as a parent's attitude toward drugs and the 7 different kinds of drug abuse($X^2$=6.33, p<.05). 6. There was a significant difference between drinking(t=-12.53, p<.001), smoking(t=-15.98, p<.001), the 7 different kinds of drug abuse(t=-5.77, p<.001), and the respondant's delinquent experience. 7. There was a correlation between drinking and smoking(r=.4166, p<.001), drinking and the 7 different kinds of drug abuse(r=.2200, p<.001), smoking and the 7 different kinds of drug abuse(r=.1428, p<.05). There was a correlation between drinking and smoking(r=.5977, p<.001), drinking and the 7 different kinds of drug abuse(r=.2849, p<. 001), smoking and the 7 different kinds of drug abuse(r=.1711, p<.05) among male students. There was a correlation between drinking and smoking(r=.4219, p<.001), drinking and the 7 different kinds of drug abuse(r=.2611, p<.001), smoking and the 7 different kinds of drug abuse(r=.1764, p<.001) among female students. 8. There was a correlation between drinking and family stability(r=.0709, p<.05) drinkry and parent -child relationships (r=.1321, p<.01), drinking and mother's rearing attitude(r=.0704, P<.05), smoking and parent -child relationships(r=.0813, P<.05). There was a correlation between drinking and family stability(r=.14S7, p<.01), drinkng and parent-child relationships(r=.2147, p<.001), smoking and family stability(r=.1544, p<.01), smoking and parent. -child relationships (r=. 2018, P<.01) among male students. There was a correlation between drinking and family stability(r=.1l21, p<.05), drinking and mother's rearing attitude (r=.0988, P<.05), smoking and parent -child relationships (r=. 0940, P<.05) among female students. 9. There was a significant difference between the 7 different kinds of drug abuse and family stability (t=2.23, p<.05), parent-child relationships (t=4. 34, p<.001), satisfaction with family (t=4.02, p<.001), father's rearing attitude(t=3.04, p<.01), mother's rearing attitude(t=2.87, p<.01). The distribution channel of drugs including alcohol beverages and cigarettes should be evaluated and restructured to discourage student's temptation and to limit accessibility. The step by step preventive teaching on alcohol drinking and cigarette smoking is needed from middle school to help prevent further drug abuse.

• 한국인구학
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.54-66
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• 1988

I. Introduction Since the 1970's drug abuse among young people has increasingly become a social problem in Korea. In the 1980's, drug abuse, especially glue sniffing, has become the cause of many unfortunated incidents resulting in harm to others as well as the abusers themselves. Taking into consideration of the seriousness of this problem, the Republic of Korea National Red Cross initiated a nation-wide research programme, to understand the present situation and to raise the level of public awareness. The goal of this research was to begin a nation - wide campaign against drug abuse. The research team was composed of the Advisary Committee members and the staff of the Youth Department of the Republic of Korea National Red Cross. The data were collected in February 1988 with the collaboration of the staff and volunteers in the local Chapters. The respondents were allocated nation-wide by the quota sampling method. The questionnaires were distributed to the respondents in three groups :2, 700 to junior and senior high school students, 605 to working youths, and 916 to delinquent youths. A total of 4, 221 questionnaires were collected. II. Characteristics of the Respondents The respondents in each group were selected evenly from rural and urban areas. The general characteristics of the respondents can be described as follow: in case of students, the proportions between male and female respondents, and between senior high school and junior high school students were almost evenly distributed. In case of working youths, the proportion of females (80.5%) was higher than those of the students and the delinquents groups. Delinquent youths were defined as those currently being under custody of the centers for juvenile delinquents. Of this number, 38.8% and 68.2% were junior and senior high school drop-outs respectively. The majority of them (92.6%) were male. As for the family background of the respondents, the proportion of those residing in poverty - stricken areas, and the proportion of those from broken families were higher in case of working youths and delinquent youths than those in case of students. III. Present Patterns of Drug Abuse The following summarizes the presents of drug abuse, as tabulated from the results of the survey. 1. Smoking The percentage of youths who smoke was 36% in the student group, 32% m the working youths group, and 94.4% in the delinquent youths group. 2. Alcohol 50.3% of students, 71.6% of working youths, and 93.3% of delinquent youths has experienced drinking alcohol beverages. 3. Tonic: non - alcoholic, caffeinated beverages popular in Korea and Japan The percentage of those who have used tonic at least once was over 90% in all of the three groups. 4. Sedative About 70% of each group has used sedative with the proportion of working youths use higher than those in other groups. 5. Stimulants Those who have used stimulants comprised around 15% in each group. 6. Tranquilizers Somewhat less than 5% of students and working youths, and 28% of delinquent youths, have used tranquilizers. 7. Hypnotics The users of hypnotics amounted to 0.4% of students, 2.6% of working youths and 7.1% of delinquent youths. 8. Marihuana Those who have used marihuana indicated 0.7% of students, 0.8% of working youths, and 13% of delinquent youths. 9. Glue-sniffing The percentage of glue-sniffing was 3.7%, 5% in the students group and in the youths group respectively, but the proportion was unusually high, at 40.7% in the delinquent youths group. From the results of the survey the present situation of drug abuse in Korea can be summarized as follows: 1. A high percentage of Korean youths have experienced smoking cigarettes and drinking alcoholic beverages. 2. Tonics (non - alcoholic, caffeinated beverages), antipyretic analgesics and stimulants quite regularly used. 3. Tranquilizers, hypnotics, marihuana and glue-sniffing are more widely used among delinquent youths than the other youths. From this fact, there exists a correlation between drug abuse and juvenile delinquency. IV. Time-series Analysis of the First Experience of Drug Abuse and Deviant Behaviour The respoundents were asked when they were first exposed to drugs and when they committed deviant acts. By calculating the average age of each experience, the following pattern was found (See Figure 1). Youths are first exposed to drugs by abuse of tonic(non - alcoholic, caffeinated beverages). At the age of 13, they amoke cigarettes, the use of antipyretic analgesics begins at 14 year old, while at the age of 15, they use tranquilizers, and at 16 hynotics. The period of drug abuse which starts from drinking caffeinated beverages and smoking cigarettes and ends in the use of hypnotics takes about three years. During this period, other delinquent behaviours begin to surface, that is, at the age of 13 when smoking cigarettes begins, the delinquent behaviour pattern starts with truancy. Next, they start taking money from others by using physical force. Prior to the age of 15, they are suspended from school, become hostile to adults, begin running away from home, and start using stimulants and alcohol. Soon they become involved even in glue-sniffing and in the use of marihuana. At the age of 15, they begin to see adult videos and carry weapons. Sexual promiscuity and usage of tranquilizers follows the viewing of adult videos. Consequently, by the time they reach the age of 16, they visit drinking establishments, and are picked up by police for committing delinquent acts. And finally, they come to use hypnotic - type drugs. From the above descriptions, drug abuse can be assumed to have a close correlation with delinquent behaviour. V. Social Factors Related to Drug Abuse As for the Korean youths, glue-sniffing is found to he related to aggressive delinquency, in such cases as run - aways, being picked up by the police, and taking money by force. Smoking cigarettes and drinking alcohol is found to be related to seeing adult videos and visiting drinking establishments. Hypnotics and marihuana were found to be representive of drugs which are related to degenerational delinquency, irrespective of social delinquency. The social factors connected with these drug abuse are as follows: 1. Individual factors Male students were more heavily involved in the usage of drug than females. Youths who do not attend church were more likely to be involved in drugs than those who attend. 2. Family factors The youths who were displeased with their mothers smoking and those who thought their parents did not love each other, or those whose parents had used drugs without prescription, were more likely to he drug users. 3. School factors Those youths who found school life boring, were unsuccessful in their studies, spend most of their time with friends, feel their teachers smoke too much, those who had a positive perception of their teachers smoking were likely to he drug users. To sum up, drug abusers depend on the influence of their parents, teachers and peers. IV. Reasons for Drug Abuse Korean students have mainly used drugs to release stress (42.8%), to stay awake (19.7%), and because of the easy accessibility of drugs( 16.6%). Other reasons are due to their ignorance of the side effects of the drugs (3.6%), natural curiosity (4.2%), and to increase strength(3.O%). From the above facts, the major reasons for drug abuse among Korean youths are to release stress and to stay awake in order to prepare exams. Furthermore, since drugs are readily available, we can conclude that drug abuse is caused by the school system(such as entrance exams) in Korea. VII. Conclusion Drug usage among Korean youths are relatively less common than those of western youths. In some cases, such as, glue-sniffing and use of stimulants, the pattern of drug abuse is found. Moreover, early drug abuse is evident, and it has a close connection with deviant behaviour, resulting in juvenile delinquency. Drug abuse cannot be attributed to any one social factor. Specifically, drug abuse depends on parents, peers, teachers and other members of the community, and also is influenced by social institutions such as the entrance exam system. Every person and organization concerned with youth must participate collectively in restraining drug abuse. Finally, it is suggested that social agencial working for youth welfare should make every effort to tackle this serious problem confronted by the Korean youths today.