• The Journal of Korean Philosophical History
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• no.32
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• pp.185-213
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• 2011

This thesis is studing Kim Chi-in's Life and Confucianism-Buddhism-Taoism-Unity of Namhak lind on Jinan in Junbuk. He combined thought of Confucianism-Buddhism-Taoism and drawed up religious doctrine, after spotting internal and external troubles of nation. Kim Chi-in was influenced by Lee Un-gyu's thought of Confucianism-Buddhism-Taoism-Unity. He spoke with emphasis of Tao in doctrine through religious experience. The root of Tao originates in heaven. Although Tao was divided according to Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism for the human's aspect of thought, it is ultimately the one. In time on explaining the one, he invoked 'eum(陰)', 'yang(陽)', 'che(體)'와 'yong(用)' as concepts of Neo-Confucianism. This ididn't incline to one side of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism. While he spoke with emphasis on Confucianism's ethics of 'yang' and 'yong' with Buddhism and Taoism's divine of 'eum' and 'che' as the center, he want to find pivot of thought. He especially seeked Younggamu(詠歌舞) of sing and dancing on training mind and body. This was that he let the people and scholars in retirement demand realization of Tao and aim at real virtue. The study of Kim Chi-in's thought and religion of Confucianism-Buddhism-Taoism-Unity will be an opportunity look around his identity for the traditional native thought and universality.

• The Journal of Korean Philosophical History
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• no.54
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• pp.43-75
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• 2017

This paper is to examine how Joseon intellectuals understood $g{\check{u}}$(古) and $j{\bar{i}}n$(今) and how its history consequently changed. It is to take a macroscopic view focusing on differences of different schools. Understanding of '$g{\check{u}}$' and '$j{\bar{i}}n$' directly and indirectly affected academia, art and even politics throughout Joseon dynasty. As different scholars and schools distinctively understood $g{\check{u}}$ and $j{\bar{i}}n$, issues of tradition and creation; conservatism and progressivism and; ideal and reality were deeply discussed. Those discussions greatly and historically contributed to making changes in politics and society as well. A cultural tradition of emphasizing '$g{\check{u}}$' took a deep root in overall Joseon society. Meanwhile, understanding of '$j{\bar{i}}n$(今)' or '$x{\bar{i}}n$(新)' was required with changes of times. as When people thought the reality is confusing or corrupt, they adopted restoration(復古) which means to go back to basis as the slogan. Awareness in $g{\check{u}}$ and $j{\bar{i}}n$ served as a drive to change the society. However, they never lifted their voices for '$j{\bar{i}}n$' or '$x{\bar{i}}n$,' abandoning '$g{\check{u}}$'. Criticism on '$g{\check{u}}$' was merely for criticizing being bound by '$g{\check{u}}$,' not targeting '$g{\check{u}}$' itself. '$J{\bar{i}}n$' actually was a dependent variable of '$g{\check{u}}$.' It is a dichotomous view to consider '$g{\check{u}}$' as conservatism and '$j{\bar{i}}n$' as progressivism.

• The Journal of Korean Philosophical History
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• no.29
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• pp.203-230
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• 2010

This article is aimed for to state the rationality of Mojia and reveal the scientific meaning in the theories related to the motion of objects in Mojing: the basic approach to the principle of gravitation in building castle, and comprehension and application of the principle in the lever devised for improving productivity as well as in an inclined plane. It is denied in this article that the technical advance and the positive influence on the people is achieved by Mojias only because they were occupied in the filed of craft. Mojia was one of the schools of Qin in the early stage who realized how important science wass for the better society focused on humanity. Furthermore, they were the frontiers who pursued the proper society through science. Therefore, the scientific theories claimed by Mojia is not emphasized only on the deducting regularity of nature. Instead, it could be theorized only by guaranteeing the welfare for common people and having close relation to it. The Chinese philosophy in the early Twentieth century had vigorous interest in the Mojia's opinions in science and set about conducting study in this part. Based on the study, it was revealed that the Mojia's opinion toward motion is superior to that of the West. Furthermore, it was proved to reflect the main idea in Mojia: the love for common people. Particularly, the theories from Mojia can be so applicable to today's life that some scholars regret the lack of interest in Mojia for the time and even scold themselves for the retarded progress in science of China.

• Journal of Science and Technology Studies
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• v.1 no.1 s.1
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• pp.29-50
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• 2001

When 'rational' is understood to be 'complying with the principles of reason', we can discern two kinds of rationality---one is what may be called 'instrumentally rationality', which is involved in achieving an already fixed goal most effectively, and the other 'goal-directed' rationality, which we should have recourse to in finding out the desirable goals. The critical situations in the age of science is thought to be closely related with the fact that the 'goal-directed' rationality has been discarded as nonsensical. The goal-directed rationality was dealt a severe blow in the latter part of the last century, when the rationality of science was challenged by the scientific relativists. This paper investigates the possibility of making sense of the goal-directed rationality in the modern age of science.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute Of Construction Engineering and Management
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• autumn
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• pp.91-96
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• 2002

Research and case study on implementing Knowledge Management (KM) in various fields have been published. However, KM could be misunderstood as developed Information Technology (IT) rather than a managerial tool to support knowledge creation in an organization unless the theoretical background on the evolution of KM is rigorously considered. This paper aims to review philosophy of science and managerial trends that can explain the reasons for introducing KM into the industry. Based on this theoretical background, Soft Systems Method (SSM), one of method to facilitate knowledge flows, are explained. SSM has been developed to cope with the characteristics of knowledge distinguished from data and information. Further research topics relevant to SSM in construction management as a practical application and educational tool are presented.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.119-129
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• 2012

Yongdoseo and Guimunwon are described in "Bokgeo(卜居, fixabode)" of "Sanlimkyengje(山林經濟)" written by Manseon Hong. This record is a unique garden conceptual idea applying the principles of Hetu(河圖) and Luoshu(洛書), fanciful gardens which have not been actually constructed. Here, two garden types were concretely described respectively, however the underlying meaning therein cannot be apprehended without exact understanding about Sangsu studies. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to illuminate the meaning contained in Garden illustration and the historical meaning of landscape therein through considering this text. To achieve the purpose of this study, the writer and the compiler who are the background of this writing and the outline of Sangsu studies were investigated. Also, the principles of Saengsu(生數), Seongsu(成數), Yin Yang(陰陽), Four Bodies(四象), Palgwedo(八卦圖), etc. which are in Hetu and Luoshu were considered. The result of this study went through this research process is summarized as follows. First, Hetu Luoshu are conceptual definitions which wholly abstracted the basic propositions of Sangsu philosophy such as the universe change principle, etc., while Yongdoseo and Guimunwon can be said to be operational definitions which apply those as garden composition principle, enabling to experience the meaning contained therein concretely and explain it in a replicable way. This attempt is a unique example, unprecedented in Chinaas well. Second, as a livingspace, garden was selected as a means to concretize operational definitions about the meaning of Hetu Luoshu, and as the property to reproduce the bearings concept, the location and the number, etc. of Hetu Luoshu, Taegukjeong(太極亭), Shipjagak(十字閣), Dondae(墩臺), well, pond as well as various kinds of trees were used. Third, the main motif of Yongdoseo and Guimunwon is the relation between Apriority(先天) and Posterior(後天), and the relation between Constitution(體) and Use(用) of Hetu and Luoshu respectively. That is, Yongdoseo planted evergreen trees such as Shipjangcheong(十長靑) in order to symbolize the universe creation principle which Hetu stands for, i.e. silent, harmonious, orderly and win-win image. In Guimunwon, flowering trees(花木) and fruit trees(果木) were planted freely to express the change of Posterior which Luoshu stands for, thatis, dynamic, disharmonious, disorderly, incompatible(相剋) and changing image. The effects intended to be attained through such planting were, 'freshness and cheerfulness(淸爽)' of Yongdoseo and 'splendidness' of Guimunwon respectively. Sangsu studies based on Hetu and Luoshu is a unique thinking system to the Orient which came from the accumulated wisdom of several scholars from various schools through a long period since ancient times. Therefore, the concept and the theory thereof are profound and huge, and its viewpoints of interpretation are diverse. It is a limit of this study that more in-depth and various consideration was not performed. As a further research project, more empirical study of Orientalism such as Sangsu studies, etc. inherent in Traditional Garden is necessary.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.100-119
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• 2016

The concept of "original form" and the principle of "maintaining the original form" take center stage in conservation, management, and promotion of the domestic heritage. Introduced in the 20th century, there were little discussion or deliberation about the concept of "original form" therefore it remains a vague and somewhat abstract notion subject to individual interpretation. Without a specified practical meaning, "maintaining the original form" became the fundamental principle for heritage conservation and management in the 1999 version of the Cultural Heritage Protection Act, engendering difficulties in applying the principle in practice. Conceived as an important first step toward resolving the issues stemming from the indistinct concept of "original form," this paper explores the process through which the concept was introduced to Korea and then established and developed as a legal principle for heritage conservation, management, and promotion. While the examination of the related documents and various cases shows that the development of the concept of "original form" has centered on specific periods and architectural styles, this essay explicates that the notion "original form" is commonly used as a term referring to the form at the earliest possible temporality. It also explains that this view emanates from perceiving heritages not as multivalent objects, but as a material object that exclusively carries aesthetic and, more importantly, historical value, and that comes from the history awareness of the times. This essay suggests that the concept "original form" should be reestablished with full consideration of the diverse values of heritage and diverse forms through which heritage can be expressed. After reviewing the feasibility and practicality of the concept a set of concrete guidelines should be presented for application in practice.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.17 no.11
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• pp.475-482
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• 2019

Analyzing the inner meaning and expression of philosophy by analyzing the composition, symbolic expression, and style of the film with high artistic perfection, which contains the spirit of the times, considers human beings through society and history, and raises awareness of life and the present generation. It will be a very meaningful and valuable study in film as art. The movie 'Rome' was cut into the rest of the public's mind by being tempered, hidden and omitted, and the color was black and white. Many aesthetic attempts can be found through symbolic images expressing the ironic message of maid's daily life as a race, capital, socially oppressed history. It can be seen that he expresses his own authorism visual language by drawing symbolic expressions through many contrasts and symbolic expressions through objects. The analysis of commercial films containing these artistic values is expected to help in the future production as a measure of the progress of art films and precedents of authorism expression techniques.

• Journal of Naturopathy
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.56-65
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• 2021

Purposes: This study is to examine the causes of limitations of modern western science and philosophy through Ayurvedic thought, and to seek the path of holism for the development of national healing projects. Methods: Therefore, it was inferred that the background of modern Western civilization and the reality of the national healing project would share the flow. In order to examine this, the difference between the East and West's 'recognition of the body and the mind' and the 'perspective on the origin of existence' was examined, and the characteristics of the Ayurvedic five-element novel were examined. Results: Through that process, the "mind and body dualism" in the West and the absence of the "empty element( 空 Śunya)" in Western four-element novels were pointed out as the cause of the limitations. In the sense that the 'empty element' is an invisible world and an immaterial world, it was concluded that the absence of justice was a limitation of Western civilization and a problem of the reality of the national healing project. Conclusions: I hope that this study will lead to continuous research on Ayurvedic ideology and research in the field of natural healing, thus contributing to the development of national healing projects and leading to health, well-being, and self-healing of the people.

• Journal of Korean Philosophical Society
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• v.129
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• pp.141-166
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• 2014

Xìng $sh{\grave{a}}n$(性善) theory of Mencius combined xìng(性) that means physical characteristic of human together $sh{\grave{a}}n$(善) that means moral value or moral behavior. Therefore in other to verify the meaning of xìng $sh{\grave{a}}n$(性善) we need to analysis human nature in Psychology and moral norm in Ethics simultaneously. And that necessity justified Moral Psychological approach to xìng $sh{\grave{a}}n$(性善). Mencius combined a priori morality and a priori moral norm and asserted xìng $sh{\grave{a}}n$(性善). And than he presented an example for a basis or a clue of mora norm and explained grounds of moral behavior. But various theory Moral Psychology considered morality as an attachment or derivation of human nature. So another new Moral Psychology is needed to investigate Mencius Xìng $sh{\grave{a}}n$(性善) theory in a viewpoint of Moral Psychology. And than that must managed morality and moral norm as essential problems firstly. That because Mencius considered human as a moral subjectivity and seek the clue or basis morality and moral norm in human nature. And secondly that must managed moral intelligence as a emotional intelligence, because of $li{\acute{a}}ng$ $n{\acute{e}}ng$(良能) $li{\acute{a}}ng$ zhī(良知) of Mencius meaned moral intelligence which was derived from blood tied and moral emotion.