• KOMUNHWA
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• no.56
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• pp.59-91
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• 2000

The iron culture have been studied mainly about the initial aspect and the growth of polity grossly on the level of the south Korea or the Yeungnam province. But the iron culture is necessary to study by diachronic and regional approach about the artifact

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.53 no.1
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• pp.168-183
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• 2020

Efforts had been made to eliminate the brittleness unique to cast ironware from 5 BC up until the time that cast ironware became widely used. One of the techniques used to this end was to produce the cast ironware in one kiln and then anneal it in another kiln. This technique condensed or removed the carbon in the structure to eliminate the brittleness of cast ironware and enable forging. To clarify the nature of this technique, this study examined cast ironware made of malleable cast iron, which manifests the characteristics of the annealing technique for cast ironware excavated on the Korean peninsula, based on current steelmaking technology and research results from China and Japan. Results confirmed that all cast ironware made of malleable cast iron had been imported into Korea until the Proto-Three Kingdoms Period. Also, since the Chiljido (Seven-Branched Sword), which is housed at the Ishigami Shrine in Japan, appears to have been produced in the Korean peninsula, it is determined that Baekje in the 4^th century must have possessed such an annealing technique. At that time, however, iron was produced mainly with an iron bloom, and a large amount of forged iron was produced with a steel bloom smelted from an iron bloom. In addition, most of the cast ironware that was used previously, except for cast iron hoes, had been replaced by forged ironware. In other words, this annealing technique was not used frequently until the Three Kingdoms Period. However, it spread broadly during the Unified Silla Period in so much as it was identified in the Jangan-ri remains, which represented the regional hub of iron production and distribution.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.64-77
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• 2013

In China, archaeological research on Xiongnu started later than in foreign countries. In the late $19^{th}$ century, several Russian archaeologists started to study Xiongnu's archaeological culture. However, since the late $20^{th}$ century, archaeological research of the Xiongnu in China quickly gained speed. The Xiongnu culture has been reported in Mongolia, northern steppe of China and eastern part of Eurasian steppe. Mainly, Xiongnu sites, dated from the late 2nd century B.C. to the 1st century A.D., are reported on the west side of Baikal Lake(Zabaikal), Mongolia and the Inner Mongolia of China. Based on the historical records and the archaeological remains, the North Xiongnu culture is defined to be the remains of Zabaikal, and the South Xiongnu culture the archaeological remains of Northern China. The expelled North Xiongnu, while fleeing to the western part of Eurasia, left traces of their own archaeological remains in southern Kazakhstan, Xinjiang of China, Altai, and finally appeared in the Europe as Huns. In order to adapt to the environment of northern steppe of China, Xiongnu used a nomadic economic system, giving uniqueness to its iron works. The most characteristic iron works of the Xiongnu is the highly-sophisticated iron weapons. Compared with the iron works of agricultural economic society, Xiongnu iron-works are short of production tools and various vessels. The "Nomadic type" iron works found in Xiongnu area date back to the Warring Country period or slightly later. Further research need to be conducted on "Nomadic type" Xiongnu iron works.

• Nuclear industry
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• v.14 no.10 s.140
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• pp.72-76
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• 1994

이제까지 고대철기의 년대측정은 함께 출토된 토기를 빌어서 이루어져 왔다. 일본에서는 철을 만들 때 열선으로 사용한 목탄에서 흡입된 탄소를 탄뎀형가속기를 이용해 방사선 동위체비 측정방식으로 가속기 질량분석에 위해 철기의 년대를 알아내는 법을 개발했다.

• Korea Science and Art Forum
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• v.30
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• pp.251-261
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• 2017

Metal is a material that has exerted a lot of influence on the development of human cultures, and has closely connected with our life from the past to the present. Types of metal we have used from the prehistoric times are varied, and iron relics take the largest percentage of metal relics excavated in our country. The biggest threat to the existence of iron relics ranging from excavated relics to the ones that are transmitted is the process of corrosion, and physical removal has been used the most for removing corroded oxides. For details for removal of corrosion oxides, this thesis aimed to research on the chemical corrosion oxides remover that protects parent material of iron relics but treats corrosion oxides only. For safe and effective removal of corrosion oxides of iron relics, this study was conducted aiming at finding the possibility of and optimized composition for removal of iron relics corrosion oxides by manufacturing new acid, alkaline and neutral oxides removers and changing their composition variously, exploring the possibility by applying the agents to modern relics. The results of this study are as follows: First, the acid solution removed only some part of corrosive substance oxidized on the surface of metal specimen. Second, the application of each of alkaline and neutral solution resulted in remaining black-colored corrosive substance, but it was removed when the quantity of the solution and the duration of application are increased. Third, All the three solutions did not cause any damage to parent material in the course of application, and showed the result that they are capable of removing unstable oxide layer while protecting parent material and stable corrosive layer as the solutions would be able to deal with situation by a relic only through the control of concentration of solution and duration of application.

• 프린팅코리아
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• v.13 no.11
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• pp.90-91
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• 2014

영국 남부 햄프셔 지방의 토튼에 위치한 가족기업인 Hobbs사는 뮬러마티니 Presto II 디지털 중철기를 도입키로 한 세계적인 그래픽 아트 회사다. 이를 통해 Hobbs사는 고객에게 오프셋 인쇄물과 동일한 수준으로 마감된 디지털 인쇄물을 제공할 수 있게 됐다고 밝혔다.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.18 s.18
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• pp.33-50
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• 2006

Around Yeongsan river basin, there are Yeongkwang Gundong, Muan Inpyeong Tombs, Muu Gusan-ri Tombs and Hampyeong Guksan remain from which a lot of iron artifacts were excavated. Among them, 6 iron artifacts were chosen, and their microstructures were analyzed. As a result, Iron artifacts were produced sponge iron by the low temperature reduction process and a part of microstructure have the possibility that steel made by decarburizing. And also, by tempering the parts which need high strength, the iron artifacts had high strength and by distributing the weakness of the tempered structure to the nearby untempered parts, their breaking was prevented and they had the durability. These skills were used then. Especially these skills were found to be used in the 2nd century by high skilled people because an iron axe excavated at Yeongkwang Gundong of 2nd century by the historical record showed that the skill was used. Also microstructures were found to show the possibility that the iron technology was inherited to the late 5th century. When producing iron artifacts made of sponge iron containing small amount of carbon, that was made by the production process repeating molding, carburizing, heat treatment and hammering.

• 프린팅코리아
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• s.29
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• pp.162-165
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• 2004

미국에서는 새로운 중철기 업그레이드 제품들이 업계에 경종을 울릴 만큼 발전을 거듭하며 소규모 인쇄업체에 적합하게 자동화를 이루고 있다. 물론 각 제조업체들은 수동 중철기도 최상의 출력을 목표로 발전시켜 왔다. 후가공 업계에서 자동화 장비의 변화 단계는 투자회수금(ROI)최대화에 요구되는 적당한 가격과 기술을 선택할 수 있도록 진행돼 왔다. 이 글에서는 미국 사용자들이 현재의 옵션과 시장에 공급되고 있는 최신 중형 중철기들을 활용하고 있는 사례에 대해 다룬다.

• 프린팅코리아
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.92-95
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• 2009

인쇄 후가공 분야인 제책 공정. 자르고(재단), 접는(접지기) 과정을 거쳐 하나의 완제품이 나오는 최종 출구 역할을 담당한다. 인쇄물이 편집과 기획 등의 프리프레스 작업을 거쳐 출력과 인쇄과정을 마치면 최종적으로 제책 단계가 남는다. 이러한 마무리 작업을 탄탄한 설계 작업을 통해 맞춤형으로 공급하는 업체가 있다. 전자동 무선철기 전문 제작 공급업체인 한성기계(대표 한승학)다. 주력으로 공급하고 있는 기종인 6콤마 무선철기는 국내뿐만 아니라 세계에서도 오직 한성기계에서만 생산하는 유일제품이다. HS-815C모델로 한성기계 전자동 무선철 제책기는 특히 한국인 체형에 알맞게 설계된 독창적인 제품으로 업계에서 평가 받고 있다.

• 건강소식
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• v.17 no.9 s.178
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• pp.66-67
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• 1993