• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
• /
• v.9 no.1
• /
• pp.24-33
• /
• 2002

Objectives: Nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) corrected elevated blood pressure (BP) in some studies of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) but not in others. Such inconsistent results in previous studies might be due to differences in factors influencing the effects of CPAP on BP. The factors referred to include BP monitoring techniques, the characteristics of subjects, and method of CPAP application. Therefore, we evaluated the effects of one night CPAP application on BP and heart rate (HR) reactivity using non-invasive beat-to-beat BP measurement in normotensive and hypertensive subjects with OSAS. Methods: Finger arterial BP and oxygen saturation monitoring with nocturnal polysomnography were performed on 10 OSAS patients (mean age $52.2{\pm}12.4\;years$; 9 males, 1 female; respiratory disturbance index (RDI)>5) for one baseline night and another CPAP night. Beat-to-beat measurement of BP and HR was done with finger arterial BP monitor ($Finapres^{(R)}$) and mean arterial oxygen saturation ($SaO_2$) was also measured at 2-second intervals for both nights. We compared the mean values of cardiovascular and respiratory variables between baseline and CPAP nights using Wilcoxon signed ranks test. Delta ($\Delta$) BP, defined as the subtracted value of CPAP night BP from baseline night BP, was correlated with age, body mass index (BMI), baseline night values of BP, BP variability, HR, HR variability, mean $SaO_2$ and respiratory disturbance index (RDI), and CPAP night values of TWT% (total wake time%) and CPAP pressure, using Spearman's correlation. Results: 1) Although increase of mean $SaO_2$ (p<.01) and decrease of RDI (p<.01) were observed on the CPAP night, there were no significant differences in other variables between two nights. 2) However, delta BP tended to increase or decease depending on BP values of the baseline night and age. Delta systolic BP and baseline systolic BP showed a significant positive correlation (p<.01), but delta diastolic BP and baseline diastolic BP did not show a significant correlation except for a positive correlation in wake stage (p<.01). Delta diastolic BP and age showed a significant negative correlation (p<.05) during all stages except for REM stage, but delta systolic BP and age did not. 3) Delta systolic and diastolic BPs did not significantly correlate with other factors, such as BMI, baseline night values of BP variability, HR, HR variability, mean SaO2 and RDI, and CPAP night values of TWT% and CPAP pressure, except for a positive correlation of delta diastolic pressure and TWT% of CPAP night (p<.01). Conclusions: We observed that systolic BP and diastolic BP tended to decrease, increase or remain still in accordance with the systolic BP level of baseline night and aging. We suggest that BP reactivity by CPAP be dealt with as a complex phenomenon rather than a simple undifferentiated BP decrease.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.42 no.5
• /
• pp.808-817
• /
• 2013

This study was conducted to compare job satisfaction and factors related to job satisfaction between permanently and temporarily employed dietitians in school foodservices in the Gyeongsangnam-do area. A total of 204 questionnaires were used in the final analysis. The average age, length of employment, and monthly wage of temporarily employed dietitians was significantly lower than those of permanently employed dietitians. However, there was no significant difference of overall job satisfaction between permanently and temporarily employed dietitians, although the average pay, welfare benefits, and promotion factors for permanently employed dietitians was significantly higher. Work and pay factors had significant effects on the overall job satisfaction of permanently employed dietitians, while work factors and work atmosphere had significant effects on the overall job satisfaction of temporarily employed dietitians. In conclusion, there was a significant difference in overall factors related to job satisfaction between permanently employed dietitian and temporarily employed dietitians. The pay, welfare benefits, and promotion condition of temporarily employed dietitians should be improved to ensure the efficient management of the school foodservice workforce in the future.

• Information Systems Review
• /
• v.13 no.3
• /
• pp.123-139
• /
• 2011

This paper researches the value of domestic telecommunication bundle products. Customers evaluate each telecommunication products differently according to their attributes. The attributes affecting the customer value of telecommunication bundling can be categorized in 3 ones as follows; corporate image, service feature, and service price. Also authors analyze the difference of importancy that customers consider when they evaluate each products, and propose the optimal scenario for bundling. In conclusion, other two companies A, C excluding B should invest more resources into the portion that strengthen the attributes of company image, and service feature to upgrade their 'corporate image', and 'service feature'. According to 6-scenarios analysis on the bundle products, the QPS expansion of company A was the most advantageous position, but if companies B, C expand DPS made use of their strengths, they can prevent from decreasing additivity rapidly with sequential scenario. The above results show that one company may have equable power in each area, but if another company having strengths in special areas makes up for its weakness and differentiates gradually it can contribute to strengthen its competitiveness. This contributed much more theoretical and practical than the existing researches. Supposing that additivity index evaluated by consumers can be changed by efforts of companies, this scenario planning is the result of study showing that the investment and publicity of each company have to be considered as its characteristic of each product at the same time.

• Journal of Mushroom
• /
• v.10 no.2
• /
• pp.49-56
• /
• 2012

Two strains which have good traits in quality and speedy growing were selected based on previous report(Ryu, 2007) to breed a new strain carrying the traits in it. KNR2322 carrying high quality and KNR2503 carrying a speedy growing trait were cultivated to harvest monokaryons. The monokaryotic mycelia were characterized in growth rate, color, and stability. Selfing of monokaryons from KNR2322 and crossing between KNR2322- and KNR2503-derived monokaryons were performed. Two parental lines, $KNR2322-4{\times}37-6{\times}12(B)$ showing thremmatological values in weight and quality, 68.5g and 6.5 and $KNR2322-30{\times}KNR2503-60(A)$ was harvested in 13.5 days after scraping old medium were selected. Crossing between A and B resulted in two high quality and speedy growing strain, A8B8 and A8B10. Their days for harvest after scraping, weight, and quality were 14.0 days, 88.8g and 92.7g, 7.0 and 7.1. Originality tests were conducted with genomic DNAs of A8B8 and Keuneutari 3ho(commercial strain) by DNA fingerprinting a confrontation culture. The results showed polymorphism and a inhibition line between them. It suggested that the new strain have originality from the commercial strain. A8B8 have been registered in Korea Seed and Variety Service with as "Saesongi 1ho".

• Journal of Digital Convergence
• /
• v.10 no.9
• /
• pp.225-238
• /
• 2012

This research measured the current working conditions and workers' awareness of their working conditions in both information technology industry and non-information technology industry. Furthermore, the research analyzed the characteristics of pertaining industries and age, sex, and job status of the workers to diagnose the current status of the working conditions and awareness of domestic workers in information technology industry in Korea. The purpose of this research is to provide the necessary data to establish the policy that guides ramifications to the current problems to restore the fame that Korea earned as one of the top information technology countries, and that requires a thorough paired comparison analysis between the information technology industries. The paired comparison analysis indicated that the information technology industries generally have had much worse working conditions than non-information technology industries. This research also verified that information technology industries have scored low on the satisfaction to the average working hours, employee welfare, social perception by other industries, the degree of anxiety, and the growth potential compared to the non information technology industries. Data collected during this research is meaningful in a sense that it provides basic yet crucial information that encourages the policies that are in favor of information technology employees to be adopted. The fact that there is a tacit skepticism in improvement of working conditions among the information technology workers supports the adoption of better policies that will improve not only working conditions but also find the solutions to eliminate the sources of insecurity of the retirement in information technology industry.

• Korean Security Journal
• /
• no.10
• /
• pp.127-147
• /
• 2005

This study (research) has been done on the job, job-satisfaction and job dedication of body guards from many sectors in Korea. This research is focused on the relationship of job, job-satisfaction and job-dedication in diverse aspects in order to build up a detailed theory, As a result, teams of body guard can enhance their systematic efficiency through the theory. Therefore in this chapter, it will re-examine the result of this research and discuss about the theoretical and practical aspect of the result. This study(research) will be the outset(start) for the organizational behavior study of the body guards in Korea. Especially, this research tries to distinguish the duty aspect and the general feature of the body guards, satisfaction along with the level of dedication. Therefore it will give the persons concerning the bodyguards many theoretical and practical points to consider. But there is a limitation as crossing research that in this research we didn't research in compensation for all internal body guards and accomplishment of research has achieved in a short-time. Though it will be necessary to accomplish in henceforth research, if at all possible, in compensation for all body guards and much more diverse security service classification, also for a long time extended vertical research.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.39 no.12
• /
• pp.1839-1845
• /
• 2010

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of salt soluble protein extracts from anchovy (ASSPE) on sausage during storage at $10^{\circ}C$. Sausages were produced containing 5 and 10% ASSPE. Sausages containing ASSPE showed no significant differences in emulsion stability, color, pH, moisture, viable cell count, and VBN compared to the control. The hardness significantly increased with the addition of ASSPE, and sausages containing 5% ASSPE were the highest in gumminess. In the sensory evaluation, sausages containing 5% ASSPE had the highest score in appearance and springiness. In conclusion, the addition of ASSPE in sausage had no effects on storage characteristics, but had a good effect on improvement of quality and sensory characteristics. Especially, 5% ASSPE sausage had good texture and high sensory characteristics due to increased binding capacity. These results suggest that 5% ASSPE may improve the quality and sensory characteristics of sausage.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartB
• /
• v.13B no.4 s.107
• /
• pp.353-360
• /
• 2006

This paper presents a robust algorithm for segmenting a vehicle license plate area from a road image. We consider the features of license plates in three aspects : 1) edges due to the characters in the plate, 2) colors in the plate, and 3) geometric properties of the plate. In the preprocessing step, we compute the thresholds based on each feature to decide whether a pixel is inside a plate or not. A statistical approach is applied to the sample images to compute the thresholds. For a given road image, our algorithm binarizes it by using the thresholds. Then, we select three candidate regions to be a plate by searching the binary image with a moving window. The plate area is selected among the candidates with simple heuristics. This algorithm robustly detects the plate against the transformation or the difference of color intensity of the plate in the input image. Moreover, the preprocessing step requires only a small number of sample images for the statistical processing. The experimental results show that the algorithm has 97.8% of successful segmentation of the plate from 228 input images. Our prototype implementation shows average processing time of 0.676 seconds per image for a set of $1280{\times}960$ images, executed on a 3GHz Pentium4 PC with 512M byte memory.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
• /
• v.16 no.1
• /
• pp.146-154
• /
• 2015

This study was conducted, to investigate the level of self-control, mental health and the interrelationship of college students and to analyze the differences between these variables according to the level of smart phone usage. The subjects of our study were collected 246 students. The survey was conducted from April 25th to May 28th in 2012. The result indicated that cellphone overuse group has the lowerer self-control(t=3.53, p=.001) and the more mental health discomfort(t=-3.61, p=.000) than non-smart phone overuse group. In non-smart phone overuse group, the usage of smart phone was negatively correlated with self-control(r=-0.27, p=.005) and communication(r=-0.20, p=.043). And in the other group, the usage of smart phone was positively correlated with mental health discomfort(r=0.22, p=.009). These findings imply that it maybe needed to examine effect factors of the smart phone usage according to the level of smart phone usage.

• Proceedings of the Technology Innovation Conference
• /
• 2005.08a
• /
• pp.189-216
• /
• 2005

본 연구는 혁신과정에 중대한 영향을 미치는 혁신네트워크를 혁신과정을 둘러싼 제반 지식흐름과 이러한 지식흐름의 네트워크로 재정의하고, 지식흐름과 지식네트워킹 차원에서 접근하였다. 이러한 차원에서, 지식흐름의 대리변수로 간주되는 특허인용데이터를 활용하여 한국의 혁신주체를 둘러싼 지식네트워킹의 특성을 분석하는 방식으로 혁신네트워크를 분석했다. 그 결과, 한국의 기술혁신의 수준이 강화되면서 한국의 지식네트워킹 수준도 제고되었지만, 기술선진국과 비교할 때 상당히 미약한 수준임이 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 기술분야별로 보면 전기전자와 컴퓨터통신에서만 지식네트워킹이 상대적으로 활발하고 여타 기술부문에서는 상대적으로 저조하여 지속적인 기술혁신에 장애로 작용할 가능성이 크다. 동종기술과 이종기술로 구분하는 경우 여전히 동종기술간 지식흐름이 이종기술간 지식흐름을 압도하고 있어서 융합추세의 국제적 트렌드를 반영하고 있지 못하는 한계를 보였다. 이들 지식네트워크는 혁신기업이 주도하고 있는데, 그 방식은 주로 기업과 기업간 유형이 보다 지배적이었음을 알 수 있다. 따라서 최소한 특허인용데이터로 볼 때 대학과 연구소 등 비기업과의 지식네트워킹에 비해, 기업과의 네트워킹이 보다 지배적임을 알 수 있는데, 이것은 국내외를 막론하고 적용되었다. 한국 혁신시스템의 취약한 고리인 네트워킹의 저조를 개선하기 위해선, 기술부문간 차별적인 네트워킹 정책이 세심하게 입안되어야 한다. 이때 한국에서 가장 파급효과가 높은 혁신주체는 대학이 아니라 대기업이라는 점이 적극 고려되어야 한다.. 제안하는 시스템의 신뢰도 측정 방법은 부분이 가지고 있는 신뢰도가 전체 신뢰도에 미치는 영향을 산술적으로 측정할 수 있어 시스템이 요구하는 신뢰도에 접근할 수 있는 방법과 근거를 제공하는 장점이 있다.소시키는 장점을 갖는다.것으로 조사되었으며 40대 이상의 연령층은 점심비용으로 더 많은 지출을 하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 4) 끼니별 한식에 대한 선호도는 아침식사의 경우가 가장 높았으며, 이는 40대와 50대에서 높게 나타났다. 점심 식사로 가장 선호되는 음식은 중식, 일식이었으며 저녁 식사에서 가장 선호되는 메뉴는 전 연령층에서 일식, 분식류 이었으며, 한식에 대한 선택 정도는 전 연령층에서 매우 낮게 나타났다. 5) 각 연령층에서 선호하는 한식에 대한 조사에서는 된장찌개가 전 연령층에서 가장 높은 선호도를 나타내었고, 김치는 40대 이상의 선호도가 30대보다 높게 나타났으며, 흥미롭게도 30세 이하의 선호도는 30대보다 높게 나타났다. 그 외에도 떡과 죽에 대한 선호도는 전 연령층에서 낮게 조사되었다. 장아찌류의 선호도는 전 연령대에서 낮았으며 특히 30세 이하에서 매우 낮게 조사되었다. 한식의 맛에 대한 만족도 조사에서는 연령이 올라갈수록 한식의 맛에 대한 만족도는 낮아지고 있었으나, 한식의 맛에 대한 만족도가 높을수록 양과 가격에 대한 만족도는 높은 경향을 나타내었다. 전반적으로 한식에 대한 선호도는 식사 때와 식사 목적에 따라 연령대 별로 다르게 나타나고 있으나, 선호도는 성별이나 세대에 관계없이 폭 넓은 선호도를 반영하고 있으며, 이는 대학