• Journal of the Korean Vacuum Society
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.17-23
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• 1998

$Pb(Fe_{0.5}Nb_{0.5}O_3(PFN)$ thin films were prepared by rf magnetron co-sputtering method on $SiO_2/Si$, ITO/glass, and $Pt/Ti/SiO_2/Si$ substrates and post-annealed at the $N_2$ atmosphere by RTA(rapid thermal annerling). The degree of crystallinity of PFN films was identified on various substrates. Electrical properties of PFN films was characterized for $Pt/PFN/Pt/Ti/SiO_2/Si$ structure. The composition of PFN films was estimated by EPMA (electron probe micro analysis). PFN films would be crystallized better to perovskite phase on ITO/glass substrate than $SiO_2/Si$ substrate. This may be induced by the deformation of Pb deficient pyrochlore phase due to Pb diffusion into $SiO_2/Si$ substrate. PFN films on $Pt/Ti/SiO_2/Si$ substrate. PFN films with 5-10% Pb excess were crystallized to perovskite phase from $500^{\circ}C$ temperature. In summary, we show that Pb composition and annealing temperature were critically influenced on crystallinity to perovskite phase. When PFN film with 17% Pb excess was annealed at $600^{\circ}C$ at the $N_2$ atmosphere for 300kV/cm and 88. Its remnant polarization coercive field $2.0 MC/cm^2$ and 144kV/cm, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.110-118
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• 1992

When CVD-W films deposited on the reactively sputter-deposited TiN(${\circled1}$), the $NH_3$-RTP (rapid themal processed) TiN(${\circled2}$), and the furnace-annealed TiN submitate (${\circled3}$) by $SiH_4$, reduction, deposition rate is in the order of ${\circled1}>{\circled2}>{\circled3}$ and incubation period of W nucleation is in the order of ${\circled1}{\leq}{\circled2}<{\circled3}$. The longest incubation period of nucleation and lowest deposition rate for the CVD-W on the annealed TiN is due to the incorporation of oxygen from the nitrogen ambient containing some oxygen as contaminant into the TiN film. The higher W deposition rate and the lower incubation period of W nucleation on the RTP-TiN substrate in comparison with those on the sputtered TiN substrate seem to be due to a negative effect of the high compressive stress of the RTP-TiN on the nucleation and growth of W. Also the thickness uniformity of the W film deposited on the TiN substrate by $SiH_4$ reduction turns out to be better than that by $H_2$ reduction.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.59-66
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• 1981

Trichoxanthes Kirilowii with high starch-content was investigated to utilize as a food source. The weight and starch content of Trichoxanthes Kirilowii roots increased rapid1y in proporion to the growth period. The seasonal variations of the starch content were $36.5{\sim}48.0%$ (dry basis) from June to December. The chemical properties of natural growth soils of Trichoxanthes Kirilowii contained more organic matter and total nitrogen content than citrus orchard soils, but less mineral; P,K,Ca and Mg. To prepare starch with the plant root, the centrifugal method(3,000 rpm, 20 min) obtained the highest yield. The industrial-scale method, was similar to the processing of sweetpotato starch (tank precipitation method), and was good in quality. The starch granules were mainly spherical with diameters ranging from $5{\sim}16{\mu}$. The density of the starch was 1.535 and amylose content was about 26.7%. The X-ray diffraction pattern showed that the granules were of the B-type. The blue value of starch, amylose and amylopectin was 0.46, 0.80 and 0.18, respectively. The starch contained 0.05% ash, 0.35% crude protein and 34 mg% phosphorus. and had an inital pasting temperature of $63.5^{\circ}C$. The color intensity of the starch which iodine gave rise to absorption maxima at 670nm. The starch paste showed high stability during cold storage at $5^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.17-27
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• 2011

Prunus serrulata var. serrulata f. spontanea (E. H. Wilson) C. S. Chang was treated with dried swine excrement at various concentration levels, and their growth reactions and the contents of total kjeldahl nitrogen and total phosphoric acid were analyzed. The result is as follows; 1. When the plants were treated with 0.25% of dried swine excrement, the seed germination rate of Prunus serrulata var. serrulata f. spontanea was higher than that of the control. However, it showed a tendency to decrease when the treatment concentration got higher than 0.25%. 2. The growth rate of species was highest when they were treated with 0.25% of dried swine excrement. It tended to decrease with higher treatment concentration than 0.25%. Significant difference was clear between the control and the experimental plants of Prunus serrulata var. serrulata f. spontanea. 3. The contents of nitrogen and phosphoric acid in Prunus serrulata var. serrulata f. spontanea also got higher as the concentration of dried swine excrement increased. However, the content of total kjeldahl nitrogen was highest in the leaves, and followed by the roots and stems. In contrast, the content of total phosphoric acid were highest in the roots, and followed by the leaves and stems. Therefore, stems had the lowest contents of both nitrogen and phosphoric acid. 4. The contents of total kjeldahl nitrogen and total phosphoric acid in the soil were measured before and after the growth experiment of Prunus serrulata var. serrulata f. spontanea treated with dried swine excrement. The contents of nitrogen and phosphoric acid significantly decreased after the experiment. In conclusion, the contents of total kjeldahl nitrogen and total phosphoric acid accumulated in the plants increased as the concentration level of dried swine excrement got higher. The seed germination and plant growth rates were best at 0.25% treatment of dried swine excrement. The treatment of dried swine excrement may bring high effects on increasing the plant growth rate but could damage the plants with higher concentration than they need. Different optimal concentration levels of dried swine excrement for different plants should be found before it is used as fertilizer.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.15 no.3 s.70
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• pp.337-343
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• 2005

Tapioca alcoholic distillery waste was utilized as dual purposes to produce citric acid and to reduce the amount of waste to be treated. Primarily an attempt was made to optimize the process conditions by Aspergillus niger in shake bath. The effects of pH, temperature, nitrogen and phosphorus sources on citric acid production were investigated. Maximum concentration of citric acid was made at temperature of $30^{\circ}C$ and pH of 4.3, while maximum cell dry weight was obtained at $35^{\circ}C$. The addition of methanol or ethanol to culture medium promoted citric acid production remarkably, but the addition of $NH_4NO_3,\;KH_2PO_4$ and Manganese as mineral source decreased the acid production.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.529-535
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• 2000

Organic materials such as composted rice-hull, saw dust, and pine bark, and inorganic materials such as vermiculite, perlite, and recycled rockwool were commonly employed as container media in domestic greenhouse industry. The objective of this research was to get informations in soil physico chemical properties of those materials. Composted dry-peeling bark and wet-peeling bark had 72.1% and 69.1%, respectively, in particles larger than 1.0 mm, which were much higher than 34.7% of composted rice-hull and 33.7% of composted saw dust. Imported vermiculite had 89.9%, but domestic vermiculite had 25.7% in particles larger than 1 mm. In soil physical properties, Russian peat had the highest container capacity of 79.3%, and wet-peeling bark had the lowest container capacity of 58.2%. However, Russian peat and composted saw-dust had 4.1% in air space indicating that possible problems could occur in soil aeration when those are employed for container grown crops. Saw dust had $2.3mS{\cdot}cm^{-1}$ in electrical conductivity, while other composted organic materials had less than $0.25mS{\cdot}cm^{-1}$. Imported vermiculite had 64.0 meq/100 g in cation exchange capacity, which was 2.4 times higher than those of domestic vermiculite, 27.2 meq/100 g. Domestic vermiculite had higher Ca and Mg and less Na contents than those of imported vermiculite.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.61-69
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• 2014

As we are trying to in-situ treat (purify or immobilize) heavy metals or radionuclides in groundwater, one of the geochemical factors to be necessarily considered is the value of oxidation/reduction potential (ORP) of the groundwater. A biogeochemical impact on the characteristic ORP change of groundwater taken from the KAERI underground was observed as a function of time by adding electron-donor (lactate), electron-acceptor (sulfate), and indigenous bacteria in a laboratory condition. There was a slight increase of Eh (slow oxidation) of the pure groundwater with time under a $N_2$-filled glove-box. However, most of groundwaters that contained lactate, sulfate or bacteria showed Eh decrease (reduction) characteristics. In particular, when 'Baculatum', a local indigenous sulfate-reducing bacterium, was injected into the KAERI groundwater, it turned to become a highly-reduced one having a decreased Eh to around -500 mV. Although the sulfate-reducing bacterium thus has much greater ability to reduce groundwater than other metal-reducing bacteria, it surely necessitated some dissolved ferrous-sulfate and finally generated sulfide minerals (e.g., mackinawite), which made a prediction for subsequent reactions difficult. As a result, the ORP of groundwater was largely affected even by a slight injection of nutrient without bacteria, indicating that oxidation state, solubility and sorption characteristics of dissolved contaminants, which are affected by the ORP, could be changed and controlled through in-situ biostimulation method.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.544-550
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• 2010

Mistaking pink colored thermal oil for grape wine, a victim drank the oil to death which was analyzed to contain 39% of ethylene glycol. Thermal oil could be used for heat transfer to prevent the malfunction due to the high pressure in the boiler operated at high temperature when using water. Main component of thermal oil is known to be mineral oil or ethylene glycol. From the blood and other tissue of the victim from autopsy, ethylene glycol and its metabolite were simultaneously analyzed by GC/MS after extraction under acidic condition with acetonitrile followed by derivatization with BSTFA. About 0.2 g of the specimens were pretreated with 50 uL of 0.5 M HCl solution to keep acidic condition, then dehydrated with anhydrous sodium sulfate followed by concentration under nitrogen stream. Ethylene glycol and glycolic acid concentration in blood was measured to be $2,755\;{\mu}g/mL$ and $174\;{\mu}g/mL$ respectively. In other specimen, the concentration of ethylene glycol and glycolic acid was $860\;{\mu}g/g\sim1,290\;{\mu}g/g$ and $93\;{\mu}g/g\sim134\;{\mu}g/g$. Especially, crystal appeared in kidney which was supposed xalate from the metabolite of ethylene glycol.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.185-190
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• 2005

The objective of this experiment was to compare the dry matter intake, nutrients digestibility and nitrogen and energy utilization of herbages from mixtures types; conventional mixtures(orchardgrass 50+ tall fescue 20+perennial ryegrass 10+Kentucky bluegrass 10+white clover $10\%$), complex mixtures (orchardgrass 40+ tall fescue 20+perennial ryegrass 10+Kentucky bluegrass 10+redtop 10+alfalfa 5+red clover $5\%$) and simple mixtures(orchardgrass 80+red clover $20\%$) by Korean native goats. This experiment was conducted by total collection method in laboratory, 2000. The voluntary DM intake per body weight was slightly higher f3r complex mixtures (30.2g) than those of other mixtures. but there was no significant difference. The digestibility of dry matter and cellular constituents were slightly higher for complex mixtures than those of other mixtures (p<0.05), but NDF and ADF digestibilities did not differ among mixtures. The retained nitrogen percent (apparently biological value) was slightly higher fer complex mixtures $(55.1\%)$ than those of other mixtures, but there was no significant difference among mixtures. Apparently retained digestible energy was slightly higher for complex mixtures $(60.2\%)$ than those of other mixtures (p<0.05). Based on the results, the nitrogen and energy utilization of herbage by Korean native goats were slightly higher for complex mixtures than those of other mixtures.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.103-109
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• 1998

For the purpose of improving quality of dried anchovy, raw anchovies after hot air drying were subjected to six different processes: 5 min microwave and 1 min holding-12 times (MW5), 10 min microwave and 1 min holding-6 times (MW10), 5 min microwave with hot air and 1 min holding-12 times (MWH5), 10 min microwave with hot air and 1 min holding-6 times (MWH10), 5 min microwave vacuum and 1 min holding-12 times (MWV5), 10 min microwave vacuum and 1 min holding-6 times (MWV10) at 100 Watt and 2450MHz. There were no significant effects of different processes on water content, pH, color, acid value and volatile basic nitrogen. The sum of fatty acids on commercial anchovy occupied 38.34% of saturates 22.91% of monoenes and 22.91% of polyenes and dried anchovies subjected to microwave processes had similar compositions. Dominant fatty acids were palmitic acid and docosahexaenoic acid in each process. Among the free amino acids, alanine, arginine, lysine and leucine were dominant in all processes. Dried anchovies showed little significant differences in texture in all processes. Sensory evaluation data showed that the quality of dried anchovy subjected to microwave process was acceptable and microwave vacuum process was the most desirable one.