• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.56 no.4
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• pp.236-239
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• 2012

The aim of present study was to investigate the possible influence and the related mechanism of Cinnamomum cassia derived-cinnamaldehyde on the inflammation or nociception. Cinnamomum cassia was referred to be treated for common cold or dyspepsia in the traditional medicine. However, there are no reports on the antinociceptive or anti-inflammatory properties of cinnamaldehyde, the primary ingredient of Cinnamomum cassia. We hypothesized that cinnamaldehyde would play a role in the modulation of inflammation or nociception evoked by carrageenan, acetic acid or heat. Male Institute of Cancer Research mice were used and the size of edema, frequency of writhing and latency of abnormal behaviors such as licking, flicking, shaking or jumping were measured and recorded. The present study was carried out to evaluate the antiinflammatory and antinociceptive effects of cinnamaldehyde. The administration of cinnamaldehyde (30 and 100 mg/kg) inhibited carrageenan-induced paw edema only at the final phase, suggesting the blockade of synthesis or release of prostaglandins. It also reduced the frequency of the acetic acid-induced writhing reflex in mice. In addition, the administration of cinnamaldehyde prolonged the latency for extraordinary reaction at the hot plate in mice. In conclusion, cinnamaldehyde has anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties and is a potential therapeutic for inflammation and nociception.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.127-131
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• 1990

Pediatric caudal anesthesia was done in 50 infants and children under 10 years of age, who were to undergo surgery of inguinal region. All cases were given 10mg/kg body weight of 1% lidocaine solution with epinephrine 1:200,000. The results were as follows : 1) Pediatric caudal anesthesia was simple, easy and reliable in technique. 2) Additional intravenous administration of Ketamine or pentothal sodium was needed. ie, to provide a more cooperative state. 3) Anesthetic effect was judged very Excellent. 4) Cardiovascular and respiratory changes were minimal. Author's came to conclusion that caudal anesthesia for pediatric inguinal region surgery is reliable, simple in technique, favorable to surgeon, and is considered to be a good technique for pediatric anesthesia.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.60-63
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• 1983

Two prescriptions of 'Ssanghwa-Tang', Korean traditional medicine, and their individual crude drugs were studied on the analgesic and the anticonvulsionary effects. Two prescriptions showed very significant analgesic effects and the prescription B was more effective. Individual crude drugs had decreasing effects on the convulsion-start-time, but two prescriptions did not show significant activities.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.18-24
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• 1993

毒에는 비소, 수은처럼 無機毒과 식물, 동물성의 有機毒이 있으며, 有機毒에는 알카로이드, 배당체, 단백毒 등이 있다. 식물의 알카로이드毒을 중심으로 이것이 어떻게 藥物로서 이용되어 왔는지에 관해 다루었다. Morphine의 발견을 계기로 여러 종류의 식물 알카로이드가 계속 분리되었으며, 藥의 탐구의 새로운 길을 열었다. Morphine은 우수한 진통의 효과를 가졌지만, 흡수억제 및 습관성의 결점을 가지고 있다. 또, Areca catechu L. 의 종자(빈낭자)에는arecoline, arecaidine 등의 piperidine系의 알카로이드를 함유하고 있다. Arecoline은 副交感神經 흥분작용이 있고, 침분비 촉진, 比瀉 등으로 사용되어 왔지만, 지금은 그 용도가 적어졌다. 그리고 화살독이 되는 毒을 약물로 사용한 것은 Acontium屬 식물이 유일한 것이다. 중국에서는 이를 身體四肢關節의 마비, 疼痛의 회복, 대사기능실조의 회복 등의 목적으로 사용해 왔다.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.1-9
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• 2008

목적 : Acetylcholine은 콜린과 아세트산의 에스테르로 인체에서 중요한 신경전달물질로 Acetylcholine-sterase(AChE)라는 효소에 의해 분해된다. Alzheimer's disease, ataxia, myasthenia gravis, Parkinson' disease 등의 질환에 AChE 억제제가 사용되어 왔으며 최근 한약재의 AChE 억제 효능에 관한 연구들도 진행되고 있다. 봉독은 관절염, 통풍 등의 질환에 응용되어 왔으며 진통효과 및 항염증작용에 대한 임상적, 실험적 연구가 많이 보고되어 왔으나 AChE 억제효과에 대한 연구는 아직까지 보고된 바 없다, 본 연구에서는 봉독약침액과 봉독의 과민반응 유발항원 중 하나인 Phospholipase A2 억제효능이 있는 것으로 알려진 상백피를 혼합한 상백피봉독약침액의 AChE 억제효과를 알아보았다. 방법 : PC12 세포주에서 추출한 AChE와 0.1, 0.01 and $0.001mg/m{\ell}$ 농도의 봉독약침액 및 상백피봉독약침액을 60분간 반응시켰다. 효소면역측정법(ELISA)을 이용하여 흡광도를 10분, 30분, 60분 경과시 각각 측정한 후 효소활성저해도(%)를 계산하였다. 효소활성저해도(%) = [(Cc - Ce)/Cc] ${\times}$ 100 Cc : 대조군 흡광도, Ce : 실험군 흡광도 결과 : 1. 봉독약침액은 0.1, 0.01, $0.001m{\ell}/mg$의 농도에서 30분 경과 후부터 유의성 있는 억제효과를 나타내었다. 2. 상백피봉독약침액은 $0.1m{\ell}/mg$ 농도에서 10분 경과 후부터 유의성 있는 억제효과를 나타내었고, $0.01m{\ell}/mg$ 농도에서 30분경과 시 유의성 있는 억제효과를 나타내었다. 3. 봉독약침액과 상백피봉독약침액의 AChE 억제효과 비교에서 봉독약침액의 억제효과가 상백피봉독약침액 보다 뛰어났다. 요약 : 봉독약침액과 상백피봉독약침액의 AChE 억제효과를 확인하여 두 군 모두 유의성 있는 결과를 얻을 수 있었다. 앞으로 알츠하이머병이나 치매와 같은 신경퇴행성 질환에 대한 봉독의 임상적 활용 및 보다 넓은 범위에 대한 연구가 필요할 것이라 사료된다.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.263-271
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• 2006

$\underline{Purpose}$: To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of fentanyl-TTS in the management of radiotherapy induced acute pain and cancer pain treated with radiotherapy. $\underline{Materials\;and\;Methods}$: Our study was open labelled prospective phase IV multi-center study. the study population included patients with more 4 numeric rating scale(NRS) score pain although managed with other analgesics or more than 6 NRS score pain without analgesics. Patients divided into two groups; patients with radiotherapy induced pain (Group A) and patients with cancer pain treated with radiotherapy (Group B). All patients received 25 ug/hr of fentanyl transdermal patch. Primary end point was pain relief; second end points were change in patient quality of life, a degree of satisfaction for patients and clinician, side effects. $\underline{Results}$: Between March 2005 and June 2005, 312 patients from 26 participating institutes were registered, but 249 patients completed this study. Total number of patients in each group was 185 in Group A, 64 in Group B. Mean age was 60 years and male to female ratio was 76:24. Severe pain NRS score at 2 weeks after the application of fentanyl was decreased from 7.03 to 4.01, p=0.003. There was a significant improvement in insomnia, social functioning, and quality of life. A degree of satisfaction for patients and clinician was very high. The most common reasons of patients' satisfactions was good pain control. Ninety six patients reported side effect. Nausea was the most common side effect. There was no serious side effect. $\underline{Conclusion}$: Fentanyl-TTS was effective in both relieving pain with good tolerability and improving the quality of life for patients with radiotherapy induced acute pain and cancer pain treated with radiotherapy. The satisfaction of the patients and doctors was good. There was no major side effect.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.46 no.7
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• pp.695-701
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• 2003

Purpose : It had been suggested that pain arising from deep somatic body regions influences neural activity within periaqueductal gray(PAG) of midbrain via distinct spinal pathways. Aspirin is one of the popular non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs used in the management of pain. Fos expression was used as a marker for neuronal activity throughout central neurons following painful peripheral stimulation. This study was prepared to investigate changes of c-Fos immunoreactivity in midbrain by deep pain and effects of aspirin. Methods : Male Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with 0.1 mL of 5% formalin in the plantar muscle of the right hindpaw. For experimental group II, aspirin was injected intravenously before injection of formalin. An aspirin-untreated group was utilized as group I. Rats were sacrificed at 0.5, 1, 2, 6 and 24 hours after formalin injection. Rat's brains were removed and sliced in rat brain matrix. Brain slices were coronally sectioned at interaural 1.00-1.36 mm. Serial sections were immunohistochemically reacted with polyclonal c-Fos antibody. The numbers of c-Fos protein immunoreactive neurons in ventrolateral periaqueductal gray(VLPAG) and dorsomedial periaqueductal gray(DMPAG) were counted and analyzed statistically with Mann-Whitney U tests. Results : Higher numbers of c-Fos protein immunoreactive neurons were found in VLPAG. In both VLPAG and DMPAG of formalin-treated group, the numbers of c-Fos protein immunoreactive neurons were significantly higher at all time points than the formalin-untreated group, which peaked at two hours. The numbers of c-Fos immunoreactive neuron of the aspirin-treated group were less compared to the aspirin-untreated group at each time point. Conclusion : These results provide some basic knowledge in understanding the mechanism of formalin-induced deep somatic pain and the effects of aspirin.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.477-486
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• 1996

Endogenous analgesic systems are known to be activated by peripheral noxious stimulation as well as arterial carbon dioxide elevation. In the present study, neuronal Activities in the rostral ventrolateral med- ulla were identified and classified in according to their rhythmic activities, and their responses to noxious peripheral nerve stimulations before and after elevating the arterial carbon dioxide partial pressure were investigated Using extracellular recording technic, a total of 53 spontaneously active neurons were recorded from the rostral ventrolateral medulla in u-chloralose anesthetized cats. These were classified as cardiovascular (28), respiratory (16), both cardiovascular and respiratory (2) and noncardiovascular - nonrespiratory (7). - Among the 28 cardiovascular neurons eleven showed increased activities during arterial hypercapnia, thirteen showed decreased responses, and four showed no change. Nine respiratory neurons showed increased responses to arterial hypercapnia, six showed decreased responses and one showed no change. neither of the cardiovascular and respiratory neurons showed significant change in its activity during ar- terial hypercapnia, however, four of the noncardiovascular - nonrespiratory neurons exhibited decreased their activities in response to arterial hypercapnia while two exhibited increased activities. Arterial hypercapnia increased the responses of cardiovascular neurons to peripheral nerve stimulation with C-inteniity, while not changing the responses to Ak_stimulation significantly . From the above results it was conclllded that during arterial hypercapnia, some cardiovascular neurons and respiratory neurons have increased activities as well as increased reponses to C-Hber stimulation.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.121-130
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• 1990

Plain 0.5% bupivacaine and hyperbaric 0.5% tetracaine were compared for spinal anesthesia in 40 patients undergoing operation of lower extremities. Lumbar puncture was performed with a 22 gauge spinal needle with the patient in the lateral recumbent position. The third lumbar interspace was chosen for the puncture, when a free flow of clear CSF was obtained, the local anesthetic solution (2.5ml of 0.5% bupivacaine or 2.0ml of hyperbaric 0.5% tetracaine) was injected at a rate of 0.1ml/sec without barbotage. After injection of anesthetics, clinical features were observed and compared between the two groups. The results were as follows : 1. The two groups were well matched for age, sex, height and weight. 2. In both groups, sensory block to $T_{12}$ dermatome was obtained within 4 minutes, mean maximal level of analgesia was $T_{6-7}$, and the mean time for maximal level was around 20 minutes. 3. The onset times of motor block were similar in both groups and complete motor block was obtained in all cases within 20 minutes. 4. The duration of analgesia above the $T_{12}$ dermatome was 3 hours, postoperative analgesia was 7 hours. These values were significantly prolonged than those of the tetracaine group(p<0.05). 5. The changes in systolic pressure in the bupivacaine group were significantly less than those of the tetracaine group(p<0.05). 6. The complications after spinal anesthesia were headache, numbness, urinary retention and backpain, and were no significant difference in both groups. From the obtained results, we concluded that plain 0.5% bupivacaine was a relatively satisfactory agent for spinal anesthesia for operation of lower extremities. The time of onset, height of block and the complications of postoperative period were similar in both groups. The advantages of plain 0.5% bupivacaine were less hypotension and long duration of analgesia.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.140-144
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• 2000

Reofecoxib는 용량 의존적으로 cyclo-oxygenase-2를 선택적으로 억제한다. 골관절염 환자를 대상으로 하여 이중맹검, 무작위, Western Ontario and McMasters Universi-ties Osteoarthritis Index를 이용하여 평가한 결과, rofecoxib 12.5, 25 mg는 신체적 기능을 크게 향상시키는 것으로 보여졌다. 또한 diclofenac (50 mg, 1일 3회), ibuprofen (800 mg, 1일 3회), nabumetone(1500 mg, 1일 1회)와 유사한 임상효과를 나타내었다. Rofecoxib는 원발성 월경곤란증과 수술 후 치통에 효과적으로 억제하였으며 naproxen sodium과 ibuprofen과 같은 진통 효과를 보였다. Rofecoxib는 안전성 면에서 우수하며 가장 흔한 부작용은 설사, 두통, 오심과 상기도 감염증이다. Rofecoxib 12.5, 25, 50 mg/day를 투여한 골관절염 환자에게서 위장관계 부작용(천공, 궤양, 출혈)은 ibuprofen, diclofenac, nabumetone을 투여한 환자보다 훨씬 낮은 발생빈도를 나타내었다.