• Polymer(Korea)
• /
• v.34 no.4
• /
• pp.333-340
• /
• 2010

Zaltoprofen, a propionic acid derivative non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), is known to have powerful inhibitory effects on acute, subacute and chronic inflammation. We developed poly(lactide-co-glycolide)(PLGA) microspheres loaded with zaltoprofen for sustained controlled delivery using an oil-water solvent evaporation methods by varying PLGA molecular weight and cosurfactant contents. Physicochemical properties and morphology of zaltoprofen-loaded PLGA microspheres were investigated by scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimeter. The size of microspheres increased with the molecular weight of PLGA and the content of cosurfactants. The increase of PLGA molecular weight and cosurfactant content decreased the porosity of microspheres, subsequently resulting in the slow drug release. The results demonstrated that the adjustment of PLGA molecular weight and the cosurfactant content allowed us to control the drug release profiles of drug-loaded microspheres.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
• /
• v.60 no.3
• /
• pp.263-268
• /
• 2021

The venom of honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) is used to treat many diseases because of its anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. Bee venom consists of several biologically active molecules and exhibits remarkable anti-cancer effects. However, biological amines, which exhibit diverse functionality such as anti-inflammatory and antibacterial effects, have not been previously reported in bee venom. In this study, we determined the content of putrescine in bee venom by using ultra-performance liquid chromatography. The specificity, accuracy, and precision of the assay were assessed, and the assay validated. The linearity of the putrescine assay was r ≥ 0.99, indicating a moderate level of putrescine in the bee venom. The limit of detection and limit of quantification were both 0.9 ㎍/mL, while the rate of recovery was 96.4%-99.9%. The relative standard deviation (RSD) of the intra-day precision and inter-day precision of the putrescine assay were 0.16% - 0.23% and 0.09% - 0.36%, respectively, with the RSD ≤ 5% indicating excellent precision. Thus, the linearity, limit of detection, limit of quantification, and recovery rate of the putrescine assay were satisfactory. The analysis of the bee venom showed that the putrescine content was 3.1 ± 0.09 mg/g. This study provides fundamental data on putrescine content in bee venom, which will prove useful in further studies of its bioactivity.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
• /
• v.52 no.4
• /
• pp.317-326
• /
• 2020

Deep blocking of consciousness alone does not prevent a reaction to severe stimuli, and copious amounts of pain medication do not guarantee unconsciousness. Therefore, anesthesia must satisfy both: the loss of consciousness as well as muscle relaxation. Muscle relaxants improve the intra-bronchial intubation, surgical field of vision, and operating conditions, while simultaneously reducing the dose of inhalation or intravenous anesthesia. Muscle relaxants are also very important for breathing management during controlled mechanical ventilation during surgery. Excessive dosage of such muscle relaxants may therefore affect neurological examinations during surgery, but an insufficient dosage will result in movement of the patient during the procedure. Hence, muscle relaxation anesthesia depth and neurophysiological monitoring during surgery are closely related. Using excessive muscle relaxants is disadvantageous, since neurophysiological examinations during surgery could be hindered, and eliminating the effects of complete muscle relaxation after surgery is challenging. In the operation of neurophysiological monitoring during the operation, the anesthesiologist administers muscle relaxant based on what standard, it is hoped that the examination will be performed more smoothly by examining the trends in the world as well as domestic and global trends in maintaining muscle relaxant.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
• /
• v.8 no.1
• /
• pp.18-29
• /
• 2005

Purpose: Aroma therapy is one modality of alternative medicine. It was well known to have an analgesic, antidepressive and anxiolytic effects. This study is designed to investigate the effect of aroma self hand massage on vital signs, pain, depression, anxiety and stress in breast cancer patients. Methods: 32 female patient over 20 years old were divided into two groups by a non-blinded randomized controlled method. Patient in the aroma group (n=15) massaged their hands twice a day using aroma oil by themselves in their home for 2 weeks. However, those in control group (n=17) had not received my intervention during the study periods. Pain intensity, state anxiety, depression and stress of subjects were evaluated three times (0, 1, 3 weeks) using Visual Analogue Scale (VAS, $0{\sim}10cm$), State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Beck Depression Inventory Scales (BDIS), Brief Encounter Psychosocial Instrument (BEPSI revised edition). Also the change of patients' accompanying symptoms after aroma massage were analyzed using a structured questionnaire. Results: Pain Intensity decreased in the aroma group compared with control group (VAS changes $-0.83{\pm}1.01\;vs\;0.38{\pm}0.86$, P=0.005). The numbers of accompanying symptoms (P=0.044), depression score (P=0.001) and anxiety score (P=0.008) were significantly decreased in the aroma group, while in control group they increased after 2 weeks. However, the stress score showed no significant changes in both groups ($0.05{\pm}0.85\;vs\;0.04{\pm}0.20$, P=0.1519). The depression, anxiety and stress score showed negative correlation with compliance of aroma massage, but statistically no significant. The systolic blood pressure was a little increased in aroma group ($4.53{\pm}14.43\;vs\;0.0{\pm}7.22$, P=0.026), but was not significant clinically. Patients in the aroma group complained of several symptoms such as headache (20%), paresthesia (6.75%) and nausea (6.7%). However, there were no drop-out patients for those side effects. Conclusion: Aroma self massage during two weeks in breast cancer patients alleviates the pain intensity, depression and anxiety significantly.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
• /
• v.29 no.1
• /
• pp.59-62
• /
• 1996

Chemical pleurodesis with doxycycline has been used during video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) as an auxiliary method to enhance therapeutic goal in patients with pneumothorax. However, the therapeutic effect of doxycycline pleurodesis (DP) has not been clearly defined yet. To evaluate the effect of DP, we compared two groups of patients who were given VATS bullectomy from October 1993 to June 1995. Group I composed of 21 patients who received DP and group II composed of 20 patients who did not received DP Doxycycline 500mg with saline 200ml were instilled into the pleural cavity upon a completion of bullec omy, and retained there for 0.5-1 hour and then drained out. The age of group I was 30.9 $\pm$ 20.0 and that of group II was 24.3 $\pm$ 9.49 years. Male to female ratio was 20: I in group I and 20 : 0 in group II. The postoperative indwelling time of chest tube was 5.86 $\pm$ 4.69 days in group I and 3.80 $\pm$ 2.28 days in group II. Seven patients had more than 100m1/day of chest tube drainage on the postoperative third day in group I compared to one patient in group II. Five patients had postoperative indwelling time of chest tube greater than 7 days in group I compared to two in group II. The number of patients who had postoperative fever were 3 in both group, analgesic requirements were 2.19 $\pm$ 2.77 amples in group I and 2.30 $\pm$ 1.95 ambles in group II. Follow-up was done from 2 months to 16 months after surgery. During the follow up periods, four patients had recurrence 2 (9.5%) in group I and 2 (10%) in group II. We conclude that concomitant doxycycline pleurodesis with video-assisted thor coscopic bullectomy In patients with pneumothorax is not necessary.

• The Journal of Korean Orthopaedic Ultrasound Society
• /
• v.5 no.2
• /
• pp.61-65
• /
• 2012

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of ultrasound-guide steroid injection according to Morton's neuroma size. Materials and Methods: From October 2008 to September 2011, 17 patients (23 cases) diagnosed with Morton's neuroma were investigated. All cases were female and mean age was 52.6 years old. Neuroma were measured by the horizontal and longitudinal length of the mass and underwent ultrasound-guided steroid (5 mg dexamethasone) injection. The efficacy of the injection was determined by Visual Analogue Scale pain score and patient satisfaction(subdivided 4 group-much improved, improved, not improved, aggrevation) Results: 7 of 23(30.4%) cases showed much improved and improved satisfaction and mean longitudinal and horizontal length were $0.71{\pm}0.39cm$ and $0.47{\pm}0.24cm$, respectively. 16 of 23(69.6%) cases showed not improved and aggrevation satisfaction and mean longitudinal and horizontal length were $0.83{\pm}0.42cm$ and $0.54{\pm}0.14cm$, repectively. There was a significant difference in VAS and patient satisfaction in case longitudinal and horizontal length were smaller than 0.5 cm and 0.4 cm. (p<0.05) Conclusion: The ultrasonography is a important modality in diagnosis and treatment of morton's neuroma. Ultrasound-guide steroid injection is effective in case longitudinal and horizontal length were smaller than 0.5 cm and 0.4 cm, respectively.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
• /
• v.49 no.7
• /
• pp.726-731
• /
• 2006

Purpose : We reported previously that intramuscular ketamine with adjunctive midazolam is more effective than ketamine alone in pediatric procedural sedation, but with limited satisfactory sedation by suboptimal ketamine dose. The optimal dose of intramuscular ketamine in children has never been studied in Korea. In this study, we investigated the effectiveness and adverse events of ketamine 4mg/kg with adjunctive midazolam in pediatric laceration repair. Methods : From Jan. 2005 to July 2005, we enrolled 60 children, aged 3 months-7 years, who needed laceration repair under sedation. After verbal consent from parents, patients were randomly assigned to KMA group(IM ketamine 4 mg/kg＋atropine 0.01 mg/kg＋intramuscular midazolam 0.05 mg/kg) or KA group(without midazolam). We compared both groups with the induction time, recovery time, total sedation time, efficacy of sedation, adverse effects, and the satisfaction score of treating physicians. Results : Potentially confounding variables, age, weight, injury site and anxiety score, were similar between groups. The induction time, recovery time and total sedation time were not different statistically. In KMA group, 90.9 percent of patients showed satisfactory sedation compared to 66.7 percent of KA group(P=0.02) and the occurrence rate of significant adverse effect was 0.0 percent and 37.0 percent respectively. Conclusion : We found adjunctive midazolam with ketamine doses of 4 mg/kg IM produced more effective, satisfactory sedation and less adverse effect than without midazolam in pediatric laceration repair. The emergence phenomenon(agitation during recovery) only occurred in 9 KA group patients. In spite of adverse effect, all patients recovered, were discharged and there were no reported delayed events.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
• /
• v.34 no.8
• /
• pp.621-625
• /
• 2001

For many years, 10mm videothoracoscope has been widely used in bullectomy of primary spontaneous pneumothorax. However we used a 2mm videothoracoscope to minimize operative wound. Thus, we compared the clinical results of bulllectomy using 2mm videothoracoscope with bullectomy using 10mm videothoracoscope. Material and method: We analyzed 118 patients who underwent VATS for primary spontaneous pneumothorax from April, 1998 to December, 2000. 2mm videothoracoscope was used in 53 patients(Group A) and 10mm videothoracoscope was used in 65 patients(Group B). The mean age was 20.2$\pm$6.9 years old in group A and 20.1$\pm$6.1 years old in group B. The mean follow up was 10.9$\pm$3.8 months in group A and 11.4$\pm$4.3 months in group B. Result: The operation time was shorter in group A than group B(55.7$\pm$22.9 minutes, 71.2$\pm$21.4 minutes, p<0.05). The duration of postoperative hospital stay was shorter in group A than group B(7.2$\pm$3.2 days, 9.2$\pm$3.6 days, p<0.05). The duration of postoperative chest tube indwelling was shorter in group A than group B(4.7$\pm$3.1 days, 6.3$\pm$2.8 days, p<0.05). The duration of postoperative air leakage(0.6$\pm$2.1 days, 1.0$\pm$2.4 days, p>0.05), the amount of analgesics(1.38$\pm$1.0 ampules, 1.7$\pm$1.4 ampules, p>0.05), the amount of analgesics(1.38$\pm$1.0 ampules, 1.7$\pm$1.4 ampules, p>0.05), postperative complications(2 cases, 7cases, p>0.05) and recurrences(1 case, 1 case, p>0.05) were not statistically different between two groups. Operative wound was smaller in group A than B. Conclusion: There were non adverse results in group A than group B. Furthermore, bullectomy using 2mm videothoracoscope brought us minimized operative wound and good cosmetic results. Thus, we could recommend bullectomy using 2mm videothoracoscope in primary spontaneous penumothorax.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
• /
• v.40 no.1
• /
• pp.66-71
• /
• 2013

Muscular dystrophy is a genetically heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by progressive muscle weakness of variable distribution and severity. Fukuyama type congenital muscular dystrophy (FCMD) is an unusual form of muscular dystrophy with autosomal recessive inheritance and is clinically characterized by an early age of onset, severe central nervous system involvement, facial muscle weakness, and multiple joint contractures. Muscular dystrophy is susceptible to perioperative respiratory, cardiac and other complications. Patients with FCMD have upper airway muscle weakness, therefore general anesthesia is preferred to sedation regarding maintaining the airway when treating these patients. The development of malignant hyperthermia in general anesthesia for patients with muscular dystrophy is a concern. Total intravenous anesthesia should be used instead of inhaled anesthetics because of the risk of malignant hyperthermia. A 3-year-9-month old, 13kg girl with Fukuyama type congenital muscular dystrophy was scheduled for dental treatment under general anesthesia. She had multiple caries and 14 primary teeth needed caries treatment. Prior to general anesthesia, oral premedication with 9 mg midazolam was given. General anesthesia was induced and maintained with target controlled infusion of propofol $3{\sim}3.5{\mu}g/mL$. The patient with progressive muscular dystrophy was successfully treated under total intravenous anesthesia with a target controlled infusion of propofol. There were no complications related to anesthesia and dental treatment during or after the operation. This case suggests that target controlled infusion of propofol is a safe and appropriate anesthetic technique in FCMD patients for dental treatment.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
• /
• v.20 no.1
• /
• pp.33-41
• /
• 2003

The cardiopulmonary and anesthetic effects of tiletamine/zolazepam(TZ, 10 mg/kg IV), xylazine-tiletamine /zolazepam(XTZ, X: 1.1 mg/kg IM, TZ: 10 mg/kg IV) and medetomid-ine-tiletamine/zolazepam(MTZ, M: 30$\mu\textrm{g}$/kg IM, TZ: 10 mg/kg IV) were evaluated to 15 healthy mongrel dogs (4.16$\pm$0.65 kg). These dogs were randomly assigned to the three treatment groups(Control, XTZ, MTZ) with 5 dogs in each group. All experimental animals were premedicated with atropine(0.03 mg/kg, IM). Xylazine or medetomidine were administered to dogs in XTZ group and MTZ group 10 minutes after atropine injection. TZ was administered 20 minutes after atropine injection in all groups. The loss of pain response at pedal reflex and ear pinching tests in XTZ and MTZ groups were much longer compared with those of Control group(P < 0.01). All dogs in this study showed head rocking and hypersalivation during recovery time. Body temperature decreased progressively during experimental period in all groups, but it was not significant. After TZ injection, heart beat rate significantly increased 10 and 20 minutes in Control group, and 20 and 40 minutes in XTZ group(P < 0.05). Respiratory rate significantly decreased 0,10,20 and 40 minutes after 72 injection in XTZ and MTZ groups. In Control group, systolic arterial pressure (SAP) 20 minutes. diastolic arterial pressure(DAP) 10 minutes and mean arterial pressures (MAP) 10 and 20 minutes after 72 injection significantly decreased(P < 0.05). In XTZ group, SAP, DAP and MAP significantly decreased 20 and 40 minutes after 72 injection(P < 0.05). Thus, it was considered that XTZ and MTZ were useful in a canine surgical treatment that requires long anesthetic duration and deep analgesia.