• The Korean Journal of Pain
• /
• v.18 no.2
• /
• pp.133-137
• /
• 2005

Background: Cannabinoids have shown antinociceptive action. The aims of this study were to examine the effect of chronic infusion of a cannabinoids receptors agonist (WIN 55,212-2) for thermal nociception at the spinal level, and to also observe the development of toxicity. Methods: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were implanted with lumbar intrathecal catheters with the nociceptive response (withdrawal response latency) determined by exposing the plantar surface of the hindpaw to radiant heat. Initially, the effect of intrathecal WIN 55,212-2 was evaluated followed by the change in the effect at 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks after repeated infusion. Finally, the histopathological findings were assessed 1 and 4 weeks following the infusion of WIN 55,212-2. Results: Intrathecal WIN 55,212-2 was found to produce a limited antinociception during the thermal test. %MPE of WIN 55,212-2 at 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks after infusion was not different from each other. No abnormal pathological findings were observed following a chronic intrathecal infusion of WIN 55,212-2. Conclusions: WIN 55,212-2, a cannabinoids receptors agonist, may be useful in the management of thermal nociception, without changing the effectiveness or causing the toxicity following a chronic infusion at the spinal level.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
• /
• v.18 no.2
• /
• pp.165-170
• /
• 2005

Background: It is difficult to treat tourniquet-induced hypertension despite adequate anesthesia, and the mechanism of that is not known. And it may be possible that intraoperative continuous infusion of opioid induces preemptive analgesia postoperatively. We investigated the effect of intraoperative continuous i.v. fentanyl on tourniquet induced cardiovascular changes and postoperative preemptive analgesia in total knee replacements. Methods: Sixty patients were randomly assigned to two groups; In study group ($1.5{\mu}g/kg$ loading and $0.5{\mu}g/kg/hr$ continuous infusion of fentanyl before skin incision and tourniquet inflation) and control group (no treatment). Anesthesia was maintained with enflurane (1-2 MAC) and 50% nitrous oxide in oxygen. Arterial pressure and heart rate were compared between two groups. They received postoperative pain treatment with patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) with fentanyl during the postoperative 48 hours after total knee replacement. Visual analog scale (VAS) scores at either rest or movement were used to assess pain. Total fentanyl dose delivered, number of PCA requests, supplemental analgesics, overall satisfaction score and adverse events were evaluated. Results: There were no significant differences between the two groups on cardiovascular changes by tourniquet induced pain effect. VAS, PCA delivered dose and PCA demands at movement in the 24-48 hour decreased in study group compared with control group (P < 0.05). But there were no significant differences between the two groups on the other time periods except 24-48 hour's patient satisfaction and adverse events. Conclusions: We suggest that intraoperative continuous i.v. fentanyl infusion dose not affect cardiovascular change by tourniquet induced pain. But it may induce preemptive analgesia postoperatively.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
• /
• v.19 no.1
• /
• pp.91-95
• /
• 2006

Background: Opioid delivered by epidural patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) is effective in relieving pain after surgery, but it is associated with side effects, such as nausea, vomiting, pruritus, respiratory depression, and urinary retention. The purpose of this study was to compare hydromorphone related side effects and the quality of analgesia when naloxone was added to epidural PCA regimen. Methods: Fifty-two thoracotomy patients with PCA were allocated blindly into two groups. Patients in group H (n = 26) received continuous epidural hydromorphone ($16{\mu}g/ml$) in 0.1% bupivacaine; patients in group N (n = 26) received an epidural infusion containing naloxone ($2{\mu}g/ml$) and hydromorphone ($16{\mu}g/ml$) in 0.1% bupivacaine. The basal rate of PCA was 4 ml/hr and the demand dose was 1.5 ml with a lockout time of 15 min. Pain intensity, sedation, pruritus, nausea and vomiting, respiratory depression were checked at 6, 12, 24 hours postoperatively. Results: The Visual Analog Scale (VAS) scores were significantly lower in group H than in group N. There were no significant differences in the overall incidence of pruritus, nausea and sedation between the two groups. Conclusions: Continuous epidural infusion of naloxone combined with hydromorpho-ne is not effective in reducing the incidence and severity of pruritus induced by epidural hydromorphone.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
• /
• v.8
• /
• pp.71-82
• /
• 1990

In order to collect the plant genetic resources in Korea, the medicinal plants were surveyed from 1987 to 1989 in Kyungbuk province and at the several areas in Kyuognam and Choongbuk province. The medicinal plants of 456 species in 118 families were investigated in these regions. Among them, 249 species were belonged to 19 families, Compositae, Liliaceae, Leguminosae, Poiygonaceae, Labiatae, Rosaceae, Umbelliferae, Gramineae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Ranunculaceae, Cruciferae, Rutaceae, Araliaceae, Araceae, Moraceae, Scrophulariaceae, Caryopyhllaceae, and Convolvulaceae, and others were belonged to 99 families. They have been used mostly for urination, gastroenteric disoder, robustness, antiphlogistic, anodyne, cough medicine, fever remedy, hemostatic, and 9 species of them have been used for anticancer medicine. The medicinal plant resources which were planted in the fields, gardens, parks, roadsides, and glass house, were 93 species for ornamental, 50 for medicine, 27 for vegetable, 14 for food, 5 for vegetable fruit, 13 for fruit, 5 for oil, 6 for tea, 9 for shade, and 14 for other purposes. Most of investigated plants were perennial, and flowered from June to August. The root parts were most frequently used as medicine, and other parts were used in the order of leaf and stem, whole plants, flower, seed, and fruit. Among the 456 species, 191 species in 87 families were investigated to be important medicinal plants.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
• /
• v.32 no.7
• /
• pp.722-729
• /
• 2010

Over the last decades, much consideration has been given to microbiological and chemical risks, especially when wastewater was reclaimed as water resources for urban water, irrigation water and recreational water etc. We investigated the performance of UV-based processes such as UV and UV/$H_2O_2$ for both the removal of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) as an emerging chemical and the inactivation of pathogen with bench-scale experimental study. 38 kinds of PPCPs including antibiotics and analgesics were detected from secondary effluent used as tested water. Bench-scale experimental study showed that UV process would require considerable UV dose for the effective PPCPs removal. Contrarily, PPCPs removal efficiency significantly improved by the combination of $H_2O_2$ with UV even at a lower UV dose and, moreover, their removal efficiency increased with the increased initial $H_2O_2$ concentration. Besides naproxen (>89%), concentrations of all the investigated PPCPs decreased by more than 90% of their initial concentrations under $923\;mJ/cm^3$ of UV dose and 6.2 mg/L of $H_2O_2$. Previous studies showed that this operational condition could get 4~5 log inactivation for Total coliform, indicating that UV/$H_2O_2$ process will be appropriate to comply with the criteria of California Title 22 for Total coliform.

• Journal of the Korean Vacuum Society
• /
• v.15 no.4
• /
• pp.421-426
• /
• 2006

In examining particulate deposits in the pipes of a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) system, vibration diagnostics is compared and studied against ultrasonic diagnostics, The latter method involves pulsing the outer wall of pipes with an ultrasonic sensor and analyzing the resulting echo to observe particulate deposits inside pipes. Vibration diagnostics examines the existence of particulate deposits by analyzing the difference in the frequencies generated when a vibrator is adhered to the outer wall of pipes. With ultrasonic diagnostics, good test results were obtained only when particulate deposits were attached to the inner wall of the pipes, After some time, however, particulate deposits were not detected properly, as the ultrasonic wave failed to cross the fine gaps created between the inner wall of the pipe and the deposits. The ultrasonic wave bounced back because of the dried particulate deposits on the wall. Thus, it has been proven that the ultrasonic diagnostics is not an appropriate means of examining the particulate deposits in a vacuum, On the other hand, vibration diagnostics succeeded in detecting the particulate deposits regardless of the lapsed time. In conclusion, the vibration diagnostics is being expected as the effective method in monitoring the particulate deposits inside pipes in the CVD system where the desired behavior is reduced frequency along with the particulate deposits in comparison to the case where the pipe is clean.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
• /
• v.28 no.1
• /
• pp.42-48
• /
• 2006

Open reduction and rigid internal fixation is the most popular treatment method for maxillofacial fracture patients, and it is unevitable that postoperative pain can be developed. Many surgeons including oral & maxillofacial surgeons have made constant efforts to decrease postoperative pain. This study is a comparison of postoperative analgesia and intramuscular analgesia in patients with mandibular fractures. In this study, twenty-one patients (Experimental group) were randomly selected and they were injected with IV patient-controlled analgesia (PCA; Walkmed$^{(R)}$, USA). For control group another twenty-one patients were injected with intramusclar non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs (Rheoma$^{(R)}$, Samsung Pharm. Co.). And then, we measured visual analogue scale (VAS) scores from first postoperative day to second day at regular time interval. The following results were uptained; 1. In patient group who with open reduction and rigid internal fixation, there was significant difference of postoperative analgesic effect during the first postoperative day(p<0.05). 2. In patient group with over 90 minutes surgery time, there was significant difference of postoperative analgesic effect during the first and second postoperative day when compared between experimental group and control group(p<0.05). 3. In patient group with less than 90 minutes surgery time, there was no significant difference of postoperative analgesic effect during the first and second postoperative day when compared between experimental group and control group(p>0.05). 4. In patient group with surgery of open reduction using rigid internal fixation at single fractured site, there was no significant difference of postoperative analgesic effect during the first and second postoperative day when compared between experimental group and control group(p>0.05). 5. In patient group with surgery at two fractured sites, there was significant difference of postoperative analgesic effect during the first postoperative day when compared between experimental group and control group(p<0.05). As mentioned above, it suggest that patient-controlled analgesia is more effective for postoperative pain relief than intramuscular injection in patients with rigid internal fixation by open reduction after mandibular fracture occurred. Especially, it is considered that in patient with more than 90 minutes surgery time or in cases with multiple fractured sites had more effective results with PCA therapy than conventional intramuscular analgesics.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
• /
• v.39 no.1
• /
• pp.49-56
• /
• 2014

We investigated the role of central P2X receptors in inflammatory pain transmission in the orofacial area in rats. Experiments were carried out using male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 230-280g. Complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA, $40{\mu}L$) was applied subcutaneously to the vibrissa pad to produce inflammatory pain. The intracisternal administration of iso-PPADS tetrasodium salt, a non-selective P2X receptor antagonist, A317491 sodium salt hydrate, a $P2X_{2/3}$ receptor antagonist, 5-BDBD, a $P2X_4$ receptor antagonist, or A438079 hydrochloride, a $P2X_7$ receptor antagonist, was performed 5 days after CFA injection. Subcutaneous injections of CFA produced increases in thermal hypersensitivity. Intracisternal injections of iso-PPADS ($25{\mu}g$) or A438079 (25 or $50{\mu}g$) produced significant anti-hyperalgesic effects against thermal stimuli compared to the vehicle group. A317491 or 5-BDBD did not affect the head withdrawal latency times in rats showing an inflammatory response. Subcutaneous injections of CFA resulted in the up-regulation of OX-42, a microglia marker, and GFAP, an astrocyte marker, in the medullary dorsal horn. The intracisternal administration of A438079 reduced the numbers of activated microglia and astrocytes in the medullary dorsal horn. These results suggest that a blockade of the central $P2X_7$ receptor produces antinociceptive effects, mediated by inhibition of glial cell function in the medullary dorsal horn. These data also indicate that central $P2X_7$ receptors are potential targets for future therapeutic approaches to inflammatory pain in the orofacial area.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
• /
• v.20 no.2
• /
• pp.131-135
• /
• 2017

Purpose: Oral naloxone is combined with oxycodone to alleviate or prevent opioid-induced constipation in cancer pain patients. However, there is still concern that oral naloxone may precipitate opioid withdrawal symptoms in patients on opioids. We retrospectively investigated clinical characteristics of cancer patients who experienced opioid withdrawal symptoms. Methods: We reviewed medical records of all patients who were prescribed with oral oxycodone/naloxone at a tertiary cancer center from January 1, 2012 through December 31, 2016. Eligible patients were screened based on demographics, opioid and naloxone dosages, clinical manifestation and pain intensity. Results: Among a total of 1,641 patients, 10 patients were selected. Seven patients were male, and the average age was 68.1 years. The median dose of naloxone that induced withdrawal symptoms was 20 mg. Most common withdrawal symptom was shivering (seven patients) followed by cold sweating (five), and muscle twitching (five). Other symptoms included restlessness, fever, dizziness, and yawning. Pain was exacerbated from the median intensity of numeric rating scale (NRS) 3 to NRS 6. Conclusion: Opioid withdrawal symptoms may occur when switching to oral oxycodone/naloxone for cancer patients who have been treated with other strong opioids. A prospective, multicenter study on this issue should be conducted in future.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
• /
• v.29 no.3
• /
• pp.554-566
• /
• 2008

Objectives : Modified Gamgil-tang is a prescription commonly used for respiratory diseases. This thesis was carried out to check the treatment effects and diversity of drug formulation by comparing extraction method of ethanol and water of modified Gamgil-tang. Methods : All experiments were carried out with water and 50% ethanol extraction for comparison. In vivo experiment, hyaluronidase inhibitory effects and trypsin inhibitory effects were tested to measure the anti-inflammatory effects activity. Scavenging effects of DPPH free radical, xanthine oxidase inhibitory effects and inhibition on TBA-RS formation were experimented to measure anti-oxidative effects. With the in vivo experiment, ICR group mice and SD group rats were used as experimental animals. An anti-inflammatory effects experiment were carried out to measure the action on carrageenin-induced hind paw edema: analgesic effects were measured using writhing syndrome induced by 0.7% acetic acid in mice: antipyretic effect was measured using endotoxin, and inhibitory effects of increase vascular permeability induced by 0.5% histamine were measured. Results : For extraction of glycyrrhizin contents, ethanol extract was extracted 2 times of that of water extract. Anti-inflammatory effects showed high in ethanol extract. Anti-oxidative effects measured high in ethanol extract. No significant result was found in inhibition on TBA-RS formation. Analgesic effects were found to be similar in water and ethanol extract. Antipyretic effects were found to be stronger in water extract. Inhibitory effects of increase vascular permeability induced by 0.5% histamine showed stronger in ethanol extract. Conclusion : By measuring anti-inflammatory effects, analgesic effects, antipyretic effects, anti-oxidative effects, and histamine permeation inhibition effects both in water extract and ethanol extract after adding agents such as Mentha Herba, Gardenias Fructus, and propolis to existing Gamgil-Tang, ethanol extract was found to be more effective in anti-inflammatory effects, analgesic effects, anti-oxidative effects, and histamine permeation inhibition effects. The converse was found for antipyretic effect.