• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• v.5 no.4 s.20
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• pp.222-227
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• 2005

Purpose: There are several reports suggested the usefulness of serum tumor markers, AFP, CEA and CA19-9 as prognostic factors or indicators for recurrence in gastric cancer. This clinical study was peformed to evaluate positive rate of tumor markers according to site of recurrence in gastric cancer. Materials and Methods: From the database of patients who underwent radical gastrectomy for gastric cancer between January 1999 and January 2004, 52 patients who showed recurrence were included in this retrospective study. Serum levels of tumor markers were measured at the time of preoperative diagnosis of the gastric cancer and at the time of postoperative recurrence during follow up, respectively. Results: The overall positivity of tumor markers at the time of recurrence was found to be significantly higher than that of prior to surgery in the recurred group for the single test as well as the combination tests. For the peritoneum, the most common recurrent site, the positivity of CA19-9 was higher at the time of recurrence. And the significant positivity of CEA at the time of recurrence was detected in the liver cases. Conclusion: Having a preoperative positive tumor marker may identify the patient as having an increased chance of a recurrence. Although tumor markers continue to have limited diagnostic significance in gastric cancer, CA19-9 may be useful as a predictor for peritoneal recurrence of the gastric cancer, and CEA for recurrence to liver.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.327-335
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• 2016

The study is enforce to study image quality evaluation of condition provide the IEC and combination of clinical conditions each quality of radiation that image quality to assess the conditions provided to IEC in the clinical environment to conduct image quality assessment of the digital radiography system in the detector have environmental limits. First, image quality evaluation was evaluated by measuring the MTF, NPS using four quality of radiation and Using MCNPX simulation lastly DQE make a image quality evaluation after calculating the particle fluence to analyze spectrum quality of radiation. Second, Using MCNPX simulation of four quality of radiation was evaluated absorbed dose rate about electronic 1 per unit air, water, muscle, bone by using Radiation flux density and energy, mass-energy absorption coefficient of matter. Results of evaluation of image quality, MTF of four quality of radiation was satisfied diagnosis frequency domain 1.0 ~ 3.0 lp/mm of general X-ray that indicated 1.13 ~ 2.91 lp/mm spatial frequency. The NPS has added filter, spatial frequency 0.5 lp/mm at standard NPS showed a tendency to decrease after increase. Unused added filter, spatial frequency 0.5 lp/mm at standard NPS showed a certain NPS result value after decrease. DQE in 70 kVp / unuesd added filter(21 mm Al) / SID 150 cm that patial frequency 1.5 lp/mm at standard showed a tendency to decrease after certain value showed. Patial frequency in the rest quality of radiation was showed a tendency to decrease after increase. Results of evaluation of absorbed dose, air < water < muscle < bone in the order showed a tendency to increase. Based on the results of this study provide to basic data that present for the image quality evaluation method of a digital radiation imaging system in various the clinical condition.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.59-70
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• 1989

Cervix cancer is the most common female cancer in Korea. In spite of their relatively local invasive tendency, still $44\%$ of patient will develop recurrent cancer. This result suggests that more aggressive local treatment may increase the cure rate but increased complication risk also cannot be avoidable. Various institutions proposed different treatment regimen, but recommended dose were about 4500 cGy for whole pelvis and 8000 cGy at point A, even though they agreed that those doses may not be satisfactory for control of bulky disease. 96 cases of invasive cervical cancer, treated with postoperative or primary radiation therapy were analyzed to determine the complication rate and prognostic factor in our treatment regimen Which is $5500\~1000 CGy$ higher than Other institution. Mean follow up duration was 21 months. Symptomatic patients including mild but persistent abdominal discomfort was $46\%$, but only 1 patient $(1\%)$ had operative treatment because of incomplete obstruction of small bowel. Most symptoms appeared within 12 months and most common complaints were frequent bowel movement. Barium enema and sigmoidoscopy were performed for persistent symptomatic patients. Only one patient had abnormal finding in barium enema which showed inefficiency of this method for detecting bowel complication. Patient's age, total tumor dose, total TDF, rectal dose were not significant risk factors for complication, but boost dose, previous history of operation had some relationship with complication risk. Even though dose of point A and rectum is $500\~1,000cGy$ higher than other institution, such a low rate of severe complications may suggest that fear of complications should not be overestimated than cure rate and the possibility of more aggressive treatment for better local control should not be underestimated.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.30-38
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• 2010

This study was conducted to determine the effects of vitamin C on the activity of liver function enzymes and electromicrographic changes in white rats treated with aflatoxin $B_1(AFB_1)$ or X-ray and $AFB_1$. Six week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into five groups: a control group, $AFB_1$ treated group, $AFB_1$ treated group with vitamin C, X-ray and $AFB_1$ co-treated group, X-ray and $AFB_1$ co-treated group with vitamin C. On the first day of the experiment, only one dose of X-rays was exposed to the entire liver at 1,500 cGy. Next, vitamin C was injected at 10 mg/kg body weight by intraperitoneal injection, followed 1 hr later by the administration of 0.4 mg/kg of $AFB_1$ by intraperitoneal injection. These treatments were then administered every three days over a period of 15 days. On the 16th day of treatments, the animals were sacrificed. Analysis of the activity of the liver function enzymes, GOT, ALK phatase and LDH, in the sera of rats revealed that they were somewhat increased by $AFB_1$ treatment, X-ray and $AFB_1$ co-treatment when compared to the control group. Furthermore, the activity of these enzymes decreased in response to administration of vitamin C. Especially, the levels of GOT were remarkably decreased in the $AFB_1$ treated group treated with vitamin C when compared to the group treated with $AFB_1$ alone(p<0.001). Electromicrographic analysis revealed cloudy swelling, necrosis, vesicular degeneration and fat accumulation of hepatocytes in response to treatment with $AFB_1$ or co-treatment with X-ray and $AFB_1$. However, the destruction of hepatic cells was considerably lower in the vitamin C-treated group. These results indicate that vitamin C had ameliorating effects on the hepatic cell damage.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.127-134
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• 1994

Background : Diffuse panbronchiolitis(DPB) is a chronic inflammatory lung disease of unknown etiology which has characteristic clinical, radiological and pathological features, and is distinguished from bronchial asthma, chronic bronchitis, pulmonary emphysema, bronchiectasis, or alveolitis. Clinically, patients with DPB have chronic cough, purulent sputum, exertional dyspnea, and finally respiratory failure. Until a few years ago, the prognosis of DPB had been thought to be very grave, because there had been no effective treatment for the disease. But recent1y, low-dose long-term erythromycin was found to be very effective on DPB. Even though DPB is prevalent in Japan, and is known to be rare outside of Japan, we have a1ready reported the clinical features of 16 DPB cases in Korea. We tried low-dose long-term erythromycin on DPB patients and analyzed the clinical effect of erythromycin. Methods : We analyzed the changes of subjective symptoms, physical signs, pulmonary function tests and chest X-rays on 14 DPB patients with more than 6 months erythromycin treatment during the period from September 1989 to August 1992 in Seoul National University Hospital. Results : 1) Subjective symptoms improved in all patients within 2-3 months, and 54.5% of the patients showed no symptom after one year of treatment. 2) Crackles and wheezing decreased in 92.9% of the patients after 3 months and completely disapppeared in 63.5% of the patients after one year of treatment. 3) FVC and FEV1 increased remarkably during the first 3 months, and slowly increased thereafter, reaching normal level after one year of treatment. 4) Small nodular lesions on chest X-ray decreased in all patients, and chest PA was normal in 36.4% of the patients after one year of treatment. 5) There was side effect in one patient, stopping medication because of dyspepsia. One patient stopped medication because of no symptom after 16 months of treatment, but her symptom recurring after one month, improving again after retreatment. Conclusion: Low-dose long-term erythromycin showed ramarkable effectiveness on DPB. Further studies are needed on the mechanism of the drug and the duration of the treatment.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.10 no.8
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• pp.597-602
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• 2016

Recent clinical field utilizes the aluminium filter in order to reduce the low-energy photons. However, the usage of the filter can cause adverse effect on the image quality because of the scattered dose that is generated by X-ray hardening phenomenon. Further, usage of filter with improper thickness can be a reason of dose creep phenomenon where unnecessary exposure is generated towards the patient. In this study, the author evaluated the RMS and the RSD analysis in order to have a quantitative evaluation for the effect of forward scattering dose by the filter on the image. as a result of the study, the FSR and the RSD was increased together with the increasing of thickness of the filter. In this study the RSD means the standard deviation of the mean value is relatively size. It can be understood that the signal-to-noise ratio decreases when the average value is taken as a signal and the standard deviation is judged as a noise. The signal-to-noise ratio can understanding as index of resolution at image. Based on these findings, it was quantitatively verified that there is a correlation of the image quality with the FSR by using an additional filter. The results, a 2.5 mmAl which is as recommended by NCRP in the tube voltage of 70 kVp or more showed the 14.6% on the RSD when the filter was not in used. these results are considered able to be utilized as basic data for the study about the filter to improve the quality of the image.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.345-352
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• 2012

As the breast cancer rate is increasing fast in Korean women, people pay more attention to mammography and number of mammography have been increasing dramatically over the last few years. Mammography is the only means to diagnose breast cancer early, but harms caused by radiation exposure shouldn't be overlooked. Therefore, it is important to calculate the radiation dose being absorbed into the breast tissue during the process of mammography for a protective measure against radiation exposure. Because it is impossible to directly measure the radiation dose being absorbed into the human body, statistical calculation methods are commonly used, and most of them are supposed to simulate the interaction between radiation and matter by describing the human body internal structure with anthropomorphic phantoms. However, a simulation using Geant4 Code of Monte Carlo Method, which is well-known as most accurate in calculating the absorbed dose inside the human body, helps calculate exact dose by recreating the anatomical human body structure as it is through the DICOM file of CT. To calculate the absorbed dose in the breast tissue, therefore, this study carried out a simulation using Geant4 Code, and by using the DICOM converted file provided by Geant4, this study changed the human body structure expressed on the CT image data into geometry needed for this simulation. Besides, this study attempted to verify if the dose calculation of Geant4 interlocking with the DICOM file is useful, by comparing the calculated dose provided by this simulation and the measured dose provided by the PTW ion chamber. As a result, under the condition of 28kVp/190mAs, the Difference(%) between the measured dose and the calculated dose was found to be 0.08 %~0.33 %, and at 28 kVp/70 mAs, the Difference(%) of dose was 0.01 %~0.16 %, both of which showed results within 2%, the effective difference range. Therefore, this study found out that calculation of the absorbed dose using Geant4 Simulation is useful in measuring the absorbed dose in the breast tissue for mammography.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.19-24
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• 2010

The aim of this study was to evaluate the change of bone mineral density according to distal radius rotation and the correlations of the lowest BMD measured by DXA at the lumba versus distal radius. The eleven males were projected distal radius by DR X-ray and the measurement of BMD by DXA of the appropriate position of the forearm were performed on 21 males. The healthy 11 and 21 volunteers without any history of operations, anomalies, or trauma were enrolled. The experiment was performed by two methods. First, The DR X-ray was measured distal radius of 11 males in pronation and supination with three, six and nine degrees, including a neutral position. The ROI was measured by the m-view program on the PACS monitor. Second, The DXA was measured distal radius of 21 males in pronation and supination with five and ten degrees, including a neutral position to evaluate the changes of BMD according to the rotation. A correlation of the BMD in the distal radius with BMD that lumbar spine was performed, along with analysis of the data by SPSS 12.0v. The mean rotation angle of the distal radius about eleven males DR X-ray measured $7^{\circ}$ of pronation (82%, n = 9), $6^{\circ}$ of supination and $0^{\circ}$ of neutral of (9%, n = 1), The total average rotation angle in 11 male was $5.1^{\circ}$ of pronation. The rotation angle of the distal radius about twenty one males on DXA measured $7.2^{\circ}$ of pronation (43%, n = 9), $7^{\circ}$ of supination (24%, n = 5), and $0^{\circ}$ of neutral (33%, n = 7), The total average rotation angle in 21 people was $4.1^{\circ}$ of pronation. The correlation of the analysis of lumba and distal radius were r = 3.0, p = 0.18. consequently, The correlation was not significance. Because BMD of lumba was not coverd for BMD of the distal radius, with a neutral position, Pronation is needed for BMD in the distal radius with the rotation angle measuring at the lowest BMD. the rotation angle about five degrees of pronation of the distal radius is recommended.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.323-330
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• 1996

Objective : Cavitary lesion in pulmonary tuberculosis sometimes makes problems in the course of treatment. Especially, retreatment cases tend to respond poorly to current antituberculosis agents. So, authors tried to render a guideline for clinical approach toward cavitary lesions in pulmonary tuberculosis. Methods : Retrospective analysis of 33 pulmonary tuberculosis patients with cavitary lesions was made. All the patients had got treatment at National Masan Tuberculosis Hospital from Jan. 1995 to Aug. 1995. Results: The ratio between male and female was 10:1. Age distribution was 69.7% in 3rd and 4th decades. The locations of cavitary lesion were 60.6% in right upper lung field and 36.4% in left upper lung field. In the extent of disease, there were 12 cases(36.4%) in moderate advanced and 21 cases in far advanced. Cavitary lesions were closed in 5 eases and remained in 28 eases. In the cases of closed cavity, it was happened within $10.6{\pm}4.72$ months after they took treatment, the size of cavity was $35.5{\pm}17.1$ in long diameter, $27.0{\pm}12.2$ in short diameter and $4.6{\pm}2.1\;mm$ in wall thickness. In the cases of remained cavity, the size of cavity was $31.9{\pm}12.3$ in long diameter, $21.0{\pm}9.8$ in short diameter and $5.04{\pm}2.0\;mm$ in wall thickness. In terms of negative conversion, it took $3.8{\pm}2.17$ months in the case of closed cavity but it was happened within 5 months for only 4 patients in the case of remained cavity. In the point of past medication history, there was none in closed cavities but there were none in 1 case, once in 3 cases, two times in 9 cases and more than three times in 13 cases among remained cavitary lesions. Conclusion : In the retreatment cases of pulmonary tuberculosis with cavitary lesions, they tend to respond poorly to current antituberculosis agents. So, if the lesions are localized, operative intervention may be a proper method as adjunctive treatment.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.752-759
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• 1995

Background: Bronchial asthma is characterized by noctunal dyspnea, cough and wheezing because of airway hyperresponsiveness to nonspecific stimuli. These symptoms and signs are also observed in patients with congestive heart failure. Therefore, this is so called "cardiac asthma". There are lots of experimental and clinical datas to suggest that airway dysfunctions occur in acute and chronic congestive heart failure. However, it is still controversial whether bronchial hyperresponsiveness is present in patients with congestive heart failure. To assess whether bronchial hyperresponsiveness is present in patients with congestive heart failure and to demonstrate the relationship between bronchial responsiveness and vascular pressure, we performed methacholine provocation test in 11 patients with mitral valvular heart disease. Methods: All patients were in the New York Heart Association functional class II and treated continuously with digoxin and/or dichlozid and/or angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor except one patient. All patients were undergone right and left side heart catheterization for hemodynamic measurements. A 20 percent fall of peak expiratory flow rate were considered as positive response to methacholine provocation test. Results: 1) Only one patient who has normal pulmonary artery pressure, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, cardiac index was positive in methacholine provocation test. 2) Their mean pulmonary artery pressure, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure were $21.72{\pm}9.70mmHg$, $15.45{\pm}8.69mmHg$ respectively which were significantly higher. Conclusion: It is speculated that in stable congestive heart failure patients, bronchial responsiveness as assessed by methacholine provocation test may not be increased.