• 설비공학논문집
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• 제3권3호
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• pp.153-160
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• 1991

Heat transfer characteristics of a direct contact heat exchanger utilizing sieve trays and spray nozzles for steam condensation for the purpose of combining with a LNG evaporator have been investigated with various cooling water flow rates and different vacuum pressures within the heat exchanger for the purpose of steam condensation. Temperature profiles and the volumetric overall heat transfer coefficients in a direct contact heat exchanger have been obtained for comparisons. The results show that the temperature differences between cooling water and steam along the direct contact heat exchanger height are rapidly decreasing and the volumetric overall heat transfer coefficients of the exchanger improves greatly as the inside vacuum pressure increases. The values of the overall heat transfer coefficients at P=-680mmHg have been increased significantly compared with at atmospheric pressure. At given pressure conditions, it is found that the values of average volumetric overall heat transfer coefficients for the sieve tray are found to be approximately 10% higher than those of the spray nozzle.

• 한국연소학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국연소학회 2000년도 제21회 KOSCO SYMPOSIUM 논문집
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• pp.194-201
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• 2000

This paper is intended to analyze the macroscopic behavior and transient atomization characteristics of the high-pressure gasoline injector in direct-injection gasoline engine. The global spray behavior of fuel injector was visualized by shadowgraph technique. Time-resolved droplet axial and radial velocity components and droplet diameter were measured at many probe positions in both axial and radial directions by a two-component phase Doppler particle analyzer (PDPA). In order to obtain the influence of fuel injection pressure, the macroscopic visualization and experiment of particle measurement on the fuel spray were investigated at 3,5 and 7 MPa of injection pressure under different surrounding pressure in the spray chamber. The results of this work show that the fuel injection pressure of gasoline injector in GDI engine has influence upon the mean droplet diameter, mean velocity of spray droplet, the spray tip penetration, and spray width under the elevated ambient pressure.

• 한국가스학회지
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.1-10
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• 2023

산업혁명의 발달로 인해 급격하게 증가된 온실가스 배출량을 저감하기 위해 배기 배출물 규제가 계속해서 강화되고 있다. 이를 만족시키기 위해선 친환경 연료의 사용은 필수적이다. 미래의 친환경 연료로서 수소가 주목받고 있지만, 물질적 특성으로 인해 취급과 보관에 큰 어려움을 겪고 있어, 이에 대안으로 암모니아가 제안되었다. 암모니아는 수소 대비 상온 조건에서 쉽게 액화가 가능하며, 에너지밀도가 높다. 이에 엔진의 연료로서 암모니아의 적용성을 검토하기 위해 직접분사식 암모니아 전소 엔진에서 연소제어인자의 변경에 따른 실험을 진행하였다. 본 실험은 점화시기(Spark Timing)와 공기과잉률(Excess Air Ratio) 두 개의 변수를 변경하여 실험을 진행하였다.엔진 속도 1,500 RPM 및 중부하 이상(제동 토크 200 Nm)의 조건에서 암모니아 전소를 하였을 때, 연소 안정성과 질소산화물, 미연 암모니아 등의 배기 배출물의 경향을 관찰하였다. 연소제어인자의 최적화를 통해 암모니아만을 연료로 사용한 경우에도 안정적인 연소가 가능한 조건을 찾을 수 있었고, 향후 운전영역 확장을 위한 전략을 적용할 계획이다.

• 대한기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한기계학회 2003년도 춘계학술대회
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• pp.2245-2250
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• 2003

Particulate matters(PM) have bad effect on the health. We carried out measurements of diesel PM under $10{\mu}m$ diameter from a HSDI diesel engine with a diesel oxidation catalyst(DOC) by using the ELPI. This paper compares the two results of the smoke level and the PM level of masses and numbers. We also investigated the effect of the DOC. Under high speed and load, HSDI diesel engine exhausts much masses of particulate matters over 100nm diameter, and a number of PM from 7 to 100nm diameters at the same condition. DOC could reduce the total mass of the PM. However, the DOC could increase the number of ultra fine PM. Before light-off of the soot, the DOC absorb the PM and the DOC oxidize the PM after light-off temperature. The fine PM could be made during the oxidation. Therefore, the advanced DOC is needed to reduce the number of the fine PM.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제34권5호
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• pp.491-498
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• 2010

연료전지 자동차는 성능과 수명 측면에서, 전해질막의 가습이 필요하며, 이를 위해 반응기체인 공기, 수소의 높은 가습이 요구된다. 본 연구에서는 내경 75 mm공기공급관 내에 직접 삽입된 인젝터(노즐)과 액적제거를 위한 사이클론을 통한 가습장치를 고안하여 실험을 수행하였다. 충돌형 노즐 3 종류를 이용하여 분사압력, 공기 유량, 분사방향각도를 달리하여 실험을 수행하였다. 가습 성능을 분석하기 위해, 가습효율이라는 개념을 정의하였다. 별도의 외부 열공급원 없이 분사되는 물과 공기의 엔탈피가 자체 기화열 공급원으로, 분사되는 물의 양이 가습에 가장 중요한 변수임을 볼 수 있었다. 사이클론은 높은 공기유량에서 재비산이 발생되는 것을 볼 수 있었다. 노즐타입 PJ24, 분사방향 각도 90도, 분사압력 1200 kPa, 공기 유량 6000 nlpm에서 절대습도 $21.29\;kJ/kg_{da}$, 가습 효율 86.57%를 얻을 수 있었다.

• 한국항공우주학회지
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• 제48권11호
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• pp.889-902
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• 2020

본 연구에서는 직접 연결식 초음속 연소기에서 설계점을 만족하는 초음속 유동의 형성유무 및 안정화 소요시간을 확인하기 위한 수치해석이 수행되었다. 이를 위하여 연소식 공기 가열기 하류의 고압 유동이 초음속 연소기로 전파되며 초음속 유동장을 형성해가는 과정을 살펴보았다. 압력 및 온도 분석을 통해, 초음속 유동장이 설계점인 마하수 2.0, 1,000 K을 만족하며, 최소 4.0 ms의 안정화 시간이 필요함을 확인하였다. 따라서 초음속 연소시험에서 연료분사 이전에 유동 안정화에 필요한 시간을 고려해야 함을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.97-104
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• 2015

This study is a part of the high pressure injection system development on the Turbo GDI engine in order to reduce smoke emission in case of using the low volatile(high DI) fuel which is used as normal gasoline fuel in the US market. Firstly, theoretical approach was done regarding gasoline fuel property, performance, definition of particle matters and its creation as well as problems of the high DI fuel. In this experimental study, 2L Turbo GDI engine was selected and optimized system parameter was inspected by changing fuel, fuel injection mode (single/multiple), fuel pressure, distance between injector tip and combustion chamber, start of injection, intake valve timing in engine dyno at all engine speed range with full load. In case of normal gasoline fuel, opacity was contained within 2% in all conditions. On the other hands, in case of low volatile fuel (high DI fuel), it was confirmed that the opacity was rapidly increased above 5,000 rpm at 14.5 ~ 20 MPa of fuel pressure and there were almost no differences on the opacity(smoke) between 17 MPa and 20 MPa fuel pressure. According to the SOI retard, smoke decrease tendency was observed but intake valve close timing change has almost no impact on the smoke level in this area. Consequently, smoke decrease was observed and 16% at 6000rpm respectively with injector washer ring installed. By removing injector washer to make injector tip closer to the combustion chamber, smoke decrease was observed by 46% at 5,500 rpm, 42% at 6,000 rpm. It is assumed that the fuel injection interaction with cylinder head, piston head, intake and exhaust valve is reduced so that impingement is reduced in local area.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.193-200
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• 2007

Natural gas is one of the most promising alternatives to gasoline and diesel fuels because of its lower harmful emissions, including $CO_2$, and high thermal efficiency. In particular, natural gas is seen as an alternative fuel for heavy-duty Diesel Engines because of the lower resulting emissions of PM, $CO_2$ and $NO_x$. Almost all CNG vehicles use the PFI-type Engine. However, PFI-type CNG Engines have a lower brake horse power, because of reduced volumetric efficiency and lower burning speed. This is a result of gaseous charge and the time losses increase as compared with the DI-type. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of injection conditions (early injection mode, late injection mode) on the combustion phenomena and performances in the or CNG Engine. A DI Diesel Engine with the same specifications used in a previous study was modified to a DI CNG Engine, and injection pressure was constantly kept at 60bar by a two-stage pressure-reducing type regulator. In this study, excess air ratios were varied from 1.0 to the lean limit, at the load conditions 50% throttle open rate and 1700rpm. The combustion characteristics of the or CNG Engine - such as in-cylinder pressure, indicated thermal efficiency, cycle-by-cycle variation, combustion duration and emissions - were investigated. Through this method, it was possible to verify that the combustion duration, the lean limit and the emissions were improved by control of injection timing and the stratified mixture conditions. And combustion duration is affected by not only excess air ratio, injection timing and position of piston but gas flow condition.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.17-23
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• 2004

A cylindrical constant volume combustion bomb is used to investigate the combustion characteristics and to analyze the heat quantity of homogeneous charge methane-air mixture under various initial pressures, excess air ratios and ignition times. As the overall pressure increase, the values of maximum combustion pressure, maximum heat release rate and cumulative heat release have been increased. But it is not very meaningful to compare with some values such as maximum combustion pressure, maximum heat release rate and cumulative heat release for different overall pressure due to the different heat energy of supplied fuel. So the each value is needed to be compared with normalized value, which is divided by the entered fuel energy. To analyze the heat quantity, some definitions including the CHR ratio, the UHC ratio and the HL ratio are needed and are calculated. As the overall pressure increase, the CHR ratios and the UHC ratios have been decreased, while the HL ratios have been increased. The CHR ratio of 300 ms has the higher value than that of 10000ms, and the HL ratios of 300 ms have a lower value.

• 한국분무공학회지
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.197-204
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• 2012

The vast stores of biomass available in the worldwide have the potential to displace significant amounts of fuels that are currently derived from petroleum sources. Fast pyrolysis of biomass is one of possible paths by which we can convert biomass to higher value products. The wood pyrolysis oil (WPO), also known as the bio crude oil (BCO), has been regarded as an alternative fuel for petroleum fuels to be used in diesel engine. However, the use of WPO in a diesel engine requires modifications due to low energy density, high water contents, low acidity, and high viscosity of the WPO. One of the easiest way to adopt WPO to diesel engine without modifications is emulsification of WPO with diesel or bio diesel. In this study, a DI diesel engine operated with diesel, bio diesel (BD), WPO/BD emulsion was experimentally investigated. Performance and gaseous & particle emission characteristics of a diesel engine fuelled by WPO/BD emulsion were examined. Results showed that stable engine operation was possible with emulsion and engine output power was comparable to diesel and bio diesel operation.