• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.170-174
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• 2009

In this paper, we report a characterization of Prunus necrotic ringspot virus (PNRSV) isolate. The virus was identified from 'Yumyeong' peach showing mild mosaic on leaves in commercial orchard of 'Umsung', Chungbuk province in Korea. The virus isolate produced ringspot symptom on the inoculated cotyledons and systemic mosaic and malformation on the upper leaves of Cucumis sativus. Systemic mottles were appeared in Chenopodium quinoa. When the buds of the virus infected stem were grafted on the healthy young Prunus persica GF305 seedlings, line pattern with mosaic appeared within 3 months. Isometric virus-like particles were found in parenchyma cells and plasmodesmata of C. sativus leaves inoculated mechanically with the virus. The cDNA fragments of PNRSV coat protein (CP) region, approximately 675bp, were synthesized from genomic RNA extracted from virus-infected leaves by RT-PCR using specific primer pairs. Partial nucleotide sequences of the CP regions were determined and analyzed with the known PNRSV. The CP gene of PNRSVKorea isolates showed 93.9~94.7% similarity to the 4 known PNRSV isolates.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.133-140
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• 2016

This study was evaluated individual growth and hematological changes of young starry flounder, using hyperpigmentation marks on the blind side of body after feeding extruded pellet (EP) and moisture pellet (MP) for 45 days. As a result, the fish grew up to $220.1{\pm}47.8g$ in the EP treatment and $224.7{\pm}42.4g$ in the MP treatment, so the weight gain was significantly higher in the MP treatment ($74.6{\pm}17.3%$) than in the EP treatment ($63.7{\pm}16.9%$) (P<0.05). Osmolalities of flounder after 45 days culture were similar between the treatments (P>0.05), showing values of $359.8{\pm}4.2mOsm\;kg^{-1}$ in the EP treatment and $358.5{\pm}6.2mOsm\;kg^{-1}$ in the MP treatment. Similarly, other blood chemistry indicators such as sodium, chloride, total protein, albumin, glucose, total cholesterol, BUN, creatinine, ammonia, triglyceride, cortisol, GOT, GPT and hematocrit showed no differences between the treatments. However, the free fatty acid concentration was significantly higher in the MP treatment than in the EP treatment (P<0.05).

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.117-123
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• 2018

In this study, the efficiency of photosynthetic electron transfer according to LED color temperature was verified in order to find a way to efficiently grow trees under night illumination. The experiment was carried out with White treatment, Warmwhite treatment, and non-treatment with donarium cherry. The study uses to a method for analyzing and evaluating the color temperature of an LED light source by photochemical analysis. We found that all treatments 115 DAT of maximum fluorescence amount(P) had the lowest. In the treatment using white light and the Warm-white light, the T amount of florescence of the late stage during the transition of the J-I level was increased, and the photosystem I electron transfer efficiency was decreased. Therefore, the electron transport efficiency of $RE1_O/CS$ and RE1o/RC were reduced. Especially, compared to Warmwhite, the light intensity increased greatly in the white-light treatment, The $PI_{TOTALABS}$ of 7 DAT was the highest value, but it was decreased to the lowest value on 115 DAT. This study has shown that the white treatment was low in electron transfer efficiency and soundness. Warmwhite-light treatments showed lower stress.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.124-130
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• 2018

Paralichthys olivaceus (mean length, $13.3{\pm}1.6cm$; mean weight, $25.6{\pm}3.7g$) were exposed to waterborne hexavalent chromium at different concentrations (0, 0.5, 1.0, and $2.0mg\;L^{-1}$) for 10 days. Hematological parameters such as hemoglobin and hematocrit of P. olivaceus were significantly decreased after waterborne chromium exposure. There were no significant alterations in inorganic plasma components, calcium, or magnesium after waterborne chromium exposure. Organic plasma components such as glucose and cholesterol levels were significantly increased after exposure to chromium at concentration over $1.0mg\;L^{-1}$. However, significant change in total protein was not observed. Enzymatic plasma components such as aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels were significantly increased after chromium exposure. Results of this study indicate that waterborne chromium exposure can cause significant alterations in hematological parameters and plasma components of P. olivaceus. Such changes in parameters could be used as reliable indicators for toxic effects of waterborne chromium exposure.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.264-271
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to investigate contamination sources of baby leafy vegetables by assessing microbial loads on baby leafy vegetables and agricultural inputs contacted with the vegetables. To estimate microbial loads, fecal indicators (coliform and Escherichia coli) and foodborne pathogens (E. coli O157:H7, Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, and Bacillus cereus) were examined. A total of 126 samples including eleven kinds of leafy vegetables, irrigation water, media, and tools were tested, resulting in coliform contamination observed from most of samples. For E. coli, 10.3% (13/126) of the samples were positive including irrigation water, knife, handler, media, tools, and three kinds of leafy vegetables. B. cereus was detected from 38% (48/126) of the samples including media, tools and three kinds of leafy vegetables. No E. coli O157:H7, Salmonella spp., and L. monocytogenes was detected. This result implies that contacting with agricultural inputs could explain microbial load of baby leafy vegetables.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.13 no.1 s.28
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• pp.93-102
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• 2007

Particle materials sink in bottom and dissolved inorganic substances release from sediment and many kinds of materials continuously exchange in sediment and water column as well as transfer and transformation in sediment. The study of sediment quality means the state of sediment pollution relation of the water quality, sediment biota, materials fluxes between sediment and water column, transformation of materials in sediment is being important in recent. The state of sediment quality imply that the history of water pollution for long time, because the sediment quality does not change temporally. The sediment quality of bottom water can be used as a good indicator of pollution at present and in future. The major index of sediment qualities are the content of nutrients and hazard materials such as metals, Ignition Loss (IL), Total Sulfur (TS), Oxidation Reduction Potential (ORP), sediment COD, color, odor and the release of nutrients from sediment. However, there are some arguments between researchers about compare to estimation of sediment quality and sampling and analysis of sediment. In this study, I will introduce the method of sediment sampling, analyzing and estimating of the sediment pollution.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.155-164
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• 2016

In this study we analyzed the spatial and temporal distribution and preferred habitat type of the Kentish plover (Charadrius alexandrinus) based on the 3rd National Ecosystem Survey. Kentish plovers were observed in 97 maps out of a total 842 maps (11.8%) between 2006 and 2012, mainly along the western and southern coasts of Korea. They were also observed in the eastern coast of Korea, inland rivers (Han, Geum, Nakdong, Seomjin, and Yongsan River), the western and eastern coast of Jeju island, and Daecheong Island in the Yellow Sea. The observations were mainly made during the spring breeding season and migration seasons in spring and autumn. The occurrence of kentish plovers was positively influenced by the area of water and wetland according to the middle classification level of land cover type analysis and the area of coastal wetlands in the detailed classification level of land cover types. Most (90%) of the kentish plovers recorded maps had coastal wetlands. Kentish plovers were known to be susceptible to change of habitat. As the occurrence of kentish plovers could be associated with the habitat-change of coastal wetlands and it is possible to estimate the number of individuals, it is recommended that kentish plovers be used as a bioindicator species for the ecological assessment of ecosystem in intertidal zones.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.10-17
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• 2011

The paradigm of the use and management of natural resources is changing. Wise use of natural resources can be achieved by enhancing their conservation value and, at the same time, taking them as an opportunity for regional development. It leads to an idea of pursuing regional development by making good use of natural resources. In this paper, natural resources were classified as living species resources, ecosystem and landscape resources, and non-living resources. The resources were divided into 27 detailed analysis indices. The administrative boundaries of 165 municipalities in Korea were defined as spatial analysis units. Finally, a spatial database of natural resources was built. To classify the regional types, we conducted factor analyses with a detailed index of natural resources and a cluster analysis with the factor value. As the result of the factor analysis, six factors have been deduced as follows: forest resources, landscape resources, coastal ecology resources, inland water resources, landform resources, and ecology visit resources. In addition, the cluster analyses were conducted for the points of the factors drawn. The final classification consists of nine groups, and appropriate methods for each regional development have been suggested. Results of this study will contribute to providing fundamental materials for site selection and objective-setting for regional development policies and planning in consideration of natural resources.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.346-353
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• 2009

Viral, bacterial, and fungal infection can be transmitted from donor to recipient via transplantation of human amniotic membrane. Therefore human amniotic membrane for transplantation should be disinfected and sterilized before use. The purpose of this study was to examine the efficacy of the disinfection process and sterilization processes used at human tissue bank in the inactivation of viruses, bacteria, and fungi. A variety of experimental model viruses, bacteria, and fungus for human pathogens, including the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), bovine herpes virus (BHV), bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV), hepatitis A virus (HAV), porcine parvovirus (PPV), Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Candida albicans were all selected for this study. Enveloped viruses such as HIV-1, BHV, and BVDV were effectively inactivated to undetectable levels by 70% ethanol treatment, gamma irradiation process, and ethylene oxide (EO) gas sterilization process. Also non-enveloped viruses such as HAV and PPV were effectively inactivated to undetectable levels by gamma irradiation and EO gas treatment. However HAV and PPV showed high resistance to 70% ethanol treatment. E. coli and C. albicans were effectively inactivated to undetectable levels by 70% ethanol treatment, gamma irradiation process, and EO gas treatment. Also B. subtilis was effectively inactivated to undetectable levels by gamma irradiation process and EO gas treatment. However it showed high resistance to 70% ethanol treatment.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.225-234
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• 2022

The purpose of this study was to confirm the skin whitening and UV absorption effects of bioconverted Beta vulagaris (BBE) using Lactiplantibacillus plantarum SM4, and the effects were evaluated by measuring total polyphenol content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), radical elimination activity (RSA), and tyrosinase activity inhibition (TAI). TPC and TFC of BBE were 25.0 mg GAE/g DM and 8.05 mg QE/g DM, which were 1.3 and 1.1 times higher than hot-water extract (HWE) respectively. RSA, an indicator of antioxidant activity, and TAI, an indicator of skin-whitening effect, were 36.8%, and 68.6%, respectively, 1.1 and 1.2 times higher than that of HWE. UVA and UVB absorption of BBE were 21.4 and 87.6%, which was 1.4 and 1.7 times higher than that of HWE respectively. When main substances of BBE were analyzed using LC-MS/MS, kaempferol and isorhamnetin, a type of polyphenols known to have high antioxidant and skin-whitening effects, were identified. As a results, BBE is expected to be used as a functional cosmetic material as it has excellent antioxidant, skin whitening, and UV absorption properties.