• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.487-497
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• 2010

This paper estimates theoretically optimal sizes of urban population for major metropolitan areas using an urban economy system with utility maximizing household, profit maximizing producer and government providing public goods. This finds that the optimal size of urban population is determined by technological levels and public services. The population sizes of Seoul, Busan, Daegu and Incheon are higher than their optimal levels, while Gwangju, Daejeon and Ulsan need to increase the population for production efficiency.

• 한국사회정책
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.77-115
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to present empirical evidence for discussion of financing social welfare via estimating optimal tax burden in the main member countries of the OECD by using Hausman-Taylor method considering endogeneity of explanatory variables. Also, the author produced an international tax comparison index reflecting theoretical hypotheses on revenue-expenditure nexus within a model to compare real tax burden by countries and to examine feasibility of tax increase in Korea. As a result of the analysis, the higher the level of tax burden was, the higher the level of welfare expenditure was, indicating the connection between high burden and high welfare from the aspect of scale. The results also indicated that the subject countries recently entered into the state of low tax burden. Meanwhile, Korea had maintained low burden until the late 1990s but the tax burden soared up since the financial crisis related to the IMF. However, due to the impact of foreign economy and the tax reduction policy, it reentered into the low-burden state after 2009. On the other hand, the degree of social welfare expenditure's reducing tax burden has been gradually enhanced since the crisis. In this context, the current optimal tax burden ratio of Korea as of 2010 may be 25.8%~26.5% of GDP based on input of welfare expenditure variables, a percent that Korea was investigated to be a 'high tax burden-low ITC' country whose tax increase of 0.7~1.4%p may be feasible and that the success of tax system reform for tax increase might be higher probability when compare to others. However, measures of increasing social security contributions and consumption tax were analyzed to be improper from the aspect of managing finance when compared to increase in other tax items, considering the relatively higher ITC. Tax increase is not necessarily required though there may be room for tax increase; the optimal tax burden ratio can be understood as the level that may be achieved on average when compared to other nations, not as the "proper" level. Thus, discussion of tax increase should be accompanied with comprehensive understanding of models of economic developmental difference from nations and institutional & historical attributes included in specific tax mix.

• Proceedings of the Korean Operations and Management Science Society Conference
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• 1992.04b
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• pp.63-72
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• 1992

본 연구의 목적은 교환기 및 가입자 선로에 대한 투자계획의 수립 즉 적정수준의 공급주기와 공급량을 산정하는 방안을 모색해 보는 것이다. 이와 같은 연구를 수행하기 위하여 우선 한국통신의 공급계획수립업무에 대한 현황파악과 함께 한국통신의 공급계획수립에 적용할 수 있는 이론적 모형을 다각도로 검토해 보았다. 그 결과 재고모형이 가장 적합하다고 판단되어 재고모형의 여러 대안을 현행 공급계획수립방법과 비교하여 공급주기와 총비용을 비교분석하였다. 본 연구에서는 Economic Order Quantity(EOQ)모형, Dynamic Lot Size(DLS)모형, 그리고 Simulation이 분석의 도구로 사용되었으며, Simulation은 두가지 방법을 적용하였다. 첫번째 방법은 개별 전화국을 대상으로 simulation을 실시하여 최소의 비용을 보이는 공급주기를 각 전화국별로 산정하는 것이며, 두번째 방법은 모든 전화국에 동일한 공급주기를 적용하여 개별 전화국에서 발생하는 비용의 총합계가 최소화되는 공급주기를 산정하는 것이다. 각 대안별로 공급주기와 총비용을 산정해 본 결과 교환기의 경우는 총비용면에서 현행방법과 본 연구에서 제안한 대안들간에 커다란 차이는 없었으나, 모든 전화국에 동일한 공급주기를 일률적으로 적용시키는 것보다 각 전화국의 수요증가형태에 맞는 공급주기를 별도로 산정하여 적용시키는 것이 보다 경제적이었다. 한편, 가입자선로의 경우는 본 연구에서 제시한 대안들이 현행방법에 비해 연간 수백억원에 이르는 투자지출을 절감 할 수 있음을 보였다.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.18 no.1 s.28
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• pp.57-66
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• 2005

통과대(通過對)${\ulcorner}$황제내경(黃帝內經)${\lrcorner}$ 중제출적여불면상관적17편경문적고찰(中提出的與不眠相關的17篇經文的考察), 진행불면원인적연구(進行不眠原因的硏究), 득출여하결논(得出如何結論): 수면화불면(睡眠和不眠), 여인체내위기적활동유관(與人體內衛氣的活動有關). 즉백주위기행어양분(卽白晝衛氣行於陽分), 고능소성(故能蘇醒); 이야만위기행어음분(而夜晩衛氣行於陰分), 칙능입수(則能入睡). 위기능구순리지출입내외, 기력양시유오장적정기제공적(其力量是由五臟的精氣提供的). 인차개괄이언(因此槪括而言), 불면적원인시음허양왕적상태(不眠的原因是陰虛陽旺的狀態). 수연불면불과시일종병증(雖然不眠不過是一種病症), 단기원인시다양적(但其原因是多樣的). 재경문중소견적원인(在經文中所見的原因), 진행개괄여하(進行槪括如下): 양기원성(陽氣元盛), 양명경실조(陽明經失調), 위중불화(胃中不和), 오장수손상(五臟受損傷), 혹인년노오장정기불족(或因年老五臟精氣不足), 인광증혹혼백비양이(因狂症或魂魄飛揚而) 치적다몽등심리장애(致的多夢等心理障碍), 비생리성수사체류(非生理性水邪滯留), 인침자오치이치적음정손상혹수사조장(因針刺誤治而致的陰精損傷或水邪助長).

• Journal of Korea Game Society
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.29-36
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• 2005

Determining the price of a newly developed game product is a substantial matter affecting many aspects of corporate management. An appropriate pricing based on the proper data encourages consumers to purchase products repeatedly Yet presently most game companies prefer to set a price according to the cost including developing expense, advertising expense and law materials. As a result that price does not reveal the rue value of the product, many corporations face the demerits in the corporate management including the low sales, the loss of client and the poor promotion. This study has emphasis on the evaluating the price according to the consumer view rather than either corporate or industrial view. The price preference research analysis shows that Korean gamers prefer the price ranging around 30 thousand won in the simulation game, RPG game, and arcade game. In the online game, around 20 thousand won is the preferred price. This difference explains well the features of each game categories.

• The Journal of Information Technology
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.125-134
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• 2003

This paper is to measure the sensitivity of relations in communication network operation. In order to procure an important adequacy in the network operation and quality improvement, it is necessary to increase network operation efficiency and analyze the characteristic of network operation. Finally, we analyze costing appropriate operation, propose profit increase scheme and apply realistic business. First of all it's important to improve and estimate a proper operating cost thoroughly and comprehensively. Because the important issue of this process is quality process and this quality process occurs customers' satisfaction, therefore, to make a mutual relation in-between individual change of each element is to analyze a reasonable standard. So, for this reason we study on structuring nice models for network operation and estimating many scenarios for measuring efficiency. Especially those in economic and sensitivity based.

• Journal of Industrial Convergence
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• v.20 no.11
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• pp.135-140
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• 2022

A study to estimate the appropriate size for the quota of civil servants during the period of change of government is required. Therefore, in this study, we would like to introduce a study that uses DEA to estimate the appropriate size of public officials. The department of a public institution is DMU, and the number of employees in each department is applied as an input variable, and the number of electronic approval production documents and the number of electronic approval expenditures are applied as output variables. MaxDEA 8 was used as an analysis program for this purpose. As a result of the analysis, when the efficiency level was 1.00 (100%), 3 out of 14 departments showed the optimal level by satisfying the efficiency, and 10 of the remaining departments scored 0.50 (50%) with a score of 0.50 (50%), confirmed to be relatively inefficient. In other words, it was confirmed that most departments had inefficient surplus staff. As an additional analysis, we calculated the number of possible staff reductions using the efficiency level. Using this, it is expected that the field of manpower reduction can be discovered in advance through an analysis of manpower efficiency by department, and based on this, it can be used to relocate manpower by department according to future response strategies.

• Journal of the Korean Regional Science Association
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.21-42
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• 2015

This paper investigates whether urban expansion and the vitalization of the local economy can be achieved through new city development. The results show that regardless of the starting point (origin) or destination point, traffic increases closer to the origin for the purpose of transportation and decreases farther from the origin. However, traffic tends to increase in districts 20 to 40 km away from the origin. Hence, building a new city in this district may be effective in terms of geography and functionality.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.67-94
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• 1987

본(本) 연구(硏究)의 목적(目的)은 공무원연금제도(公務員年金制度)의 장래(將來) 재정안정(財政安定)을 위한 연금급여구조(年金給與構造)의 개선방안(改善方案)을 제시하기 위한 것이며, 이를 위하여 가입후(加入後) 연금수급(年金受給)을 마칠 때까지의 갹출(醵出) 및 급여과정(給與過程)의 시뮬레이션을 통하여 공무원연금(公務員年金) 가입자(加入者)의 수익률(收益率), 손익분기점(損益分岐點) 및 급여수준(給與水準) 등을 분석(分析)하였다. 분석결과(分析結果) 공무원연금제도(公務員年金制度)의 현급여구조(現給與構造)가 지속(持續)된다면 재정위기(財政危機)가 초래될 것으로 전망된다. 이는 퇴직시점(退職時點)의 최종보수(最終報酬)를 기준으로 연금액(年金額)을 산정하고 공무원(公務員)의 퇴직연령(退職年齡)이 일반적으로 낮으며 수급자(受給者)의 평균수명이 길어져 연금액지출(年金額支出)이 증대되고 있기 때문이다. 이에 대한 대안(代案)으로 국민연금(國民年金)의 산정방법(算定方法)(전가입자평균보수(全加入者平均報酬)와 가입자개인(加入者個人)의 전가입기간평균보수(全加入期間平均報酬)를 기준으로 연금(年金)을 산정(算定))을 적용하고 연금수급시점(年金受給時點)을 60세부터로 하는 경우를 검토하여 본 결과 현저한 재정안정효과(財政安定效果)뿐 아니라 소득재분배효과(所得再分配效果)도 가져 오는 것으로 분석되었다. 그러나 이러한 개선방안(改善方案)은 연금수급자(年金受給者)들에게 충격을 줄 수 있으므로 적정수익률(適正收益率)을 감안한 점진적(漸進的) 개선(改善)이 바람직하다.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2016.05a
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• pp.132-132
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• 2016

수돗물에 대한 국민적 불신과 불안의 해소는 K-water의 정책목표로서 지난 10여년 동안 추진되어온 중점과제이다. 특히 수돗물에 불신으로 직접 음용하는 비율이 1~6% 내외에 불과하고 이로 인해 많은 사회적 비용이 발생하고 있는 것이 현실이다. K-water에서는 수돗물에 대한 오해를 불식시키기 위해 '14년부터 건강한 수돗물을 공급하는 스마트워터시티(Smart Water City, 이하 SWC) 구축사업을 시작하였다. SWC사업은 권역별로 거점 도시를 구축해 추진 중이며, 북부권(파주시, 송산그린시티), 중부권(세종시), 남부권(부산에코델타시티) 중 수도권지역본부는 파주시를 대상으로 시범 사업을 실시하였고 전국적 확산을 위해 2015년 '건강한 물 공급 확대 및 SWC 구축 중장기 계획'을 수립하였는데 2024년까지 총 2,940억원이 투입될 예정이다. SWC 사업의 지속적인 추진을 위해서는 충분한 재원의 확보가 뒷받침되어야 하며 수도 요금 인상요인도 발생할 것으로 전망되어 이에 대한 대응방안을 마련하는 것도 필요하다. 상수도 요금의 설정방법은 다양하지만, 본 연구에서는 SWC 사업이 위수탁대가 및 상수도 요금에 미치는 영향을 분석하고, "지불의사금액"(Willingness to Pay:WTP)과 함께 가계소득과 가계지출을 기반으로 한 수익자의 "지불가능금액"(Affordability to Pay : ATP)을 추계하여 적정 상수도요금 수준을 검토하고자 한다.