• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.1457-1469
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• 2017

Private education expenses is one of the key issues in Korea and there have been many discussions about it. Academically, most of previous researches for private education expenses have used multiple regression linear model based on ordinary least squares (OLS) method. However, if the data do not satisfy the basic assumptions of the OLS method such as the normality and homoscedasticity, there is a problem with the reliability of estimations of parameters. In this case, quantile regression model is preferred to OLS model since it does not depend on the assumptions of nonnormality and heteroscedasticity for the data. In the present study, the data from a survey on private education expenses, conducted by Statistics Korea in 2015 has been analyzed for investigation of the impacting factors for private education expenses. Since the data do not satisfy the OLS assumptions, quantile regression model has been employed in Bayesian approach by using gibbs sampling method. The analysis results show that the gender of the student, parent's age, and the time and cost of participating after school are not significant. Household income is positively significant in proportion to the same size for all levels (quantiles) of private education expenses. Spending on private education in Seoul is higher than other regions and the regional difference grows as private education expenditure increases. Total time for private education and student's achievement have positive effect on the lower quantiles than the higher quantiles. Education level of father is positively significant for midium-high quantiles only, but education level of mother is for all but low quantiles. Participating after school is positively significant for the lower quantiles but EBS textbook cost is positively significant for the higher quantiles.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.172-194
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• 2010

External costs emerge as a consequence of negative external effects. The EU commission and national government in Europe made themselves the internalization of external costs and began to make various measures. The traffic sector plays an important role. At the same time, it affects as financial loads to logistics service providers and carriers in Europe. This study examines current development in european logistic market conditions. It describes the reaction of different market players and stakeholders in the logistic value chain in EU, Switzerland and Germany. A portfolio of different strategic answers to the changing market environment is being developed. Therefore, different options for the internalization of external costs are proposed. This study finally derives propositions for future research.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Industrial Safety Conference
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• 2000.11a
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• pp.163-168
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• 2000

공업화 및 인구의 도시집중에 의해 사회간접자본 확충 및 주택 보급에 따라 건설 공사는 해마다 늘어나고 있으며 그에 따라 여러 가지 사회적인 문제점을 야기하고 있다. 여러 문제점 중에서도 건설현장의 특성상 여러 가지 기계 장비를 사용하고 있는바, 많은 소음이 발생하여 주변 거주자들의 생활의 질을 떨어뜨리고 심하게는 정신적 육체적 고통을 주고 있다. 그에 따라 건설현장은 주변사회로부터 많은 민원을 겪고 있으며 민원 처리비용으로 많은 비용을 지출하고 있으며 공사의 중단 등 많은 불이익을 당하고 있으며 결국은 공사원가 상승으로 이어지고 있다.(중략)

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.109-113
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• 1999

Purpose : Because we don't have inappropriate health care system for the terminal cancer patients, there were abnormal behavior patterns of health care utilization. So, There were needs to develop the comprehensive care for terminal cancer patients. Increased attention is being paid to the futility of life-sustaining treatment and high cost of management of terminal cancer patients Materials and Methods : This study was performed on cancer patients, registered in 1996 Central Cancer Registry, who were as insured person of Korea Medical Insurance and died from January 1997 to June 1998. We studied the day of medical care and medical expenses of 151 cancer patients evaluable. Results : The mean day of inpatient care was 39 days, and the mean days of outpatient care was 14 days in study subjects. Mean expenses per day of medical care, day of inpatient, and day of outpatients care were 85,392 won, 105,908 won, and 40,173 won. 95% of medical expenses is paid to the general hospital, and 85% of medical expenses was paid for inpatient care. About half of all medical expenses in th last 6 months were incurred in the last 60 days of life, and about 30 percent were incurred in the last 30 days. Expenses of outpatients care increased between 6 month and 3 months, after which they decreased. Expenses of inpatients care increased during all last 6months Conclusion : The distribution or medical expenses during the last 6 months in our study is similar to the distribution of American Medicare costs. We need to study medical expenses during the last year of life with large scale and details in order to develop the plan about the management of terminal cancer patient.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.153-161
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• 2021

This study examined whether the probability of a tax investigation by the general construction industry could reduce the entertainment expenses in order to confirm whether a tax investigation can reduce excessive discretionary expenses of firms. Among the general construction industry listed on the KOSPI and KOSDAQ from 2011 to 2018, 274 firms with sales exceeding 10 billion won in the previous year were targeted at the tax audit selection rate and the tax audit detection rate, which is a proxy for the possibility of a tax investigation. The effect of the ratio of entertainment expenses to sales and the increase rate of entertainment expenses was verified. As a result of the analysis, both the selection rate and the detection rate of the tax investigation have a significant negative effect on the proxy variable of the discretionary expenses measured as the proportion of entertainment expenses and the increase rate of entertainment expenses. The results of this study showed that the tax investigation is a means to curb the excessive expenditure of the firm's discretionary expenses, thus suggesting the direction for the taxation policy and the effectiveness of the tax investigation.

• Proceedings of the Korea Information Processing Society Conference
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• 2012.04a
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• pp.1239-1242
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• 2012

현재 소비자의 요구에 따라 다양한 타켓 상에서 임베디드 소프트웨어 개발이 폭주되고 있다. 같은 서비스를 제공하는 어플리케이션을 다양한 플랫폼에 맞게 개발하려면 많은 시간과 비용이 소모된다. 또한 이를 위한 테스트 비용도 증가하게 된다. 이는 테스트 비용의 지출이 전체 개발비용에 막대한 영향을 미친다. 그래서 다양한 플랫폼 상에서의 테스트 비용을 감소하기 위해 기존 소프트웨어공학 기법 중 하나인 Model Driven Architecture (MDA)를 적용한 기존 임베디드 개발기법에 테스트 프로세스를 개선 및 강화할 것을 제안한다[1 ][2]. 또한 다양한 타켓에 맞는 이종 테스트케이스 개발에 밑거름이 될 것이다.

• Journal of the KSME
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• v.54 no.8
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• pp.37-41
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• 2014

우리나라는 발전용 가스터빈 설치 운영에 있어 막대한 비용을 해외에 지출하고 있으나 기술적, 산업적 측면에서 선진국 수준에 크게 미치지 못하고 있는 것이 현실이다. 늦은 감이 있지만 체계적인 가스터빈 독자개발을 위하여 국가적 차원의 역량집결이 필요하며, 이를 바탕으로 국내시장을 넘어 해외시장 진출을 준비해야 할 시점이다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Community Living Science Conference
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• 2011.10a
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• pp.92-92
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• 2011

• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Design Studies Conference
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• 1999.10a
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• pp.82-83
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• 1999

오늘날 생활수준 향상과 라이프 스타일의 다양한 변화에 따라 핵가족화 되어 유년기 아동들에게 많은 투자비용이 증가되고 있으며, 유년기 시점의 상품구매 결정도 높아가고 있다. 아동들은 고객 구매자, 지출자, 쇼퍼(shopper) 및 소비자로서의 역할을 동시에 수행한다. (중략)

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.674-680
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• 2013

This paper investigates the impact of liquidity constraints on investment expenditures of family and non-family firms. We analyze the ownership structure of family firms to determine whether family control alleviates or exacerbates investment-cash flow sensitivity in domestic firms. To examine the impact of liquidity constraints on investment expenditures of family and non-family firms, we used a financial data of 644 Korea Exchange traded companies over the 2000 - 2010 period. We estimated a time-series and cross-sectional regression model, using samples of family firms and non-family firms. The results show that cash flow is not associated with investment expenditure in family firms, whereas cash flow has a positive impact on investment in non-family firms. Our results show that lower or no investment-cash flow sensitivities in family-controlled firms are mainly attributable to lower agency costs through strong monitoring activities of family members. Higher investment-cash flow sensitivities are observed in non-family firms with more agency problems. This suggests that investment-cash flow sensitivities would be useful measures of liquidity constraints.