• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.59 no.1
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• pp.301-327
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• 2007

The purpose of this study is to examine the timing and the risk factors associated with the adoption of legally-free foster children. The sample of the study was drawn from foster care files of Adoption and Foster Care Analysis and Reporting System(AFCARS) in 32 states between October 1998 (FY 1999) and September 2002(FY 2002). The timing post-TPR to adoption was examined by plotting the Kaplan-Meier cumulative hazard function for adoption and by plotting the KM hazard functions stratified by child's race and child's age at TPR. Cox proportional-hazards regression analysis was used to identify risk factors for adoption of legally-free foster children after TPR. The hazard of adoption was very low immediately after TPR but increased steadily starting at 3 months and then declined after 20 months. The cumulative hazard functions for White non-Hispanic children and Black non-Hispanic children crossed over at 13 months after TPR. Racial minority status, older age, and disability were negatively associated with the hazard of adoption. Physical abuse, sexual abuse had the lower hazard for adoption compared by neglect. Caretaker's inability to cope had the slightly lower hazard for adoption whereas inadequate housing showed the slightly greater hazard for adoption. Characteristics of foster care services turned into be powerful predictors of adoption. Specifically, legally-free children placed in pre-adoptive homes, those who shared the same racial/ethnic background with their foster caretakers, and those who were placed in two-parent families have a greater likelihood of adoption. The findings highlight the importance of foster care service provisions after TPR to facilitate adoption of legally-free foster children. Furthermore, a more substantial resources and targeted support for foster children who experience physical abuse and sexual abuse in need of adoption should be provided for moving the foster children into permanency.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.242-248
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• 1979

To detect proper lytic assay conditions of the crude zumolyase from Arthrobacter luteus, effets of the various factors involved in the lytic system of Sacchromyces sake cultured with shaking in the malt extracts medium were investigated. The results are summarized as follows : 1. The susceptibilities of viable cells of S. sake from logarithmic growth phase to the lytic enzmye were much greater than those of the cells in lag and stationary phases. The cells cultured for 18 hr were the most susceptible to the enzyme. 2. Lytic activity of the enzyme toward the viable cells of S. sake was very low. It was, however, enhanced 4 folds of more by the pretreatment of the cells with 0.05 M sodium sulfite. 3. Lytic activity of the enzyme toward commercial baker's yeast cells was negligible, and the effect of sodium sulfite on the lysis of the cells also was nothing but a little. 4. The lyophilized cells of the baker's yeast showed more susceptibility to the lytic enzyme than viable cells of the yeast. No definite effect of sodium sulfite on the lysis of the lyophilized cells, however, was observed either baker's yeast of S. sake. 5. It appeared that the relationship between the reaction rate and the enzyme concentration on the lysis of the yeast cell walls followed enzyme kinetic theory, but one between the reaction rate and concentration of the yeast cells as substrates showed different pattern from that in enzyme kinetic theory. 6. After the preparation of crude zymolyase was kept at $7^[\circ}C$ for 10 days in the 0.05 M phosphate buffer, pH 7.5, the remainning lytic activity was about 80 %.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.449-460
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• 2006

This study aims to analyze distribution of natural lakes including lagoonal lake(lagoon) and tributary dammed lake(tributary lake) and calculate the size, morphology in order to interpret time-serial change of lakes using methodology of remote sensing images(1990s), GIS and topographic maps(1920s) in east coast of Korean Peninsular. Analysis results show that in 1990s, there are 57 natural lakes, with the total size of $75.62km^2$ over size $0.01km^2$. marine-origin lagoons are 48 with total size of $64.85km^2$, composing 85% of total natural lake, and the largest lagoon is Beonpo in Raseon City. Tributary lakes have been formed by damming of tributary channels by fluvial sand bars from main stream, located nearby at coastal zone, similar to lagoon sites. Large tributary lake, Jangyeonho, is developed in lava plateau dissection valley of Eorang Gun, Hamnam Province. There are more distributed at Duman River mouth$\sim$Cheongjin City, Heungnam City$\sim$Hodo Peninsular and Anbyeon Gun$\sim$Gangreung City. Geomorphometrically, correlation of size to circumference is very high, but correlation of size to shape irregularity is very low. The direction of lagoonal coast, NW-SE and NE-SW are predominated due to direction of tectonic structure and longshore currents. The length of the river into lake are generally short, maximum under 15km, and lake size is smaller, degree of size decreasing is higher. Geomorphic patterns of the lake location are classified as coast-hill range, coastal plain, coastal plain-channel valley, coastal plain-hill range and channel valley-hill range. During from 1920s to 1990s, change with lake size decreasing is highest at coastal plain-channel valley, next is coastal plain. Causes of the size decreasing are fluvial deposition from upper rivers and human impacts such as reclamation.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.211-221
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• 1999

The ultrastructural changes of cuticular surface, excretory and digestive organs of Anisakis simplex larvae chronologically recovered from experimental cats were observed with a SEM and TEM. The larva recovered from an experimental cat at 3 days post-infection (PI) retained the cuticular surface with regular transverse striations and a longitudinal groove on the lateral side of body. This finding suggests that the molting of the 3rd stage larva of A. simplex to 4th one occurred from the 3rd day after infection in cats. The excretory organ (renette cell) consisted of a large cell with numerous ductules ramified from the main duct, mitochondria and secretory granules in cytoplasm. Secretory granules in the renette cell of larvae recovered at 24 hours PI were round whereas those of control and larvae recovered at 6 hours PI were amorphous. Muscular esophagus and ventriculus also retained many secretory granules in the cytoplasm. The secretory granules in these organs of larvae recovered at $6\sim24$ hours PI were electron-dense and widely distributed whereas those of control worm were packed in a pocket and retained various electron densities. In the cytoplasm of intestinal epithelial cells, numerous fine glycogen particles and mitochondria were distributed. The chronological changes of secretory granules in renette cell, muscular esophagus and ventriculus seem to be related with the worm penetration into host tissue.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.68-74
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• 2000

Penicillium oxalicum (PENOX) has shown the potential as a biocontrol agent(5CA) for control of a weed, clover(Trifolium repens L.) in grass plots. The bioherbicidal activity may be due to germinative and growth capacities and substrate availability of the agent over a range of environmental factors. The influences of different water activities($0.94{\sim}0.995\;a_w$) and temperatures($18{\sim}30^{\circ}C$) on mycelial growth, conidial germination, sporulation oil 2% MEA(malt extract agar) adjusted to different water activities with glycerol, and carbon source utilization using BIOLOG GN MicroPlate were determined in vitro. Decreases in $a_w$ on MEA caused a reduction in mycelial growth and conidial germination depending on temperature. The mycelial growth of PENOX was greatest at $30^{\circ}C/0.995\;a_w$. At some lowered water activity($0.97\;a_w$), the growth was similar between 25 and $30^{\circ}C$, and considerably decreased at lowered temperature($20^{\circ}C$). The germination rate was also greatest at $30^{\circ}C/0.995\;a_w$. Lag phase times for PENOX at $18^{\circ}C$ on MEA were >6hrs at tile whole $a_w$ level tested, and at 18 and $25^{\circ}C$ they were >18hrs and >12hrs at $0.94\;a_w$, respectively. However, its sporulation was some better at $0.97\;a_w$ than $0.995\;a_w$ or $0.94\;a_w$, and better at $20^{\circ}C$ than $30^{\circ}C$. In contrast, the number of carbon sources(niche size) utilized by PENOX varied with $a_w$ and temperature. Under some water stress condition($0.95\;a_w$), the agent utilized smaller number of carbon sources than $0.995\;a_w$ depending on temperature. The niche size at 0.995 and $0.95\;a_w$ were highest at $25^{\circ}C$, and showed 86 and 65, respectively. At $30^{\circ}C$, the niche size at 0.995 and $0.95\;a_w$ showed 84 and 50, respectively. There was no carbon source utilized by PENOX at $0.90\;a_w$ regardless of temperature. These information of tile fungal ecophysiology will be useful for the effective development of BCA.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.43
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• pp.67-97
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• 2015

In Korea, a single emergency number, such as 911 of the USA and 999 of the UK, does not exist. This issue became highly controversial, when the Sewol Ferry Sinking disaster occurred last year. So, the Korean government has planned to adopt a single emergency number, integrating 112 of the Police, 119 of the Fire and Ambulance, 122 of the Korean Coast Guard, and many other emergency numbers. However, the integration plan recently proposed by the Ministry of Public Safety Security seems to be, what is called, a "partial integration model" which repeals the 122 number, but still maintains 112, 119, and 110 respectively. In this context, the study looks into USA's (diverse) 911 operating system, and subsequently tries to draw general features or characteristics. Further, the research attempts to derive policy implication from the general features. If the proposed partial integration model reflects the policy implications, the model can virtually operate like the 911 system -i.e. a single emergency number system - creating inter-operability between responding agencies such as police, fire, and ambulance, even though it is not a perfect integration model. The features drawn are (1) integration of emergency call-taking, (2) functional separation of call-taking and dispatching, (3) integration of physical facilities for call-taking and dispatching, and (4) professional call-takers and dispatchers. Moreover, the policy implications derived from the characteristics are (1) a user-friendly system - fast but accurate responses, (2) integrated responses to accidents, (3) professional call-taking and dispatching & objective and comprehensive risk assessment, and finally (4) active organizational learning in emergency call centers. Considering the policy implications, the following suggestions need to be applied to the current proposed plan: 1. Emergency services' systems should be tightly linked and connected in a systemic way so that they can communicate and exchange intelligence with one another. 2. Public safety answering points (call centers) of each emergency service should share their education and training modules, manuals, etc. Common training and manuals are also needed for inter-operability. 3. Personal management to enable-long term service in public safety answering points (call centers) should be established as one of the ways to promote professionalism.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.32 no.9
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• pp.790-798
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• 1999

Background: As the early outcome after coronary artery bypass grafting(CABG) has been stabilized, neurologic complication has now become one of the most important morbidity. The aim of this study was to find out the risk factors associated with the neurologic complications after CABG. Material and Method: In 351 patients who underwent CABG, the incidence and features of neurologic complications, with associated perioperative risk factors, were retrospectively reviewed. Neurologic complication was defined as a new cerebral infarction confirmed by postoperative neurologic examination and radiologic studies, or delayed recovery of consciousness and orientation for more than 24 hours after the operation. Result: Neurologic complications occurred in 18 patients(5.1%), of these nine(2.6%) were diagnosed as having new cerebral infarctions(stroke). Stroke was manifested as motor paralysis in four patients, mental retardation or orientation abnormality in four, and brain death in one. Statistical analysis revealed the following variables as significant risk factors for neurologic complications by both univariate and multivariate analyses: cardiopulmonary bypass longer than 180 minutes, atheroma of the ascending aorta, carotid artery stenosis detected by Duplex sonography, and past history of cerebrovascular accident or transient ischemic attack. Age over 65 years, aortic calcification detected by simple X-ray, and intraoperative myocardial infarction were significant risk factors by univariate analysis only. Neither the severity of carotid artery stenosis nor technical modifications such as cannulation of the aortic arch or single clamp technique, which were expected to affect the inciden e of neurologic complications, had significant relationship with the incidence. Conclusion: This study confirmed the strong association between neurologic complications after CABG and atherosclerosis of the arterial system. Therefore, to minimize the incidence of neurologic complications, systematic evaluation focused on atherosclerotic lesions of the arterial system followed by adequate alteration of operative strategy is needed.

• Journal of Genetic Medicine
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.38-44
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• 2007

Purpose : Menkes disease is an X-linked recessively inherited disorder caused by the mutation of the ATP7A gene encoding copper-transporting P-type AT Pase. The phenotypic features are progressive neurological degeneration, mental retardation, loose skin, and vascular complications. Early diagnosis and treatment are very important for the prognosis of Menkes disease. Here, we describe nov el mutations of the ATP7A gene and prenatal diagnosis by mutation analysis. Methods : Five unrelated Korean Menkes patients were included in this study. They presented with depigmented wool-like hair, progressive neurologic deterioration, and hypotonia in infancy. Serum copper and ceruloplasmin levels w ere decreased. Brain magnetic resonance imaging revealed tortuous intracranial vessels. Mutation analysis has been carried out using cDNA from cultured skin fibroblasts or genomic DNA from peripheral leukocytes. Prenatal diagnosis was performed in two cases using chorionic villi samples or amniocytes. Results : Four novel mutations have been identified from four different families; c.3511+1G>A (p.E1099_N1171delinsMfsX 18), c.4005+5 G>A (p.V1268_R1335del), c.1870_2172del (p.S624_Q724del), and c.3352 G>A (p.G1118S). T he remaining one was previously reported (c.1933 C>T (p.V 1268_R1335del)). On prenatal DNA analysis, one w as diagnosed as normal, while the other turned out to be a female heterozygote with p.S624_Q724del mutation of the ATP7A gene. Conclusion : We identified 4 novel mutations of the ATP7A gene. Prenatal diagnosis in families at risk is critical in order to choose preventiv e options including an early treatment with copper-histidine therapy or therapeutic termination. Most mutations of the ATP7A gene were frame-shift mutations and prenatal diagnosis has been successfully carried out.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.638-646
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• 2015

To increase the utility of seeds in plant resources, seeds of 6 Aster species(A. incisus, A. hayatae, A. koraiensis, A. scaber, A. spathulifolius, and A. yomena) were subjected to experiments to develop adequate methods for sprout production. To study optimum germination conditions, germination rates of the seeds were analyzed at different temperature (15, 20, 25, and $30^{\circ}C$) and light conditions. A longitudinal growth experiment was performed in dark conditions for 10 days. Seedlings, with optimum germination rate and longitudinal growth, were placed in the light for 0-3 days to seek the adequate greening periods. Sprouts grown under optimum environmental conditions were placed in vessels with or without ventilation, and stored under $4^{\circ}C$ and $10^{\circ}C$ to examine storage environment and period. As a result of this analysis, seeds were selected that germinated over 50% within 12 days. Longitudinal growth was promoted at $20-25^{\circ}C$, and optimum growth was obtained with 7-9 days. As greening days increased longitudinal growth was retarded, but orbital growth of radicles and cotyledons was promoted. Considering all these factors, greening treatment of 2 days showed the best results. In a storage ability experiment, the best result was achieved by storage in vessels without ventilation under $4^{\circ}C$. Ventilation prevented rotting of sprouts, but reduced moisture contents of sprouts. Most sprouts were fresh at $4^{\circ}C$ for 3-6 days. In particular, sprouts of A. hayatae and A. yomena had high keeping quality, and remained fresh over 3 days even at $10^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.10
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• pp.591-599
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• 2016

Among the employer-supported subscribers to the National Health Insurance Service, 6,797 people with mild disabilities with western ages of 20 and up and who received health checkups were investigated. Of these 6,797 people, 3,186 and 3,611 received health checkups in 2009 and 2013, respectively. Those people who were diagnosed with physical handicaps, brain lesions, visual impairment, hearing impairment, intellectual disabilities, mental disorders, kidney disorders or other disorders according to the classification standard for people with disabilities were classified into disability groups of the 3rd through 6th degrees. The purpose of this study was to examine the dangerous influence of obesity of people with mild disabilities on their hyperglycemia, hypertension and high cholesterol. The items measured in this study were abdominal obesity, body mass index, fasting glucose, total cholesterol, systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure. To look for connections between the obesity level and at-risk groups for each disease, cross tabulation and multinomial logistic regression analyses were utilized. Higher levels of abdominal obesity and BMI were found among those who were male, were younger and had higher incomes. The risks of abdominal obesity and BMI were higher in the abnormal groups for each disease. In 2009, the obesity group whose BMI was higher had a 1.51-fold higher risk of hypertension than the normal group. The abdominal obesity group had a 1.59-fold higher risk of high cholesterol, a 1.26-fold higher risk of hypertension and a 1.54-fold higher risk of hyperglycemia than the normal group. In 2013, the obesity group whose BMI was higher had a 1.72-fold higher risk of high cholesterol and a 1.43-fold higher risk of hypertension than the normal group. Those with abdominal obesity had a 1.59-fold higher risk of hyperglycemia than the normal subjects. As the risk of obesity was higher in those with disabilities than in those without disabilities, the former should be encouraged to undergo health checkups on a regular basis, and the coverage of the health checkups should be extended to keep track of their illness. In addition, appropriate education and concern are both required to prevent obesity.