• 제목/요약/키워드: 지질학적 시간

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Effect of Dexamethasone on Gene Expression of Surfactant Protein B and Surfactant Protein C (스테로이드제가 백서 폐의 Surfactant B와 C 유전자 발현에 미치는 영향)

  • Park, Ik Soo;Sohn, Jang Won;Yoon, Ho Joo;Shin, Dong Ho;Park, Sung Soo
    • Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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    • v.54 no.4
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    • pp.439-448
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    • 2003
  • Background : Surfactant protein B(SP-B) and surfactant protein C(SP-C) are important in accelerating surface spreading of surfactant phospholipid. The glucocorticoids accelerate the morphologic differentiation of epithelial cells into type II cells and increase the rate of phosphatidylcholine synthesis. The hydrophobic surfactant protein has been shown to be upregulated by glucocorticoids in vitro, however, its regulation in vivo is not well established. Methods : The authors investigated the effects of glucocorticoid on the accumulation of mRNA encoding SP-B and SP-C protein content of the lung. Adult rats were given different doses of subcutaneous dexamethasone and sacrificed at 24 hours and 1 week. SP-B and SP-C mRNA were measured by a filter hybridization method. Results : 1) The accumulation of SP-B mRNA at 24 hours after 0.2 mg/kg dexamethasone treatment was increased by 23.7%. 2) The accumulation of SP-B mRNA at 1 week after 2 mg/kg dexamethasone treatment was significantly increased by 96.6%(P<0.001). 3) The accumulation of SP-C mRNA at 24 hours after 0.2 mg/kg dexamethasone treatment was significantly increased by 42.7%(P<0.01). 4) The accumulation of SP-C mRNA at 1 week after 2 mg/kg dexamethasone treatment was significantly increased by 60.0% (P<0.01). Conclusion : The authors concluded that dexamethasone treatment in vivo resulted in increased levels of SP-B mRNA and SP-C mRNA. These results suggested that dexamethasone stimulates the synthesis of hydrophobic proteins associated with surfactant.

Optimum Population in Korea : An Economic Perspective (한국의 적정인구: 경제학적 관점)

  • Koo, Sung-Yeal
    • Korea journal of population studies
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    • v.28 no.2
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    • pp.1-32
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    • 2005
  • The optimum population of a society or country can be defined as 'the population growth path that maximizes the welfare level of the society over the whole generations of both the present and the future, under the paths allowed by its endowments of production factors such as technology, capital and labor'. Thus, the optimum size or growth rate of population depends on: (i) the social welfare function, (ii) the production function, and (iii)demographic economic interrelationship which defines how the national income is disposed into consumption(birth and education of children included) and savings on the one hand and how the demographic and economic change induced thereby, in turn, affect production capacities on the other. The optimum population growth path can, then, be derived in the process of dynamic optimization of (i) under the constraints of (ii) and (iii), which will give us the optimum population growth rate defined as a function of parameters thereof. This paper estimates the optimum population growth rate of Korea by: specifying (i), (ii), and (iii) based on the recent development of economic theories, solving the dynamic optimization problem and inserting empirical estimates in Korea as the parametric values. The result shows that the optimum path of population growth in Korea is around TFR=1.81, which is affected most sensitively, in terms of the size of the partial elasticity around the optimum path, by the cost of children, share of capital income, consumption rate, time preference, population elasticity of utility function, etc. According to a survey implemented as a follow up study, there are quite a significant variations in the perceived cost of children, time preference rate, population elasticity of utility across different socio-economic classes in Korea, which implied that, compared to their counterparts, older generation and more highly educated classes prefer higher growth path for the population of Korea.

Changes in Available Lysine and Lipid Oxidized Products during the Storage of Dried Sea Eel, Muraesox cinereus (건조(乾燥) 갯장어의 저장중(貯藏中) 지방(脂肪)의 산화(酸化)와 유효성(有效性) Lysine의 변화(變化))

  • Byun, Dae-Seok;Song, Yeong-Ok;Pyeun, Jae-Hyeung
    • Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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    • v.10 no.4
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    • pp.387-393
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    • 1978
  • Lipid oxidation is one of the major factors affecting on deterioration of nutritional quality in dried fish products. In this paper, the relationship between oxidized products of lipid and brown pigments, free amino acids and available lysine during the storage of dried sea eel, Muraesox cinereus, was investigated. And the inhibiting effect of antioxidant to lipid oxidation and its role to the protein quality were also discussed. From the results, TBA and carbonyl value rapidly increased while amino-N and available lysine diminished during hot air drying. This suggests that drying conditions greatly affected to the oxidation of lipid and making amino acids 'unavailable'. TBA value increased up to 20 days, and hereafter gradually diminished. Increase in TBA and carbonyl value and formation of fat oxidative brown pigment were closely related to the loss of free amino-N and available lysine. The loss of available lysine seemed to be affected by the formation of unsaturated carbonyl compounds rather than saturated carbonyl compounds. By the treatment of antioxidant, the loss of amino acids and available lysine was somewhat retarded. This may suggests that the oxidation of lipid or oxidative browning reactions are functioning to the loss of available lysine. In antioxidant treated sample, 23% of amino-N to the total amino-N in the fresh sample was lost after 20 days storage at $30^{\circ}C$ while the loss of amino-N to 39% in case of the control, and afterward the value treated to be slightly reduced or remained steady.

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Monitoring North Korea Nuclear Tests: Comparison of 1st and 2nd Tests (북한 핵실험 모니터링 : 1, 2차 비교)

  • Chi, Heon-Cheol;Park, Jung-Ho;Kim, Geun-Young;Che, Il-Young;Sheen, Dong-Hoon;Shin, Jin-Soo;Cho, Chang-Soo;Lee, Hee-Il
    • Geophysics and Geophysical Exploration
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    • v.13 no.3
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    • pp.243-248
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    • 2010
  • Two suspicious events, which were claimed as underground nuclear tests by North Korea, were detected in the northern Korean Peninsula on October 9, 2006 and May 25, 2009. The KIGAM and Korea-China Joint seismic stations are distributed uniformly along the boundaries between North Korea and adjacent countries. In this study, the data from broadband stations with the distance of 200 to 550 km from the test site are used to analyze and compare two nuclear tests of North Korea. By comparing the time differences of the Pn-wave arrival times of 1st and 2nd tests at multiple stations, the relative locations of two test sites could be calculated precisely. From the geometrical calculation with the velocity of Pn wave $V_{Pn}$ = 8 km/s, the 2nd test site is estimated to move in the WNW direction from 1st one with the distance of 2 km. Body wave magnitude, mb of the 2nd test, which was announced officially as the network average of 4.5, varies widely with the directional location of stations from 4.1 to 5.2. The magnitude obtained from Lg wave, $m_b$(Lg), shows less variation between 4.3 to 4.7 with the average of 4.6. The moving-window spectra of time traces of 1st and 2nd tests show very similar pattern with different scale level. In addition, the corner frequencies of P wave of 1st and 2nd tests at each station show no or negligible difference. This indicates the burial depths of two tests might be very similar. The relative yield amount of the 2nd test is estimated 8 times larger than that of the 1st from the weighted average of ground-velocity amplitude ratios.

Thermal Stability of Israeli Carp Actomyosin and Its Protection by Chemical Additives (이스라엘 잉어 Actomyosin의 열안정성과 그 보호)

  • NAM Taek-Jeong;CHOI Yeung-Joon;PYEUN Jae-Hyeung
    • Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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    • v.17 no.4
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    • pp.271-279
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    • 1984
  • Effects of temperature and additives on the stability of actomyosin extracted from skeletal muscle of Israeli carp, Cyprinus carpio nudus, were studied by analyzing free SH-group, ATP-sensitivity and Ca-ATPase activity. The used additives were sucrose, sorbitol, Na-glutamate and L-cysteine. Furthermore, the denaturation constant($K_D$), protective effect(${\Delta}E/M$) and the other thermo-dynamic parameters on protein denaturation are systematically discussed. The actomyosin showed $4.12{\sim}4.68 mg/ml$ in protein concentration, $2.63{\sim}2.93\%$ in ribonucleic acid to the protein, $1:2.20{\sim}2.63$ in the binding ratio of myosin and actin, $4.33{\sim}5.26\%$ in fat content, 109.78 in ATP-sonsitivity, $0.159{\sim}0.201\;{\mu}M-Pi/min/mg-protein$ in Ca-ATPase activity and $3.3{\sim}3.4M/10^5$g-protein in free SH-group content. The first-order rate plots were obtained on the decrease of Ca-ATPase activity and ATP-sensitivity with an increase in temperature, while the free SH-group was increased to $60^{\circ}C$ and decreased rapidly above the temperature. The half-life of Ca-ATPase activity on the actomyosin Ca-ATPase was 280 min at $12^{\circ}C$, 125 min at $20^{\circ}C$, 55 min at $30^{\circ}C$ and 13 min at $40^{\circ}C$, and activation energy, activation enthalpy, activation entropy and free energy of the proteins at $20^{\circ}C$ wene 5,395 cal/mole, 4,814 cal/mole, -40.42 e.u. and 17,626 cal/mole, respectively. The protective effect of the additives on the actomyosin Ca-ATPase showed that the most effective material is $3\%$ sorbitol and followed in the order of $8\%$ Na-glutamate, $1\%$ sucrose and $1\%$ L-cysteine. The actomyosin was more stable at $-30^{\circ}C$ than at $0^{\circ}C$ and $-20^{\circ}C$. and when the additives were used in the low temperature storage, $8\%$ Na-glutamate was the most effective. $3\%$ sorbitol, $1\%$ sucrose and $1\%$ L-cysteine was to become lower in the order.

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The Usefulness of the Abdominal Computerized Tomography for the Diagnosis of Childhood Obesity and Its Correlation with Various Parameters of Obesity (소아 복부비만 진단을 위한 복부 전산화 단층 촬영의 유용성과 여러 지표와의 상관성 연구)

  • Shim, Yoon Hee;Cho, Su Jin;Rhyu, Jung Hyun;Hong, Young Mi
    • Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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    • v.48 no.10
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    • pp.1082-1089
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    • 2005
  • Purpose : Abdominal obesity is encountered as a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. However, the anthropometric cut-off value to estimate the cardiovascular risk, has not been suggested. This study was designed to find the relationship between the abdominal fat and various parameters of obesity to find the cardiovascular risk factors related to abdominal obesity and to establish practical methods to measure them. Methods : Twenty seven obese Korean adolescents of moderate to severe degree and 22 healthy adolescents were enrolled. The body mass index(BMI), arm circumference and skinfold thickness were measured. Furthermore, blood lipid, sugar, insulin and four different cytokines' levels were checked and the distribution of body composition was measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis. The subcutaneous and intra-abdominal fat thickness by abdominal ultrasonography(US) and the total and intra-abdominal fat area by abdominal computerized tomography(CT) were measured in the obese group. Results : The most accurate method to measure abdominal fat in children is abdominal CT and the fat mass measured by bioelectrical impedance was strongly correlated with it(r=0.954). It was also correlated with arm circumference, fat thickness measured by abdominal US, BMI, aspartate aminotransferase(AST), alanine aminotransferase(ALT) and triglyceride level. Conclusion : Abdominal CT is the most accurate method to measure intra-abdominal fat, and it can be replaced by abdominal US for cost effectiveness. The screening methods that can be used at school or in outpatient basis include bioelectrical impedance, waist/hip ratio, and arm circumference. The cardiovascular risk factors include leptin, triglyceride and insulin level.

The Effect of Dexamethasone on Gene Expression and Total Amount of Surfactant Protein A (스테로이드제가 Surfactant Protein A의 유전자 발현과 총단백량에 미치는 영향에 관한 실험적 연구)

  • Lim, Byung Sung;Sohn, Jang Won;Yang, Seok Chul;Yoon, Ho Joo;Shin, Dong Ho;Park, Sung Soo
    • Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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    • v.52 no.4
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    • pp.395-404
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    • 2002
  • Background : Surfactant protein A (SP-A) is important for regulating surfactant secretion, synthesis and recycling. However, It's regulation in vivo is unclear. SP-A has important roles in regulating surfactant metabolism as well as determining its physical properties. Glucocorticoid accelerates the morphologic differentiation of epithelial cells into type II cells and increase the rate of phosphatidylcholine synthesis. Methods : The authors investigated the effects of glucocorticoid on the accumulation of mRNA encoding SP-A and SP-A protein content. Adult rats were given various doses of subcutaneous dexamethasone and sacrificed after 24 hours and one week. SP-A mRNA was measured using a filter hybridization method. The lung SP-A protein content was determined using a double sandwich ELISA assay with polyclonal antiserum raised in rabbits against purified rat SP-A. Results : 1) The accumulation of SP-A mRNA in the dexamethasone treated group 24 hours after 0.2 mg/kg dexamethasone treatment was increased 38.8% compared to the control group. 2) The accumulation of SP-A mRNA in the dexamethasone treated group 1 week after 2 mg/kg dexamethasone treatment was 49.7% higher than the control group(P<0.01). 3) The total lung SP-A level was not altered after 24 hours by the 0.2mg/kg treatment. The total lung SP-A content one week after 2mg/kg dexamethasone administration was 373.7% higher than the control group(P<0.005). Conclusion : Dexamethasone treatment results in an increase in the SP-A mRNA and SP-A protein levels, suggesting that the pretranslational events in vivo may in part contribute to this process.

Cytosolic Phospholipase A2 Activity in Neutrophilic Oxidative Stress of Platelet-activating Factor-induced Acute Lung Injury (Platelet-activating Factor에 의한 급성폐손상에서 호중구성 산화성 스트레스에 관여하는 Cytosolic Phospholipase A2 활성도의 변화)

  • Kwon, Young Shik;Hyun, Dae Sung;Lee, Young Man
    • Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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    • v.63 no.6
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    • pp.497-506
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    • 2007
  • Background: The present investigation was performed in rats and isolated human neutrophils in order to confirm the presumptive role of the positive feedback loop of cytosolic phospholipase $A_2$ ($cPLA_2$) activation by plateletactivating factor (PAF). Methods: The possible formation of the positive feedback loop of the $cPLA_2$ activation and neutrophilic respiratory burst was investigated in vivo and in vitro by measurement of the parameters denoting acute lung injury. In addition, morphological examinations and electron microscopic cytochemistry were performed for the detection of free radicals in the lung. Results: Five hours after intratracheal instillation of PAF ($5{\mu}g/rat$), the lung leak index, lung myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, the number of neutrophils and the concentration of cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant (CINC) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were increased by PAF as compared with those of control rats. The NBT assay and cytochrome-c reduction assay revealed an increased neutrophilic respiratory burst in isolated human neutrophils following exposure to PAF. Lung and neutrophilic $cPLA_2$ activity were increased following PAF exposure and exposure to hydrogen peroxide increased $cPLA_2$ activity in the lung. Histologically, inflammatory findings of the lung were observed after PAF treatment. Remarkably, as determined by $CeCl_3$ cytochemical electron microscopy, increased production of hydrogen peroxide was identified in the lung after PAF treatment. Conclusion: PAF mediates acute oxidative lung injury by the activation of $cPLA_2$, which may provoke the generation of free radicals in neutrophils.

서울지역 중년층의 영양섭취실태와 생활습관

  • 이미숙;김성애;백미향;오세인;곽충실
    • Proceedings of the KSCN Conference
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    • 2003.11a
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    • pp.1070-1071
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    • 2003
  • 노년기의 독립적인 생활유지와 삶의 질을 향상시킬 수 있는 바람직한 영양섭취 방법을 모색하기 위한 종적연구의 대상자로 자원한 서울지역의 건강한 40-64세의 중년 293명(남 121명, 여172명)을 대상으로 생활습관과 영양섭취실태를 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 대상자의 평균 연령은 남자 52.0$\pm$7.3세, 여자 519$\pm$6.9세였고, 대부분 부부 중심으로 조사하였다. 교육수준은 남자의 71.9%, 여자의 39.5%가 대학졸업 이상이었으며, 남자의 43.0%가 전문직, 24.8%가 행정ㆍ사무직이었고, 가계의 한 달 평균 수입이 200만원 이상자가 72.5%로써 본 조사의 자원자는 대체적으로 고학력, 전문직종의 중류층이었다. 건강에 대한 염려를 가끔 또는 자주 하는 대상자가 66.9%로 건강에 대한 관심은 높았으나 건강을 지키기 위한 실천은 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 그 예로 지난 1년간 체중이 증가하고 있는 대상자가 37.5%였고, 이들 중 75%가 2kg 이상의 체중이 늘고 있지만 체중을 줄이려고 노력하는 대상자는 37.5%뿐이었다. 음주는 남성의 56.5%가 평균 주 2회 정도 하는 편이었고, 1회 음주량은 소주로 1병 이하가 대부분(88%)이었다. 현재 흡연자는 남자의 40.5%였고, 금연자는 30.6%로 비교적 흡연율이 낮았다. 식사시간은 대부분(83.6%) 규칙적이었다. 식사를 주 2-3회 이상 거르는 대상자가 남자는 23%인 반면 여자는 49%였고, 이들 대부분(60.3%)이 아침을 먹지 않았다. 1주일에 1번 이상 외식하는 대상자는 남자의 84%, 여자의 66%였다. 식사시 식품의 배합에 대하여 별로 관심이 없다는 사람이 50%였지만 실제로 식품군별 섭취 시에는 상당한 관심이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 즉, 육류의 기름기를 대충 또는 거의 다 제거하고 먹는 대상자가 남자의 68%, 여자의 88%였고, 육류를 자주 먹지 않거나 소량씩 먹는 대상자가 94%, 생선.두부 및 콩제품을 하루 1끼 이상 섭취하는 대상자가 87%, 채소를 하루 1번 이상 섭취하는 대상자가 96%인 반면, 인스턴트식품이나 패스트푸드를 주 2-3회 이상 먹는 대상자는 23% 정도였다. 영양지식점수(15.4$\pm$3.1/25)와 영양태도점수(50.5$\pm$4.9/75)는 비교적 양호하였다. 전체적으로 오답률이 높은 문항은 체중조절에 있어서 식사와 운동의 관계, 당뇨병 환자의 흰쌀밥 섭취 문제, 비타민제의 섭취와 감기, 고단백 식사의 문제점 등에 관한 것이었다. 반면 철분 섭취와 빈혈의 관계, 비만의 위험성, 동물성 기름의 섭취와 혈중 콜레스테롤치, 우유가 Ca의 급원이면서 성인에게도 필요하다는 것 등은 잘 인식되고 있었다. 조사 대상자의 평균 에너지 섭취량은 RDA의 77.3 $\pm$ 13.6%였으나, 이들 대부분(80%)의 활동 정도가 가벼운 활동에 속하므로 에너지가 부족하다고 할 수는 없다. 반면 평균 단백질 섭취량은 RDA의 109.9 $\pm$ 23.5%로 충분하였고, 3대 열량영양소 즉, 단백질:지방:탄수화물의 구성비는 16:22:62로 지방의 섭취가 약간 높으나 바람직한 구성비를 보였다. 권장량의 75% 이하를 섭취하고 있는 영양소는 칼슘(70.7$\pm$23.9%)뿐이었다. 과체중자의 비율을 체질량지수(BMI) 25이상으로 구분하면 남자의 45%, 여자의 23%가 과체중자로 나타나나, 23이상으로 구분하면 남자의 71%, 여자의 52%가 과체중자로 분류되었다. 이를 WHR의 기준치로 분류하면 남자의 25%, 여자의 26%가 과체중자로 나타났다. 대부분 대상자의 hemoglobin치(99%), hematocrit치(90%), 혈장 albumin치(99.7%)는 양호하였다. 혈당이 140mg/㎗ 이상인 대상자는 2.7%에 불과하였다. 혈중 총콜레스테롤치가 240mg/㎗ 이상인 대상자는 19%, 중성지방치가 250mg/㎗ 이상인 대상자는 9%, HDL-콜레스테롤치가 35mg/㎗ 이하인 대상자는 2.4%로 혈중 지질 profile은 양호하였다. 이상의 결과로 보아 본 연구 대상자는 영양섭취상태와 생화학적 건강상태가 양호하다고 판단되므로 종적연구의 대상자로 적합하다고 사료된다.

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Evaluation of Space-based Wetland InSAR Observations with ALOS-2 ScanSAR Mode (습지대 변화 관측을 위한 ALOS-2 광대역 모드 적용 연구)

  • Hong, Sang-Hoon;Wdowinski, Shimon
    • Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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    • v.38 no.5_1
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    • pp.447-460
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    • 2022
  • It is well known that satellite synthetic aperture radar interferometry (InSAR) has been widely used for the observation of surface displacement owing to earthquakes, volcanoes, and subsidence very precisely. In wetlands where vegetation exists on the surface of the water, it is possible to create a water level change map with high spatial resolution over a wide area using the InSAR technique. Currently, a number of imaging radar satellites are in operation, and most of them support a ScanSAR mode observation to gather information over a large area at once. The Cienaga Grande de Santa Marta (CGSM) wetland, located in northern Colombia, is a vast wetland developed along the Caribbean coast. The CGSM wetlands face serious environmental threats from human activities such as reclamation for agricultural uses and residential purposes as well as natural causes such as sea level rise owing to climate change. Various restoration and protection plans have been conducted to conserve these invaluable environments in recognition of the ecological importance of the CGSM wetlands. Monitoring of water level changes in wetland is very important resources to understand the hydrologic characteristics and the in-situ water level gauge stations are usually utilized to measure the water level. Although it can provide very good temporal resolution of water level information, it is limited to fully understand flow pattern owing to its very coarse spatial resolution. In this study, we evaluate the L-band ALOS-2 PALSAR-2 ScanSAR mode to observe the water level change over the wide wetland area using the radar interferometric technique. In order to assess the quality of the interferometric product in the aspect of spatial resolution and coherence, we also utilized ALOS-2 PALSAR-2 stripmap high-resolution mode observations.