• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.60-72
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• 2016

This study aims to suggest strategies of development and management for large parks by examining experimental cases of park governance models related to a shift away from public administration. The shifts towards governance as well as public-private partnership in city parks have involved the need for new public management. This study has analyzed two exemplary cases of Presidio Park and Sydney Harbour National Park in the aspects of planning process and management strategies, as the results derived the meaning and effect of park governance management and is also an essential prerequisite for the achievement of the model. There are six dimensions of research frames--namely policy, governance, partnership, finances and funds, design and maintenance-management, and evaluation-monitoring-taken as the basis for this study. Through the analysis, several key characteristics of these cases were elicited. First, the park planning process must be consistent in carrying a policy from planning to implementation, and furthermore, an independent operation body which can properly authorize an execution and uphold its responsibility from the public could serve in adaptable park services. Second, it has been suggested to build various partnerships with PAs and NGOs, private corporations, community groups, and academic institutes that allow it to expand the diversity of the park activities. Third, there has been experimental exploration to achieve a financially self-sufficient model by establishing internal revenue models and hence allow the reduction of reliance on public finances. The result of this type of park management would allow for improving park quality and make the park space a vital part of the local economy. Fourth, the strategies for a local community's participation are needed to allow the community to become a producer as well as a consumer. This study shows that the direction and significance of the park governance model regarding the fact that the plans sought by the two parks are extending the layout of public-centered discussion to the private sector and the third non-governmental sector including to the local community group. This shows both implications and limitations, such as the risk of privatization through non-governmental activities at the park or the violation of essential functions as a public good due to a profit-generating management policy for securing financial self-sufficiency. At the current point in which plans are under way for the development and management of large parks, a park governance model requires continuous study and expansion of discussion in the future.

• Asia Marketing Journal
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.31-56
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• 2009

As the competition intensifies and the market matures, marketers are more and more concerned with the relationship marketing. Many of the previous researches have pointed out that not all of the consumers are relationship-oriented. But none of the previous research has systematically investigated this issue. This research investigated the relationship among the three concepts: consumers' intrinsic characteristics, perceived importance of relational benefits, and relationship building intention with the salesperson. In this research the perceived importance of relational benefits is treated as mediating variable in the relationship between consumers' intrinsic characteristics and relationship building intention with the salesperson. The conceptual model in this study can be depicted as follows. From the consumers' perspective relational benefits can be defined as "the additional benefits consumers can receive in addition to core services through the long-term relationship with the service provider." And in this study two kinds of relational benefits are adopted by reviewing the previous research: confidence benefits and social benefits. Relational benefit received from the salesperson is very important to predict consumers' relationship building intention with the salesperson. The more relational benefits consumer wants from the salesperson, the more relationship building intention he/she has. From this point two hypotheses are derived as follows. Hypothesis 1: As the perceived importance of confidence benefit from the salesperson increases, the relationship building intention with the salesperson increases. Hypothesis 2: As the perceived importance of social benefit from the salesperson increases, the relationship building intention with the salesperson increases. In this study four individual characteristics(risk taking tendency, variety-seeking tendency, product knowledge, trust orientation) are hypothesized to influence the perceived importance of confidence benefits from the salesperson. And three individual characteristics(interpersonal orientation, price consciousness, trust orientation) are hypothesized to influence the perceived importance of social benefits from the salesperson. These 7 hypotheses are as follows. Hypothesis 3: As the risk taking tendency increases, the perceived importance of confidence benefits from the salesperson decreases. Hypothesis 4: As the variety-seeking tendency increases, the perceived importance of confidence benefits from the salesperson decreases. Hypothesis 5: As the product knowledge increases, the perceived importance of confidence benefits from the salesperson decreases. Hypothesis 6: As the trust orientation increases, the perceived importance of confidence benefits from the salesperson increases. Hypothesis 7: As the interpersonal orientation increases, the perceived importance of social benefits from the salesperson increases. Hypothesis 8: As the price consciousness increases, the perceived importance of social benefits from the salesperson decreases. Hypothesis 9: As the trust orientation increases, the perceived importance of social benefits from the salesperson increases. The whole model in this study can be depicted as follows: Data were collected from the 396 consumers who actually trade stocks through the salesperson and were analyzed using structural equation model. The analysis results show that consumers' perceived importance of relational benefits(confidence benefit and social benefit) play the roles of mediating variables in the causal relationship between consumers' inherent characteristics and their relationship building intention with the salesperson. As for the individual characteristics, the influences of variety-seeking tendency, trust orientation, and price consciousness are statistically significant. It was found that variety-seeking tendency has a significant negative effect on the perceived importance of confidence benefit, and that trust orientation has a significant positive effect on the perceived importance of both of confidence and social benefit. Finally it was also found that, on the contrary to the influence direction suggested in the hypothesis, price consciousness has a significant positive effect on the perceived importance of social benefit.

• Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issue
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.103-129
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• 2004

This article examines the Korean adolescents and adults' social representation and trust of Korean society and people using indigenous psychological analysis. Respondents were asked to write in an open-ended questionnaire their perception of the following five aspects: Korean politics, economy, society, culture and people. They were then asked to report why they trust or distrust Korean society. A total of 1,064 respondents (218 middle school students, 200 university students, 218 fathers of the middle school students, 218 mothers of the middle school students, and 210 teachers) completed a questionnaire developed by the present researchers. The data were collected during April to June, 2003. The results indicate that 94.5% of Koreans view the existing political system and politicians as being corrupt, inept, factional, and lacking in integrity. A vast majority (84.9%) recognize the existence of systemic problems in the Korean economy. A total of 78.2% see problems in Korean society being dominated by selfishness, factionalism, conservatism, and social uncertainty. For Korean culture, a majority of respondents report being proud of its cultural tradition, accomplishment, and creativity. At the same time, 45.7% report loss of cultural identity and pride due to external influences. More than half of the respondents report negative aspects of Korean people (i.e., selfish, lack of morality, rushed, and overly focused on their social image), while nearly half of the respondents report positive aspects of Korean people as being compassionate, cooperative, good-natured and hard-working. As for reason for trusting Korean society, around a third report "because it is our country," followed by its future potential, and the good-nature and willingness of Korean people to work hard. The reasons for distrusting Korean society is the dishonesty politicians, corruption, institutional ineptness, and economic uncertainty. These results indicate a low level of collective efficacy in influencing and affecting change in Korean society.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.51-76
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• 2022

Identifying the factors that influence the formation of the entrepreneurial intention is important in cultivating entrepreneurs and inducing entrepreneurial innovation in the country. Previous studies have mainly examined the direct effects of social cognition attributes as predictors on entrepreneurial intentions or entrepreneurial activities. However, the fundamental factors that these social cognition attributes are derived from have not been sufficiently addressed in the field of entrepreneurship. Based on social cognitive theory and schema theory, this study assumes that an individual's entrepreneurial experience is an important antecedent factor in forming social cognitive attributes, and reveals the mechanism for how experience forms entrepreneurial intention. To this end, this study analyzes the influence of entrepreneurs' prior experience of entrepreneurial activities on entrepreneurial self-efficacy, opportunity recognition, and fear of failure which are considered to be the main variables that shape entrepreneurial intention. And it analyzes how these factors have a significant effect on entrepreneurship intention. Along with this, the mediating role of these social cognitive attributes is analyzed in order to understand the path that leads from entrepreneurial experience to entrepreneurial intention. This study also suggests how gender moderates the effect of entrepreneurship experience on social cognitive attributes. As a result of the analysis, it was found that entrepreneurial experience increase entrepreneurial self-efficacy and opportunity recognition of entrepreneurs, and decrease the fear of failure. These social perception attribute significantly mediate the relationship between entrepreneurial experience and entrepreneurial intention. This study also found that there are significant moderating effects of gender on the relationship of entrepreneurial experience and both of entrepreneurial self-efficacy and fear of failure. This study also analyzed the impact of the entrepreneurial experience of failure, which corresponds to the detailed experience. Similar to the results of entrepreneurial experience analysis, entrepreneurial experience of failure plays a role in enhancing entrepreneurial self-efficacy. However, its effect on opportunity recognition and fear of failure were not significant. An empirical analysis of data related to 25,047 entrepreneurs from 87 countries, using the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM), shows the differences in the formation of individuals' entrepreneurial intentions according to entrepreneurial experience and the mediating role of social cognitive attributes. The study has embodied the social cognitive theory on entrepreneurial intention by shedding light on the variables that are important but alienated for increasing entrepreneurial intention. Moreover, the study enhances the understanding of cognitive processes leading from individual experiences to entrepreneurial intentions. This study also emphasizes the importance of differentiated approach by gender for boosting entrepreneurial intention through analysis of moderating effect of gender.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.235-246
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to determine the correlation between botanical garden visitors' ecological consciousness and their needs, in order to provide some effective measures to manage them. For this purpose, 3 study points were set up: "botanical garden visitors' ecological consciousness and their needs", "differences of such consciousness depending on their demographic variables" and the "relationship between such consciousness and their needs". To this end, Botanical garden visitors were surveyed for an empirical analysis. The visitors' awareness about ecology was measured with Dunlap's 15-item NEP Inventory, while their needs were analyzed in reference to Maslow's 7-Step Human Desire Ladder. The survey was conducted at Botanical garden for 3 days. As a result, a total of 360 questionnaires were returned. The results of this study can be summarized as follows; First, the visitors' ecological consciousness and their needs were higher than normal level. In terms of their consciousness of ecology, their awareness of the ecological crisis potential and anti-humanism were the highest. In terms of their needs, the aesthetic need was the highest, followed by the cognitive need. On the other hand, the needs for self-achievement and self-esteem were the lowest; except them, the higher the needs were positioned at Maslow's ladder of desire, the more responsive the subjects became. As a result of analyzing the correlation between the subjects' consciousness of ecology and their needs, it was found that the correlation was negative in some sub-areas, while being positive in other sub-areas. After all, the ratio of the sub-areas having a positive correlation was 3 times higher than that of the sub-areas having a negative correlation. Even as for the correlation coefficient values, they were higher in the positive sub-areas, which suggests that the correlation between wetland visitors' ecological consciousness and their needs was positive, although at a lower level, in overall terms. As a result of comparatively analyzing visitors' needs by dividing them into 3 sub-groups depending on the levels of their ecological consciousness, it was found that the higher their consciousness of ecology was, the higher their needs were. Overall, botanical garden visitors' ecological awareness was higher than the normal level, and it was estimated that such awareness would continue to increase. Hence, it could be inferred that their needs, particularly their aesthetic and cognitive ones, would also continue to increase. Accordingly, it is important to manage the wetland landscape making use of its visual resources, while keep providing the visitors with the contents fulfilling their need for knowledge.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.147-157
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to determine the correlation between wetland visitors' consciousness of ecology and their needs and thereby, provide for some effective measures to manage them. For this purpose, 3 study points were set up: "wetland visitors' consciousness of ecology and their needs", "differences of such consciousness depending on their demographic variables" and the "relationship between such consciousness and their needs". To this end, Upo Wetland visitors were surveyed for an empirical analysis. The visitors' awareness about ecology was measured with Dunlap's 15-item NEP Inventory, while their needs were analyzed in reference to Maslow's 7-Step Human Desire Ladder. The survey was conducted at Upo Wetland for 3 days, and as a result, a total of 228 questionnaires were returned. The results of this study can be summarized as follows; First, the visitors' consciousness of ecology and their needs were higher than the normal level. In terms of their consciousness of ecology, their awareness of the ecological crisis potential and anti-humanism was highest. In terms of their needs, the aesthetic need was highest, followed by the cognitive one. On the other hand, the needs for self-achievement and self-esteem were lowest; except them, the higher the needs were positioned at Maslow's ladder of desire, and subjects were more responsive to them. As a result of analyzing the correlation between the subjects' consciousness of ecology and their needs, it was found that the correlation was negative in some sub-areas, while being positive in other sub-areas. After all, the ratio of the sub-areas having a positive correlation was as 3 times high as that of the sub-areas having a negative correlation. Even as for the correlation coefficient values, they were higher in the positive sub-areas, which suggests that the correlation between wetland visitors' consciousness of ecology and their needs were positive, although at a lower level, in overall terms. As a result of comparatively analyzing visitors' needs by dividing them into 3 sub-groups depending on the levels of their consciousness of ecology, it was found that the higher their consciousness of ecology was, their needs were higher. Overall, wetland visitors' awareness of ecology was higher than the normal level, and it was estimated that such awareness would continue to increase. Hence, it could be inferred that their needs, particularly, their aesthetic and cognitive ones would continue to increase, too. Accordingly, it is deemed important to manage the wetland landscape making use of its visual resources, while continuing to provide the visitors with the contents fulfilling their need for knowledge.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.533-539
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• 2010

Stem cell-based therapy is under intensive investigation to treat acute renal failure (ARF). The purpose of this study was to evaluate available ARF models, and suggest a model appropriate to therapeutic evaluation of the stem cells in preclinical approach by determining the optimum concentration of nephrotoxic agents and duration of ischemia induction. Three different types of available acute kidney injury (AKI) animal models were analyzed using rats: Cisplatin (saline, 5 and 7.5 mg/kg, IP) or glycerol (saline, 8 and 10 ml/kg, IM)-induced nephrotoxicity as toxic models and ischemia-induced (sham, 35 and 45 minutes) nephropathy as an ischemic model. The relevance and applicability to investigate especially the regenerative ability of stem cells were evaluated regarding morphology, renal function and survival at this time point. In the point of renal function, 10 ml glycerol/kg and 7.5 mg cisplatin/kg model in toxic models and 45 min model in ischemia models showed significant decrease for the longer observation time compared to 8 ml glycerol/kg, 5 mg cisplatin/kg and the 35 min ischemia models, respectively. All groups were observed no mortality except 45 min-ischemia model with 50% survival. Histological significant alterations including cast formation in the tubular lumen, tubular necrosis and apoptosis were revealed on the second day in either ischemiaor glycerol-induced models, and on day 5 in cisplatin-induced models. The results indicate that ischemia 35 min-, cisplatin 7.5 mg/kg- and glycerol 10 ml/kg-induced AKI would be ideal animal models to monitor a outcome parameter related to the therapeutic effects on renal function with noninvasive techniques in the same animal at multiple time points. Our findings also suggest that the best time points for the functional or histological interpretation of renal will be on day 2 in both glycerol- and ischemia-induced AKI models and on day 5 in cisplatin-induced AKI.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.59-80
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• 2017

Due to the recent deepening youth unemployment aftereffect, government, companies and universities seek a youth unemployment resolution method and jobs creating measures. But there are indications that the Good Job the university students prefer are limited and sudden rise of the youth unemployment rate mirrors the situation in Japan 20 years ago. Thus, based on the preceding research, this research attempted to perform comparative analysis on Korean and Japanese university students' employment preparation activities and perceived organizational support affect their Awareness of Good Job. To achieve the goal, 2013 GOMS 5,380 copies provided by Korea Employment Information Service are used in the case of Korea and total 5,636 copies within 256 questionnaires targeted to Japanese university students are used in the case of Japan. The results of analysis are as follows. The effect relationship between the perception of organizational support and awareness of Good Job showed a positive influence both in Korea and Japan. The effect relationship between employment preparation activities and awareness of Good Job showed a meaningful effect in Korea whereas it showed no effect in Japan. In the relationship between activities of employment preparation and awareness of Good Job, moderating effect of gender and major field of study didn't show any effect either in Korea or Japan. The results of this research are as follows. First, because it is verified that the support of university has positive influence on the university students' awareness of Good Job, it seems that universities need to intensify the support for the students' welfare enhancement, education satisfaction and the structural support system. Second, the gap of attitude of employment preparation activities and awareness of Good Job between Korea and Japan occurred due to the levels of social structure, welfare and wage differences in the two countries. Therefore, if measures of policy to resolve the welfare and wage gaps between conglomerates and smaller enterprises are enacted, the awareness of younger generations to the Good Job will show a corresponding effect.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartB
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• v.11B no.6
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• pp.749-758
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• 2004

In this paper, we propose a new method utilizing only raw corpus without additional human effort for disambiguation of target word selection in English-Korean machine translation. We use two data-driven techniques; one is the Latent Semantic Analysis(LSA) and the other the Probabilistic Latent Semantic Analysis(PLSA). These two techniques can represent complex semantic structures in given contexts like text passages. We construct linguistic semantic knowledge by using the two techniques and use the knowledge for target word selection in English-Korean machine translation. For target word selection, we utilize a grammatical relationship stored in a dictionary. We use k- nearest neighbor learning algorithm for the resolution of data sparseness Problem in target word selection and estimate the distance between instances based on these models. In experiments, we use TREC data of AP news for construction of latent semantic space and Wail Street Journal corpus for evaluation of target word selection. Through the Latent Semantic Analysis methods, the accuracy of target word selection has improved over 10% and PLSA has showed better accuracy than LSA method. finally we have showed the relatedness between the accuracy and two important factors ; one is dimensionality of latent space and k value of k-NT learning by using correlation calculation.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.65-81
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• 2004

With the arrival of the 21th century, the management environments such as the knowledge system, information system, and technology system surrounding small and medium enterprises are being rapidly changed. These rapidly changing the environment of enterprises like the above can be thought rather profitable for the elastic and resiling medium enterprises than large enterprises. Additionally, these environments are recognized as the management circumstances which provide with the change by which medium enterprises equipped with the trustworthy creativity in the 21th century are able to become the main player of the industrial development. The position and role of medium enterprises in the national economical system are very important. The execution of the local autonomy system and the policy to activate the local economy will generally enlarge the power of medium enterprises which are based on the concerned local society more ant more. But, by the standpoint of designer, it is pointed out that there is the problem that the effective application means or the availability of the industrial design was not sufficiently recognized or understood by the manager in enterprises. Notwithstanding the above problem, a lot of domestic small and medium enterprises became to apply the industrial design as the means for improving the competitiveness of their own products in the relatively short time powered by the governmental policy, and moreover both of the concerned partners(the manager and industrial designer) had the opportunity to newly recognize the industrial design and evaluate the availability or problem of the industrial design in the actual aspect. This event means very important change. With the understanding on the above situation, the purpose of this study is to recognize whether the design is strategically applied in the management level of domestic small and medium enterprises, whether the strategical establishment of the design management is performed without any problem, whether the field designer and CEO are well recognizing the design management and what their recognition level is in order to seek the new solution for plenty of problems. Therefore, the actual proof analysis was performed for the field designer and management CEO of small and medium enterprises with the questionnaire survey and direct interview method to understand the actuality of small and medium enterprises.