• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.24-31
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• 2008

Sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) is universally distributed in the sediment, especially in marine environment. SRB reduce sulfate as electron acceptor to hydrogen sulfide in anaerobic condition. Hydrogen sulfide is reducing agent enhancing the reduction of the organic and inorganic compounds. With SRB, therefore, the degradability of organic contaminants is expected to be enhanced. Ferrous iron reduced from the ferric iron which is mainly present in sediment also renders chlorinated organic compounds to be reduced state. The objectives of this study are: 1) to investigate the reduction of TCE by hydrogen sulfide generated by tht growth of SRB, 2) to estimate the reduction of TCE by ferrous iron generated due to oxidation of hydrogen sulfide, and 3) to illuminate the interaction between SRB and ferrous iron. Mixed bacteria was cultivated from the sludge of the sewage treatment plant. Increasing hydrogen sulfide and decreasing sulfate confirmed the existence of SRB in mixed culture. Although hydrogen sulfide lonely could reduce TCE, the concentration of hydrogen sulfide produced by SRB was not sufficient to reduce TCE directly. With hematite as ferric iron, hydrogen sulfide produced by SRB was consumed to reduce ferric ion to ferrous ion and ferrous iron produced by hydrogen sulfide oxidation decreased the concentration of TCE. Tests with seawater confirmed that the activity of SRB was dependent on the carbon source concentration.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.139-162
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• 2008

Objectives : Korean tradithional acupuncture Theory, Sa-am's 5 phases acupuncture method was originated in 1644-1742, in the middle of the Cho Sun dynasty. This study was to vertify the effect of Sa-am Acupuncture Treatment on Primary dysmenorrhea of Women. Methods : The subjects were 80 volunteers who was suffering for dysmenorrhea, employed using Measure of Menstrual Pain (MMP) questionnaire. Subjects were divided into two groups including Sa-am acupuncture treatment group(n=25), minimal acupuncture treatment group(n=22). They had agreed to take part in this experiment, with didn't take any anodyne drugs. In the acupuncture group, subjects were stimulated at G41, $SI_3$, B66, $SI_2$(Small intestine jung-guk), $SP_6$, $CV_6$ and one points were inserted additionally depending the symptoms among $ST_{36}$ or $LI_2$. In the control group, subjects were needled at 5 non-acupuncture points have any effect on Dysmenorrhea. A total of 8 acupuncture sessions were performed for each patient depending on the individual menstruation cycle The MMP score by using 7 questions and the Menstrual Symptom Severity List(MSSL-D) was measured before and after menstruation cycle. Collected data were analyzed as frequency, percentage, paired t-test, independent t-test using SPSS 10.0 WIN Program. Results : Acupuncture treatment produced a significant decreasing the symptom of Primary dysmenorrhea in two groups, but a statistically significant difference was not shown in the acupuncture group compare to control group. Conclusions : Based on the above results, it was verified that Acupuncture Treatment was effective in decreasing the symptom of Primary Dysmenorrhea.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.836-845
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• 2011

This study aims feeding habit of the Korean water deer(Hydropotes inermis argyropus) using a visual analysis of rumen contents of 44 individuals. The samples were collected from Cheorwon(Gangwon province) and the eastern part of Jeonnam province. Based on the analysis, a total of 15 orders, 18 families and 13 species were identified. Among them, Solanceae(53.8%) and Graminease(30.3%) showed the highest proportions. Plants of 13 orders, 15 families and 10 species were found and forbs(70.21%) and Solanceae(54.9%) were most preferred in Cheorwon. Eight orders, 7 families and 4 species were found in the Eastern parts of Jeonnam province, and Gramineae(78.6%) and woody plants(14.70%) was most preferred. Among four seasons, Gramineae in spring(80.6%) and autumn(68.8%), Leguminosae(75.9%) in summer, and Solanceae(85.4%) in winter were the highest proportions.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.272-279
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• 2012

The neutral polymer, poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA), was coated onto polyamide (PA) thin film composite reverse osmosis (RO) membranes. And then these membranes were investigated for the model foulants, bovine serum albumin (BSA), humic acid (HA), and sodium alginate (SA) whether there are aome improvement. As the operating pressure increased with 2, 4, 8 atm for BSA, HA and SA 100 ppm in feed solution, the fouling phenomena was worse for both none and PSSA coated membranes. The fouling occurred in the sequence of BSA > HA > SA due to the interactions between PVA snd functional groups of foulants, and on the other hand the fouling reduction was observed in the order of HA > BSA > SA. The observation of scanning electron microscopy photographs showed the same trend. As a result, there should be the improvement of fouling phenomena for the PVA coated RO membranes and the case of HA was shown distinct.

• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.439-460
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to examine a mother's and her two son's 'practice of mutual respect rights' experiences, and to find a solution to inspire the practice of realizing rights of mutual respect within a family. From September 2012 to March 2013, qualitative research methods such as transcripts, observations, in-depth interviews, and analysis of records were applied to a mother and her two sons. As a result, the mother's experiences showed that she and her two sons had enough mutual respect, and the regression of the first child was a natural and positive part in that process. Also, conflicts between protection rights and participation rights were integrated into a practice of mutual respect, and the mother had an opportunity to think about positive discipline. With this practice, the mother and her two sons were able to reconcile their relationships and have deep respect for one another, and family members felt psychologically safe through this practice of rights. In addition, the practice of rights was transferred to other family members, and the mother came to have courage about being an adequate parent. The results of this study revealed that the following research could be used to propose concrete contents and to plan how to recognize and access the practice of rights among family members.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.290-299
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• 2012

Objectives : 'Obtaining qi(deqi)' is a sensation experienced by a patient or an acupuncturist during acupuncture treatment, and it is considered to be an important factor in acupuncture treatment. However, previous studies reported conflicting results about the relationship between 'obtaining qi(deqi)' sensation and the effect of acupuncture treatment. Also, most of the previous studies investigating 'obtaining qi(deqi)' and the acupuncture effect, dealt with the analgesic effect of acupuncture. The objective of this study was to analyze the relation between the 'obtaining qi(deqi)' and the anti-itching effect of acupuncture treatment. Methods : Twenty one healthy subjects participated in this study. At the first visit, itch was induced to all subjects using intradermal injection of histamine on the lower arm. At the second visit, acupuncture treatment was applied using LI11 and 'obtaining qi(deqi)' was assessed. After acupuncture treatment, itch was induced again, and itch VAS and skin flare were assessed. Results: At the 6,8,10 minutes after histamine injection, the change of itch VAS between before and after acupuncture treatment was significant. Among 'obtaining qi(deqi)', subjects reported that 'dull ache', 'pricking', 'heavy' were most strong. Total score of 'obtaining qi(deqi)' sensation was not related to the change of itch VAS or skin flare. The 'electric shock' sensation is related to the change of itch VAS, and 'bruised' and 'heavy' sensations were related to the change of skin flare. Conclusions : Total 'obtaining qi(deqi)' is not related to the anti-itching effect of acupuncture, but several sensations showed relationship with the effect of acupuncture on itch severity and skin flare. Further researches based on various symptoms or acupuncture points, are needed.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.18 no.10
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• pp.1435-1441
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• 2008

In this study, anti-cancer activities of peel of Citrus junos (CJP) and Poncirus trifoliata (PTP) on MCF-7 breast cancer cells, and anti-proliferative effects of cancer cells induced by environmental hormones were investigated. The ethanol extracts of CJP and PTP inhibited cancer cell growth and induced apoptosis at the concentration over 300 mg/ml treatment for 72 hr. Morphological change of MCF-7 breast cancer cells were observed treated with the CJP and PTP of 500 mg/ml concentration for 72 hr, and apoptosis was induced by activation of caspase-3. The proliferation of MCF-7 breast cancer cells was decreased in a dose-dependent manner treated with various concentration of CJP and PTP, when compared with the control at 300 mg/ml, the proliferation of the MCF-7 breast cancer cells of both extracts was decreased over 70% and 80%, respectively.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.54-60
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• 2011

Purpose : In this study, we listed common diseases in pediatric inpatients and evaluated the distribution of diseases by period and age group, in order to estimate the epidemiologic trend. Methods : Patients who were admitted to the Department of Pediatrics between 1997 and 2008 were included. Demographic characteristics, date of admission, and International Classification of Diseases (ICD) code of patients were indentified. Study period was divided into two; early (1997-2002) and late (2003-2008), and age of patients were grouped into four; infancy, early childhood, late childhood, and adolescence. Results : A total of 33,513 patients were admitted for 12 years. In the list of ICD code, Pneumonia (J12-J18; 21.2%) was the most prevalent, followed by gastroenteritis (A00-A09; 17.8%), bronchiolitis (J21; 11.9%), and so on. Common diseases ranked from 1 to 10 comprised the majority (79.1%) of all the inpatients. There was increase in the number of inpatients with respiratory infectious disease (bronchiolitis, otitis media, and sinusitis), enlarged lymph node, or impetigo/cellulitis, but decrease in the number of inpatients with aseptic meningitis, intussusceptions, measles, or nephritic/nephrotic syndrome. The distribution of diseases also showed age group-specific difference. Conclusion : The distribution of diseases by period and age group was different. The epidemiologic trend should be considered in developing the management of strategy for the Department of Pediatrics.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.24 no.2 s.62
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• pp.172-178
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• 2006

The dynamics of bacterial populations belonging to $\alpha\;\beta\;\gamma-subclass$ proteobacteria, Cytophaga-Flavobacterium (CF) group and sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) in water column of the middle reaches of Nakdong River depending on sediment harvesting were analyzed by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) at sediment harvesting site (near the Seongju bridge) and non-sediment harvesting site (near the Gumi bridge). In addition, some physico-chemical parameters such as temperature, pH, $chi-\alpha$ and electrical conductivity were measured. Regarding the number of total cell counts, cells stained by DAPI, there were no substantial quantitative differences between both sites, but those fluctuation at sediment Harvesting site was greater. And also the ratios of CFgroup and SRB to total cell counts tend to increase at sediment harvesting site with higher $chl-\alpha$, maybe due to the resuspension of sediment into water column. But the total proportion of all determined bacterial populations to total cell counts were greater at non-sediment harvesting site, compared with those at sediment harvesting site. Since the detectibility of bacteria by FISH depends on their metabolic activity, those lower proportion at the sediment harvesting site implies that sediment harvesting may lead to malfunction of those bacteria respect to nutrient recycling and subsequently negative effects on microbial food web.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.426-437
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between internal service quality, internal customer satisfaction and management outcome of airport security agents. This study had selected special securities from Incheon airport of October, 2011 for population. Using judgment sampling method, 282 samples were drawn and were used for the final analysis. Questionnaire used in study is composed of total 43 questions and using SPSSWIN 18.0, frequency analysis, factor analysis, reliability analysis, multiple regression analysis and path analysis were performed. Cronbach's ${\alpha}$ value which shows the reliability of the survey came out to be over .686. The conclusion is following: First, internal service quality of airport security agents affects internal customer satisfaction. That is, as corporality, responsiveness and empathy increase, internal supply satisfaction and job satisfaction also increase. Second, internal service quality of airport security agent affects job performance. That is, as corporality, reliability and responsiveness increase, non-financial performance and financial performance also increase. However, when empathy is not activated well, financial performance is decreased. Third, airport security agent…s internal customer satisfaction affects job performance. That is, as activation of internal supply satisfaction increases, nonfinancial performance and financial performance are increased. Fourth, airport special security agent…s inside quality of service exerts direction indirect effect in inside customers satisfaction and management result. That is, inside customers satisfaction is an important variable that mediate inside quality of service and management result.