• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.62 no.1
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• pp.87-95
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• 1983

The effects of the pine needle gall midge, Thecodiplosis japonensis, on the growth of the Korean red pine, Pinus densiflora, were examined for the natural forest stands at nine locations: Seocheon-gun, Boryong-gun, and Hongseong-gun in Chooncheongnam-do, where consequence of the infestation had been different. To estimate the economic threshold level of the pine needle gall midge, the growth impacts due to the insect were examined with terminal shoot growth, and cambial growth by analyzing the growth horizontally and vertically. The results obtained are as follows: 1) In general, the growth impacts of the red pine trees were significant for the five consecutive years since damage had occurred, and its maximum retardation was shown in the second and the third years. 2) Simultaneous retardation occurred in both terminal and cambial growth of the tree, probably due to cumulative characteristics of the feeding behaviour. 3) Strong correlation was found between terminal and cambial growth of Korean red pine and this was true for the trees infested by pine needle gall midge. Thus retardation in cambial growth due to the insect may be estimated with that in terminal growth. 4) Infestation was greater on slope facing north than south even though the history of the infestation had been similar. 5) The stem volume of 13-year-old, infested Korean red pine was reduced by more than 75-85%, compared to same aged, uninfected pine in yield table. Thus, much longer period is required to recover the normal growth.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.25 no.1B
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• pp.15-30
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• 2000

The important considerations in the design of fiber-optic networks are reliability and survivability preparing against a failure. The SDH(Synchronous Digital Hierarchy), the international standard of optical transmission, offers several network reconfiguration methods that enable network to be automatically restored from failure. One of the methods is the SHR(Self Healing Ring), which is a ring topology system. Most network providers have constructed their backbone networks with SHR architecture since it can provide survivability economically. The network architecture has eventually evolved into a multi-ring network comprised of interconnected rings. This paper addresses multi-ring network design problems is to minimize ring-construction cost. This problem can be formulated with MIP(mixed integer programming) model. However, it is difficult to solve the model within reasonable computing time on a large scale network because the model is NP-complete. Furthermore, in practice we should consider the problem of routing demands on rings to minimize total cost. This routing problem involves multiplex bundling at the intermediate nodes. A family of heuristic algorithms is presented for this problem. These algorithms include gateway selection and routing of inter-ring demands as well as load balancing on single rings. The developed heuristic algorithms are applied to some network provider's regional and long-distance transmission networks. We show an example of ring design and compare it with another ring topology design. Finally, we analysis the effect bundling.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.39 no.12
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• pp.723-732
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• 2017

As the development of ICT technology, in order to solve the problem of scattered water information's availability, WINS(Water management Information Networking System) by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport was established and has been operated since 2004. However, there has been a disadvantage of providing specialized and limited information to the water resources sector mainly and a lack of active sharing of information because of no compulsory provision of information sharing between participants. In order to solve these problems, this paper carried out system development study, to do this, the status of domestic water information was surveyed and domestic and overseas related systems were compared and analyzed. The latest ICT technology was used to realize the contents as screen, and the user interface definition was created to present a role model of integrated water management through maximizing visualization by combining GIS and realtime data and providing space-time integrated information. These prior studies reached to actual construction of the ICT-based integrated management system for water information by K-water. This system is in service to the public installed in the water information portal, "MyWater".

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.63-72
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• 2017

Gardening activities, plant raising, and general flowerbeds the public makes today can be found in the original form of cottage gardens in the United Kingdom. A cottage garden is a popular garden style of modern Britain, implying unique Englishness including ethnic sense and vernacular. In addition, the purpose of this study is to consider the modern movement in the United Kingdom in the past 200 years and read Englishness of cottage gardens through style differentiation and background of occurrence of cottage gardens appearing in this process. Therefore, this study is summarized as follows. First, a view of nature of the Englishman loving freedom and landscape acts as a key part of patriotism and is connected to the preservation of idyllic England. For this ideal of the Englishman of the country, idyllic British characteristics are found in various literatures and artistic fruits; cottage gardens, that is a form of new garden, were made with invigoration of supply and collection of plants. Second, an early form of cottage gardens was the domestic garden, in which there is a vegetable garden by middle-class move to a suburb according to urbanization, but evolved into a form of garden having both artistry and regionality, vernacular, and ecological characteristics with various situations of modern society(handicraft promotion movement, preservation of remains, and ancient building restoration movement). Wild gardens occurring in this process are a type of garden realizing wild fields and forests in the United Kingdom;they have made a big impact on many garden designers up to now. Cottage gardens, reflecting a variety of Englishness, is a subject of city planning and flower shows and is a culture symbolizing the United Kingdom.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.175-183
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• 2004

They are raising the necessity to prepare the conservational management strategy for the trail on the ridge of the Baekdudaegan where deterioration of natural environment along the trail as the rapid increase of visitors to the Baekdudaegan. The purpose of this study, followed after the Kwon and Lee(2003), is to research the deterioration condition of the trail between Namdeogyusan and Sosagogae on the Baekdudaegan. To accomplish the purpose, not only trail condition such as altitude, entire width, bare width, maximum depth and slope of trail, but also deterioration types of trail were surveyed at the total 182 points for 32.3km in length. Furthermore, impact rating class, which could be effective means to check the step and extent of deterioration process, was judged on each points of trail. Results informs us that the deterioration condition of the trail between Namdeogyusan and Sosagogae is not reached the level of grave concern yet, but some points and sections of trail are in urgent need of the integrated and organized maintenance. And some managerial strategies of trail were proposed in connection with the maintenance for trail on the Baekdudaegan ridge.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.125-134
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• 2017

Unusual precipitation caused by typhoons and severe rain stormscan threaten human life and property. Thus, various organizations prepare emergency action plans (EAPs) to provide proper guidelines for operators, experts, and emergency response personnel to protect and enhance critical infrastructure. For example, FEMA and DHS have various types of EAPs for dams, levees, and other structures to protect people and property. FEMA defines EAPs as official documents to decrease the damage and impact in emergency situations and to reduce casualties. These documents should consider all possible situations in an emergency and can reduce problems in facility management. This study analyzes EAPs for infrastructure from the USA, Japan, and Korea in order to suggest an ideal EAP framework. EAPcontent can include how to guide experts and operators in disaster stages (mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery), how to operate emergency equipment, and how to protect critical infrastructure and life. The suggested EAP framework performed very well in a test location. It can therefore be used for infrastructure organizations in Korea and to inform of the appropriate processes and methods for risk reduction in flood disasters.

• Journal of the Society of Disaster Information
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.206-217
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• 2021

Purpose: Recently, a series of large social disasters have led to a lot of research to prevent social disasters as well as natural disasters and reduce damage. However, this paper aims to select the types of social disasters that local governments should focus on and create basic data for effective countermeasures and mitigation efforts. Method: Among 43 types of disasters announced by the Ministry of Public Administration and Security, 11 types of disasters were selected and collected to select the main types of disasters, and risk types were derived by region with risk maps. In order to derive the risk map, each detailed index was rescheduled to be 0-1 and weights were determined through entropy technique. Result: As a result, about 41% of the major disasters announced by the Ministry of Public Administration and Security were consistent, and the rest of the major types were disasters that could not be obtained or have not occurred in the past 20 years. Conclusion: Therefore, in order to establish an effective prevention and recovery plan for social disasters through this study, it was intended to present social disaster-focused disasters for each local government.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.53 no.12
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• pp.1119-1130
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• 2020

Flood disasters have been recently increasing worldwide due to climate change and extreme weather events. Since flood damage recovery has been conducted as a common coping strategy to flood disasters in the Republic of Korea, it is necessary to predict the regional flood damage costs by rainfall characteristics for a preventative measure to flood damage. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to present the regression functions for human and economic flood damage assessments for the 7 metropolises in the Republic of Korea. A comprehensive regression analysis was performed through the total 48 simple regression models on the two types of flood damage records for human and economic costs over the past two decades from 1998 to 2017 using the four kinds of nonlinear equations with each of the six rainfall variables. The damage assessment functions for each metropolis were finally selected by the evaluation of the regression results with the coefficient of determination and the statistical significance test, and then used for the human and economic flood damage assessments for 100-year rainfall in the 7 metropolises. The results of this study are expected to provide the basic information on flood damage cost assessments for flood damage mitigation measures.

• KIPS Transactions on Computer and Communication Systems
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.117-122
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• 2021

In recent years, human damage and loss of money due to various disasters such as typhoons, earthquakes, forest fires, landslides, and wars are steadily occurring, and a lot of manpower and funds are required to prevent and recover them. In this paper, we designed and developed a disaster drone system based on artificial intelligence in order to monitor these various disaster situations in advance and to quickly recognize and respond to disaster occurrence. In this study, multiple disaster drones are used in areas where it is difficult for humans to monitor, and each drone performs an efficient search with an optimal path by applying a deep learning-based optimal path algorithm. In addition, in order to solve the problem of insufficient battery capacity, which is a fundamental problem of drones, the optimal route of each drone is determined using Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) technology. In order to implement the proposed system, it was applied to a forest fire situation among various disaster situations, and a forest fire map was created based on the transmitted data, and a forest fire map was visually shown to the fire fighters dispatched by a drone equipped with a beam projector. In the proposed system, multiple drones can detect a disaster situation in a short time by simultaneously performing optimal path search and object recognition. Based on this research, it can be used to build disaster drone infrastructure, search for victims (sea, mountain, jungle), self-extinguishing fire using drones, and security drones.

• Journal of Korean Society of Disaster and Security
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.37-46
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• 2020

Although the importance of resilience is emerging around the world, the single definition of resilience related to natural disasters is not clear. The reason for this is that there is no specific definition of how the definition of resilience relates to similar terms such as vulnerability, recovery, adaptability, and sustainability. In addition, it is because each country and region have different geographic and geological characteristics, and each measurement index is different, just as typhoons, droughts, and earthquakes have different types of disasters. Therefore, in this study, the definition of resilience is reflected in the spatial characteristics of this study as the ability to recover from'complex disasters (concentrated heavy rain, landslides, earth and stone flows) occurring on local roads or on local roads adjacent to people or facilities. Defined. And it was divided into DRR: Disaster Resilience focusing on the Road. In addition, domestic and foreign literature surveys were conducted to derive road-centered disaster resilience factors, and a hierarchical structure was established and AHP survey was conducted to establish a DRR evaluation system. As a result of the analysis of the AHP survey, the weight of direct road disaster influencing factors (drainage facilities, protection facilities, etc.) located inside local roads was 0.742, and the weight of indirect road disaster influencing factors (population, property, etc.) located near local roads. Was found to be 0.258, indicating that the direct impact factor of road disaster was relatively higher than that of the indirect impact factor.