• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.103 no.2
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• pp.182-188
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• 2014

Genetic diversity and genetic differentiation in six natural populations of Abies holophylla Max were investigated using ISSR marker system. From 6 ISSR primers, the average percentage of polymorphic loci was 85.6%, and the average expected heterozygosity ($H_e$) was 0.288. From the result of AMOVA, 94.4% of total genetic variation came from the differences among individuals within populations, and 5.6% was caused by those of among-populations. On the basis of Bayesian inference, genetic differentiation (${\theta}^{II}$ and $G_{ST}$) and inbreeding coefficient for all populations were 0.045, 0.038, and 0.509, respectively. The correlation between genetic distance and geographical distance was highly significant at the Mental's test (r = 0.74, P < 0.05). Six populations divided into two groups according to the results of UPGMA and PCA. One group included Namwon, Cheongdo and Mungyeong population. The other was Inje, Hongcheon and Pyeongchang population. Also, in Bayesian clustering analysis, 6 populations were divided into two clusters. But Cheongdo population was assigned into the other cluster unlike those of UPGMA or PCA. Taking the regions based on the results of the cluster analysis into consideration of AMOVA, 3.9% of genetic variation came from the regional difference. The dendrogram from UPGMA could provide the most genetically reasonable explanation for the distribution of Abies holophylla populations in South Korea.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.95 no.3
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• pp.261-267
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• 2006

A nursery trial comprising 109 progenies of 5 populations of Cornus kousa was analysed using multivariate analysis of 12 quantitative traits (growth and leaf form). The aim of this study was to examine geographic variation of the species based on the single, existing nursery trial to support a genetic resource conservation plan of Cornus kousa in Korea. Nested Anova showed that there were statistically significant differences among populations as well as among families within populations in all 12 quantitative traits. In 10 of 12 traits, variance components among families within populations were higher than those among populations. Cluster analysis using complete linkage method showed three groups to Euclidean distance 0.8. Among principal components, primary 2 principal components appeared to be major variables because of the loading contribution of 91.9%. The first contribution component was maximum width, vein number, blade length/petiole length and upper 1/3 width lower 1/3 width; the second one was height, diameter at root collar, blade length, upper 1/3 width, petiole length and petiole length/vein number, respectively. But all characters showed no significant difference with the pattern of geographic distribution.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.184-190
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• 2021

Since the original description of new species, Eumicrotremus jindoensis, we confirmed the first occurrence of E. jindoensis based on a single specimen (22.3 mm SL) caught by inshore stow net at the coastal waters of Boryeong of Korea. However, our specimen slightly differed from type specimens in having more vertebrae (26 vs. 21~24), longer snout (17.4% vs. 8.1~9.1%), longer preanus length (67.5% vs. 58.0~58.3%) and shorter second dorsal fin base (15.3% vs. 20.2~20.8%). Comparing with mtDNA COI and Cytb sequences, we could not find any differences in mtDNA Cytb sequences between our specimen and type specimens, which suggest that those morphological differences may belong to local variation by habitat and environmental condition between off Jindo Island and off Boryeong in Korea. Eumicrotremus uenoi is known from the southern sea of Korea narrowly (Busan, Tongyeong, and Jeju Island), the other congeneric species (E. asperrimus, E. pacificus, and E. taranetzi) from only the eastern sea of Korea, but E. jindoensis from the central coast to southern coast of western Korea.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.39 no.6 s.105
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• pp.971-983
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• 2004

It is increasingly clear that student mastery of concepts and skills in geographic education is based on a complex set of variables. Sex and gender are the key variables. Much has been written about biological sex differences in learning, but less attention has been paid to the impacts of socio-cultural gender on learning geography. As such, the aims of this paper are two-fold. First, to examine theories which seek to explain why males and females might differ in their geographic and spatial knowledge or skill. Second, to examine the extent of sex differences and gender traits in the geographic learning. The results of study illustrate clearly that there are more similarities than differences between the sexes. Therefore, there are significant gender differences between the preferences of regions, contents, activities in the secondary geographic learning. The results also provide insights into improving contents and method of geographic education.

• Survey Research
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.1-19
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• 2009

This study investigates the utilities of spatial analysis in the context of survey research using Geographical Information System(GIS) and Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) which take account of spatial heterogeneity. Many social phenomena involve spatial dimension, and with the development of GIS, GPS receiver, and online location-based services, spatial information can be collected and utilized more easily, and thus application of spatial analysis in the survey research is getting easier. The traditional OLS regression models which assume independence of observations and homoscedasticity of errors cannot handle spatial dependence problem. GWR is a spatial analysis technique which utilizes spatial information as well as attribute information, and estimated using geographically weighted function under the assumption that spatially close cases are more related than distant cases. Residential survey data from a Primary Autonomous District are used to estimate a model of public service satisfaction. The findings show that GWR handles the problem of spatial auto-correlation and increases goodness-of-fit of model. Visualization of spatial variance of effects of the independent variables using GIS allows us to investigate effects and relationships of those variables more closely and extensively. Furthermore, GIS and GWR analyses provide us a more effective way of identifying locations where the effect of variable is exceptionally low or high, and thus finding policy implications for social development.

• 한국공간정보시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.118-122
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• 2003

본 논문은 무선통신 환경에서 다양한 위치정보의 응용서비스인 위치기반서비스의 공통적인 기능을 가지는 지오코더 서비스를 설계하는 것이다. 위치기반서비스는 망이나 GPS 등의 측위기술을 이용하여 휴대 단말 등 사용자의 위치정보를 제공하는 것으로 최근 부가가치가 기대되는 서비스이다. 지오코더 서비스는 주소 등의 요청에 대해 X, Y, Z 등으로 표현되는 지리적 위치정보를 제공하는 서비스와 역으로 지리적 위치정보를 포함하는 요청에 대해 주소 등을 포함한 정규화 된 정보를 제공하는 역지오코더 서비스로 정의할 수 있다. 국내의 많은 웹 기반의 GIS 서비스들이 지형지물 등에 의해 지리적인 위치를 탐색하는 지오코딩 기능이 구현되어 있으나, 지리 정보에 대한 각각 서로 다른 인터페이스들이 사용되고 있어, 확장된 활용성에 한계를 가지고 있다. 특히, 무선통신 환경의 발전에 따른 효율적인 지리적 위치정보의 활용을 통한 다양한 위치기반서비스의 개발 및 활성화를 위하여 국제동향을 고려한 정규화 된 지오코더 서비스의 개발이 요구된다. 본 논문에서는 지리적 위치정보를 포함하고 있는 지오코더 서비스를 위하여 기술규격 범위와 요구기능 정의, 서비스를 위한 데이터의 정규화 및 인터페이스를 설계하여, 국내 무선통신 환경에서 다양한 위치기반서비스의 활용성을 높이기 위한 서비스 시스템 방안을 마련하고자 한다. 또한, 주소 정의에 있어서 국내 주소체계를 충분히 분석하여 구축하였다. 이는 본 연구자가 LBS 표준화 포럼을 통하여 작성 중인 '지오코더서비스 인터페이스 기술규격'을 수용한 것이다.적으로 분석하고, 지형정보의 체계적 관리를 위해 가장 필요한 해안습지 지형분류도를 작성하기 위해 가장 기초적인 단계인 해안습지 지형분류체계에 대한 국내외의 연구성과를 비교하여 시안을 작성 표준화를 위한 첫 단계 시도를 소개하였다.분석 결과는 문장, 그림 및 도표, 장 끝의 질문, 학생의 학습 활동 수 등이 $0.4{\sim}1.5$ 사이의 값으로 학생 참여를 적절히 유도하는 발견 지향적 인 것으로 조사되었다. 그러나 장의 요약은 본문 내용을 반복하는 내용으로 구성되었다. 이와 같이 공통과학 과목은 새로운 현대 사회에 부응하는 교과 목표와 체계를 지향하고 있지만 아직도 통합과학으로서의 내용과 체계를 완전히 갖추고 있지 못할 뿐만 아니라 현재 사용되고 있는 7종의 교과서가 교육 목표를 충분히 반영하지 못하고 있다. 따라서 교사의 역할이 더욱더 중요하게 되었다.괴리가 작아진다. 이 결과에 따르면 위탁증거금의 징수는 그 제도의 취지에 부합되고 있다. 다만 제도운용상의 이유이거나 혹은 우리나라 주식시장의 투자자들이 비합리적인 투자형태를 보임에 따라 그 정책적 효과는 때로 역기능적인 결과로 초래하였다. 그럼에도 불구하고 이 연구결과를 통하여 최소한 주식시장(株式市場)에서 위탁증거금제도는 그 제도적 의의가 여전히 있다는 사실이 확인되었다. 또한 우리나라 주식시장에서 통상 과열투기 행위가 빈번히 일어나 주식시장을 교란시킴으로써 건전한 투자풍토조성에 저해된다는 저간의 우려가 매우 커왔으나 표본 기간동안에 대하여 실증분석을 한 결과 주식시장 전체적으로 볼 때 주가변

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.180-184
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• 1999

Molecular spslemaucs of Agaricus species was investigated on the base of the sequences of the internal transcribed spaceriITS) regions in ribosomal DNA (rDNA). The sequences of the ITS region in 5 species and two group of Agaricus genus were resolved. In the phylogenetic trees. the species generally divided inlo two subclusters, refered to here as the group I and group 11. The group I consisted of Agaricus blazei ATCC 76739, Agarictrs blazei species cultivated in Korean hmings. Ago/-icus anmensis IMSNU 32049 and Agaricus can~pestris VPI-OKM 25665. Between Agaricus blazei NCC 76739 and the Agaricus blazei species cultivated in Korean farmings had the variation in lhe 5 nucleotide on the ITS regions. These varieties were presumed the variation by the geographic and cultivated conditions. In addition the subgroup of group I was formed by Agaricus arvensis LMSNU 32049 and Agaricus carnpests VPI-OKM 25665. The group IT included Agnrictrs bispoms CH 3004 and Agaricus pocillotor DUKE-J 173.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.212-228
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• 2004

This paper is concerned with an important aspect of regional income convergence, ${\beta}$-convergence, which refers to the negative relationship between initial income levels and income growth rates of regions over a period of time. The common research framework on ${\beta}$-convergence which is based on OLS regression models has two drawbacks. First, it ignores spatially autocorrelated residuals. Second, it does not provide any way of exploring spatial heterogeneity across regions in terms of ${\beta}$-convergence. Given that empirical studies on ${\beta}$-convergence need to be edified by spatial data analysis, this paper aims to: (1) provide a critical review of empirical studies on ${\beta}$-convergence from a spatial perspective; (2) investigate spatio-temporal income dynamics across the U.S. labor market areas for the last 30 years (1969-1999) by fitting spatial regression models and applying bivariate ESDA techniques. The major findings are as follows. First, the hypothesis of ${\beta}$-convergence was only partially evidenced, and the trend substantively varied across sub-periods. Second, a SAR model indicated that ${\beta}$-coefficient for the entire period was not significant at the 99％ confidence level, which may lead to a conclusion that there is no statistical evidence of regional income convergence in the US over the last three decades. Third, the results from bivariate ESDA techniques and a GWR model report that there was a substantive level of spatial heterogeneity in the catch-up process, and suggested possible spatial regimes. It was also observed that the sub-periods showed a substantial level of spatio-temporal heterogeneity in ${\beta}$-convergence: the catch-up scenario in a spatial sense was least pronounced during the 1980s.

• Korean Journal of Ornithology
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.117-125
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• 2018

The Grey-capped greenfinch (Chloris sinica) is a polytypic species that exhibits complicated geographical variation in morphology. This study provides an intraspecific phylogeographic variability of C. sinica populations in Korea with their morphometric data. The observed morphometric variations were that Ulleung island population was morphologically distinct in bill length and depths as compared to the mainland populations. Phylogenetic relationships among mitochondrial COX1 regions provided evidence for genetic differentiation between Ulleung and mainland populations. However, their genetic distances and nucleotide diversities were very low, highlighting their recent divergence. The needs for additional research is heightened to substantiate if the genetic clines in different localities may arise in C. sinica subspecies, each of which could have different breeding and wintering habitats, distribution patterns, and migration pathways.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.89 no.5
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• pp.666-676
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• 2000

For the study of morphological variation of Q. variabilis natural population in Korea, 19 populations were selected through the country in considering latitude, longitude, and geographical characters. Thirty trees were randomly selected from each population and 60 mature leaves were sampled from each tree. Four characters (leaf blade length, maximum blade width, petiole length, and vein number) were measured, and their ratios (the ratio of blade length to maximum blade width, the ratio of blade length to petiole length, the ratio of petiole length to vein number, upper 1/3 blade width to maximum blade width, and upper 1/3 blade width to lower 1/3 blade width) were calculated. 1. Analysis of variance for all leaf characters were significantly different among populations and among individuals within population. Contributions of variance among individuals within population in all the characters were higher than those among populations. Therefore, selection of plus trees may be preferable to desirable populations for breeding program of Q. variabilis. 2. Among principal component analysis for leaf characters, primary 2 principal components appeared to be major variables for leaf form of Q. variabilis because of the loading contribution of 80.5%. The first contribution component was petiole length/vein number and petiole length ; the second one was upper 1/3 blade width/maximum blade width, upper blade width/lower 1/3 blade width and vein number, respectively. 3. Latitude was positively correlated with blade length/maximum blade width and blade length/petiole length, but negatively correlated with petiole length/vein number, upper 1/3 blade width/maximum blade width, upper 1/3 blade width/lower 1/3 blade width, petiole length, and vein number. But, for longitude and altitude the former two traits and the later five traits exhibited the negative and positive correlation, respectively. 4. Cluster analysis using complete linkage method for leaf characters showed two groups to Euclidean distance 1.6. They were group I of population 1. 4, 5, and 13 and group II of population 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, and 19. However, group II was divided again to Euclidean distance 1.3, that is a group including population 3, 7, 10, 14, 15, and 17(group II-1) and the other group comprising population 2, 6, 8, 9, 11, 12, 16, 18, and 19(group II-2). This cluster could be mainly observed due to difference among population in aspect (group I : NE, group II-1 : SE, and group II-2 : SW).