• Economic and Environmental Geology
• /
• v.40 no.4
• /
• pp.347-360
• /
• 2007

In order to evaluate the degree and extent of heavy metal pollution and the environmental impacts of abandoned Cu mines in Goseong-gun, soils and paddies were collected from the mine area and have been analysed for heavy metal contents. The heavy metal contents were much higher in mountain soils than in paddy soils. Total content of heavy metals decreased in order of Cu>Zn>Pb>As>Cr>Cd in mountain soils whereas Zn>Pb>Cu>Cr>As>Cd in paddy soils. The extractable amount of heavy metals by 0.1/1N HCl decreased in order of Cu>Pb>Zn>As>Cd>Cr in mountain soils whereas Pb>Cu>Zn>As>Cd>Cr in paddy soils. Although the extraction ratios were highly various depending on the sampling site, their average values were in order of Cd(16%)>Pb(10%)>Cu(9%)>As(4.5%)>Zn-Cr(${\le}2.5%$). The soils investigated were enriched in heavy metals relative to the averages of earth crust as In order of $As{\ge}Cd$>Pb>Zn>Cu>Cr. Pollution index calculated from total or extractable heavy metals of soils indicated that the heavy metal pollution was restricted to mountain soils around abandoned Cu mines, especially the Samsan I mine. The metal contents of brown rice showed no significantly contaminated level as follows; As $nd{\sim}0.87mg/kg,\;Cd\;0.02{\sim}0.34mg/kg,\;Cu\;1.01{\sim}6.25mg/kg,\;Mn\;13.4{\sim}43.2mg/kg,\;Pb\;0.09{\sim}2.83mg/kg,\;and\;Zn\;16.5{\sim}79.1mg/kg$. From the extraction and dispersion properties of heavy metal with the soil pH ($4.5{\sim}7.8$), it can be deduced the conclusion that the heavy metal pollution is spreading in the study area mainly by the detrital migration of waste ore and gangue minerals rather than the dissolution and circulation of heavy metal.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
• /
• v.22 no.1
• /
• pp.123-134
• /
• 2012

Hydrochemical analyses, carbon isotopic (${\delta}^{13}C_{DIC}$) analyses, and noble gas isotopic ($^3He/^4He$ and $^4He/^{20}Ne$) analyses of the Dalki carbonate waters in the Chungsong area were carried out to elucidate their hydrochemical composition and to determine the source of $CO_2$ gas and noble gases. The carbonate waters have a pH of between 5.93 and 6.33, and an electrical conductivity 1950 to $3030{\mu}S/cm$. The chemical composition of all carbonate waters was Ca(Mg)-$HCO_3$, with a high Na content. The contents of Fe, Mn, and As in some carbonate waters exceed the limit stipulated for drinking water. The concentrations of major ions are slightly higher than those reported previously. The ${\delta}^{13}C_{DIC}$ values range from -6.70‰ to -4.47‰, indicating that the carbon originated from a deep-seated source. The $^3He/^4He$ and $^4He/^{20}Ne$ ratios vary from $7.67{\times}10^{-6}$ to $8.38{\times}10^{-6}$ and from 21.32 to 725.7, respectively. On the $^3He/^4He$ versus $^4He/^{20}Ne$ diagram, the noble gas isotope ratios plot in the field of a deep-seated source, such as mantle or magma. We therefore conclude that $CO_2$ gas and noble gas in the Dalki carbonate waters originated from a deep-seated source, rather than an inorganic $CO_2$ origin as suggested in a previous study.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
• /
• v.33 no.7
• /
• pp.627-636
• /
• 2012

In the Obongri-Goseong area of Gangwondo, South Korea, there are six densely distributed volcanic edifices i.e., Duibaejae, Oeumsan, Galmibong, 249 m height, 166 m height, and 102 m height, and two other volcanic edifices including Goseongsan and Unbongsan volcanic edifice that are separately located from a distance. A previously undiscovered 249m volcanic edifice in Obongri was found in this investigation, and the six volcanic edifices distributed in Obongri will be referred to as the Obongri volcanic edifice group. Volcanic edifices in this area were interpreted by other researchers as being volcanic plug, plug dome, and cylindrical volcanic pipe type edifices. The aim of this study is to investigate the aspect of volcanic activity in the Obongri-Goseong area and the formation of volcanic edifices by examining of the shape of volcanic edifices, stratigraphy, and characterization of volcanic products. All the volcanic edifices in the area are composed of basaltic rocks on the Mesozoic granite basement, and the prevalence of the dome shape increased towards the upper part of the mountain. Three volcanic edifices (Duibaejae, 166 m height, 102 m height) include intercalated pyroclastic deposits between the basaltic rocks and the basement. The pyroclastic deposit in the Duibaejae volcanic edifice is composed of quartz, feldspar, granite fragments originated from the basement, and scoria fragments originated from the volcanic eruption. In addition to angular olivine, plagioclase, and pyroxene xenocrysts, all the basaltic rocks contained mantle xenolith, gabbroic xenolith originated from the lower crust, and granitic xenolith originated from the basement. This fact indicates that magma rapidly rose to the surface and that the volcanic activity was explosive. It is also interpreted that, as the basaltic magma became highly viscous due to the large amount of xenocrysts, the erupted magma formed a dome structure on the surface. The original dome structure was then severely eroded out leaving a plug dome formation on the basement.

• Journal of Marine Life Science
• /
• v.8 no.2
• /
• pp.104-114
• /
• 2023

As plastic usage increases globally, the amount of plastic waste entering the marine environment is steadily rising. Microplastics, in particular, can be ingested by marine organisms and accumulated in their digestive tracts, causing harmful effects on their growth and reproduction. Cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes are known to metabolize various environmental pollutants as detoxification enzymes, but their role in crustaceans is not well understood. In this study, sequences of nine CYP genes (CYP370A4, CYP370C5 from clan 2; CYP350A1, CYP350C5, CYP361A1 from clan 3; CYP4AN-like, CYP4AP2, CYP4AP3, CYP4C33-like1 from clan 4) were analyzed using conserved domains in the brackish water flea Diaphanosoma celebensis. Additionally, after exposure to three different sizes of polystyrene beads (0.05-, 0.5-, 6-㎛ PS beads; 0.1, 1, and 10 mg/L) for 48 hours, the expression of these nine CYP genes were investigated using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The results showed that all CYP genes possessed conserved motifs, indicating that D. celebensis CYP has evolutionarily conserved functions. Among these CYP genes, the expression of CYP370C5, CYP360A1, and CYP4C122 showed a significant increase after exposure to 0.05-㎛ PS beads, suggesting their involvement in PS metabolism. This research will contribute to understanding the molecular mode of actions of microplastics on marine invertebrates.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
• /
• v.21 no.3
• /
• pp.349-358
• /
• 2000

Compressional and shear wave velocities (Vp and Vs) and densities have been measured for serpentinite, amphibolite, amphibole and biotite schist, and gneiss from western part of Chungnam Province at room temperature. Ranges of the density are 2.6${\sim}$2.86g/cm$^3$ for serpentinite, 2.25${\sim}$2.81g/cm$^3$ for talc, and 2.74${\sim}$3.07g/cm$^3$ for metamorphic rocks. Of these rocks, talc shows wider ranges than serpentinite and amphibolites due to its metamorphic process from serpentinite. Values of Vp and Vs are 5719${\sim}$6062m/s and 2898${\sim}$3351m/s for serpentinites, 4019${\sim}$5478m/s and 2241/${\sim}$2976m/s for talc, 5375${\sim}$6372m/s and 3042${\sim}$3625m/s for amphibolite, 5290${\sim}$5499m/s and 2968${\sim}$3137m/s for schist, and 4788m/s and 2804m/s for gneiss, respectively. Velocity of P wave increases 1.47 times faster than S wave with increase of density. The results of seismic velocity measurement show anisotropy, higher velocity across than along the schistocity of rocks, especially in metamorphic rocks. This fact indicates that there were regional metamorphism related with tectonic forces. Values of seismic velocity increase with increasing pressure from 20 MPa to 70 MPa, especially in metamorphic rocks. Overall recalculated Vp and Vs values suggest that the serpentinite indicates for upper mantle in the respects of seismic characteristics, in spite of high degree of serpentinization. In addition, those of the amphibolite do for low crust, and gneiss and schist for upper crust.

• 한국해양학회지
• /
• v.26 no.1
• /
• pp.1-12
• /
• 1991

A multi-disciplinary geophysical study including gravity, magnetic, and seismic reflection profiling was carried out in the area between the Clarion fracture zone and the Clippertone fracture zone o the northeastern equatorial Pacific basin. There are small free-air gravity anomalies of less than 20 mgal over seamounts and the east-west trending abyssal hills. The negative residual gravity anomalies over seamounts may indicate the existence of low density seamount roots compared to surrounding oceanic crust. Non-existence of magnetic lineations and the magnetic anomalies of small smplitude with no polarity change in the east-west direction support that the study area belongs to the Cretaceous magnetic quite zone. Positive magnetic anomalies over seamounts offset 100 km in the east-west direction in the southern part of the study area suggest a possibility of left-lateral movement of those seamounts along unknown fractures. The sedimentary section in the study area can be divided into three units (Unit I, unit IIA, and Unit IIB) n the basis of reflection characteristics. the total thickness of sedimentary section varies from 200 to 400 meters and the sedimentary section is thicker in the southern area of rough topography near the seamount belt than in the northern flat area. Manganese nodules are abundant in the southern part of the study area where the ridges are developed and the Unit I layer is thicker than 100 meters.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
• /
• v.11 no.3_4
• /
• pp.157-168
• /
• 2002

In Gimcheon area of the central Yeongnam massif granite gneiss occurrs with intercalated biotite gneiss at xenolith or restite. In order to understand the evolution of the central Yeongnam massif, it is essential to have absolute age information, but not many age data are available yet. Furthermore the previous age determinations from the study area are not compatible with the outcrop relationship. In this study we determined chemical ages from the zircon grains. We obtained ages of $1970\pm$ 78(l$\sigma$)Ma from the granite gneiss, $1814\pm$77(l$\sigma$)Ma from the outer rim of a rounded zircon and 1973$\pm$97(l$\sigma$)Ma from a longish zircon, both from the biotite gneiss. These ages seem to indicate the timing of granitic magma intrusion and subsequent metamorphism. Ages of $2954\pm$ 158($l\sigma$)Ma, 2440$\pm$58(l$\sigma$)Ma, and 2219$\pm$36($l\sigma$)Ma obtained from zoned core of the rounded zircon grain from the biotite gneiss suggest various geological events before such metamorphism of the biotite gneiss. Ages in the range of 1450~1670 Ma observed in zircons of both gniesses suggest later metamorphism that the granite gneiss and the biotite gneiss experienced together. The chemical age determination by electron probe micro-analyzer of this study utilized 1$\mu\textrm{m}$ beam diameter and it seems to be a very useful age determination from the zircons with complex growth history because of superior spatial resolution.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
• /
• v.19 no.4
• /
• pp.317-328
• /
• 2018

The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of the quality of performance on audience satisfaction, and to verify the mediating effect of service value and traditional image in this process. The subjects of this study included 211 male and female adults who experienced the Korean opera performance in Seoul, Korea in October. Collected data was used as a model of path coefficients obtained through analysis of covariance structure and hypothesis test. As a result of verification, program quality, physical environment quality, and quality of the stage performance perceived by the audience showed a statistically significant positive correlation with performance experience attributes. The path coefficient between performance attribute and service value, performance experience attribute and traditional image were also positively and statistically significant. Further, the path coefficient between performance experience and audience satisfaction showed a positive relationship. The service value and traditional image, service value and audience satisfaction, and the path coefficient between traditional image and audience satisfaction were statistically and positively significant. Finally, all hypotheses were adopted and study results confirmed the effect of service quality and experience attributes on audience satisfaction for the popularization, modernization and marketing strategy of the Korean opera. In this process, it is meaningful to verify the role and function of service value and traditional image.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
• /
• v.29 no.2
• /
• pp.105-120
• /
• 2018

Current neuroscience views the mind-body problem from the monistic perspective which claims that the human mind is the result of brain activity and that the mind shuts down when the brain does. However, a considerable number of lay people still believe in the existence of the soul and the afterlife, concepts that are hard to explain from the monistic perspective. This study examines whether lay people think that the mind of the dead is capable of exceeding the physical constraints if they believe that such mind exists. After reading one of three vignettes which describes the state of the protagonist as alive, dead, or brain dead, the participants evaluated the protagonist's general mental capacity and transcendental ability to obtain new information. The participants rated that the dead protagonist had more 'transcendental ability to obtain new information' than the alive one if they evaluated high general mental capacity to the protagonist. In addition, unlike the alive condition, in the dead and the brain dead condition, there was a correlation between the general mind capacity rating and the transcendental ability rating. The results suggest that lay people expect the mind of the alive and the dead to be different, as they believe the latter's general mind capacity connotes transcendental ability. We also found that the participants' religiosity affected their beliefs about the transcendental ability of dead person.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
• /
• v.4 no.2
• /
• pp.153-167
• /
• 1995

Emplacement ages for the granite plutons of the Jurassic and the Cretaceous times in the central Ogcheom Fold Belt were determined by Rb-Sr whole rock and mineral isocheon methods. In addition mineral ages for the plutons were determined by K-Ar and fission track methods. In turn, thermal histories and uplifting rates of the granitic bodies are elucidated from the isotopic ages. The Jecheon(~203 Ma) and Mungyeong(at lest~200 Ma) granites of the Jurassic and the Muamsa, Wolagsan and Daeyasan granites(~110 Ma) of the Cretaceous show high strontium initial ratios [$(^{87}Sr/^{86}Sr)_1$0.7100],suggesting that the granitic magmas have been generated by partial melting of crustal materials (S-type), or by mixing of mantle and crustal materials. Only mineral ages of the Sogrisan and Hyeongjebong granites (~90 Ma) were determined by K-Ar method, and petrogenesis of them were not defined yet. The two Jurassic granite plutons were cooled rapidly down to $300^{\circ}C$, right after the plutons were slowly cooled down since then, due to their deep emplacment. During the Middle Cretaceous period, the Jurassic Mungyeong granitic pluton was intruded and thermally affected much by the surrounding Wolagsan and Daeyasan granites. Accordingly the Rb-Sr mineral age, K-Ar hornblende and biotite ages of the Mungyeong granite appear to be reduced or reset due to the thermal effects above their blocking temperatures. All the cretaceous granites have been cooled much ore simply and rapidly down than the Jurassic ones below $300^{\circ}C$, owing to their shallow emplacement.