• Food Science of Animal Resources
• /
• v.27 no.4
• /
• pp.522-530
• /
• 2007

This experiment was carried out to measure the content of lactoferrin, IgA, $IgG_1,\;IgG_2$, in Holstein colostrum, and to test the effect of it's colostrum on the antibacterial activity to pathogenic bacteria and the growth stimulation of lactic acid bacteria. Colostrum was collected at the first, second, and third day after parturition in summer and winter season. The levels of lactoferrin, IgA, $IgG_1,\;and\;IgG_2$ in Holstein cow colostrum were 0.30 mg/mL, 0.37 mg/mL, 4.00 mg/mL, 0.37 mg/mL, respectively, on the first day of the summer season whereas they were 1.16 mg/mL, 2.60 mg/mL, 13.35 mg/mL, 1.30 mg/mL on the first day of the winter season, postpartum. Heat treated ($65^{\circ}C$ for 30 min) or non-treated colostrum showed antibacterial activity toward Escherichia coli. The growth of commercial mixed strains (Bifidobacterium longum, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Streptococcus themophilus), L. acidophilus, L. casei, L. bulgaricus, and L. lactis subsp. cremoris were improved in first, second and third day colostrum compared to normal milk. Commercial miked strains (B. longum, L. acidophilus S. themophilus) lowered the pH to 4.97-5.22 and 4.89 while increasing the titratable acidity to 0.75-0.88% and 0.70% in colostrum and normal milk, respectively. However, L. casei, L. bulgaricus, L. lactis subsp. cremoris lowered the pH to 5.96-6.47 and 6.5-6.8 while increasing the titratable acidity to 0.29-0.48% and 0.20-0.25% in colostrum and normal milk, respectively.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
• /
• v.27 no.4
• /
• pp.424-431
• /
• 2007

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of intramuscular fat scores on pork quality assurance. Pork loins were collected from animals (110-120 kg body weight) slaughtered in a commercial slaughterhouse, assigned an IMF score (1-3) from and stored for 24 hrs at $-3^{\circ}C$. Samples were analyzed for chemical composition, pH, cooking and drip loss, shear force, meat color, and texture characteristics. The moisture, crude protein and crude ash content were not significantly different among the various IMF score groups. The crude fat content of the IMF score 3 group was significantly higher than the IMF score 1 and 2 groups (p<0.05). The pH values of the IMF score 2 and 3 groups was significantly higher than the IMF score 1 group (p<0.05). There was a no significant difference in shear force value and cooking loss among the IMF score groups. The purge loss content of the IMF 3 group was significantly lower than that of the IMF score 1 group (p<0.05). The increase in IMF score resulted in lower hardness, gumminess, and brittleness values. The hardness and gumminess of the IMF score 3 group were significantly lower than those of the IMF 1 score group. The adhesiveness, cohesiveness, and springiness were not significantly different among the IMF score groups. With regard to meat color traits, lightness ($CIE\;L^*$) was not significantly different among the IMF score groups. The $a^*\;and\;b^*$ values correlated positively with the IMF score. In general, the results of this study show that the CIE color values and drip loss had a positive correlation, while only redness was positively correlated with shear force and hardness. pH was negatively correlated with CIE color values and drip loss, while positively correlated with moisture content.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.30 no.4
• /
• pp.916-923
• /
• 1998

To provide more information on the enteric pathogen Campylobacter jejuni in the view of food sanitation, survival characteristics of two strains of C. jejuni in the different conditions were investigated. When $10^7{\;}or{\;}10^3{\;}per{\;}ml$ of C. jejuni cells were inoculated in the supplemented Brucella broth and kept at $42^{\circ}C,{\;}25^{\circ}C{\;}and{\;}5^{\circ}C$ under the static aerobic condition for 7 days, organisms exponentially proliferated to $a{\;}>10^8$, even in the $10^3{\;}per{\;}ml$ inoculated-sample at $42^{\circ}C{\;}for{\;}1{\sim}2{\;}days$ and the considerable level of viability maintained during 7 days. At $5^{\circ}C$, most of the initial level of organisms survived at the early period and only $a{\;}<{\;}0.5-log_{10}$ cells decrease were observed during the 7 days. At $25^{\circ}C$, a remarkable number of C. jejuni declined within $1{\sim}2{\;}days$ and showed undetectable level of cells after 4 days. When sterile milk and minced chicken meat were artifically inoculated with $10^7{\;}per{\;}ml$ of C. jejuni, mostly, a $1-to{\;}2-log_{10}$ count decrease occurred at $42^{\circ}C{\;}and{\;}5^{\circ}C$ while $a{\;}>3{\;}log_{10}$ decrease at $25^{\circ}C$ during 7 days. Unexpectedly, no colonies appeared on the plate inoculated from the minced chicken meat sample kept at $42^{\circ}C$ after 4 days. The results suggest that C. jejuni contaminated to food can survive at the refrigeration temperature whereas they are sensitive to at the room temperature. Also, it is shown that the growth of C. jejuni at the optimal temperature may vary to the food sources.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
• /
• v.20 no.3
• /
• pp.305-314
• /
• 2005

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of ginseng and Schizandra chinensis on the quality characteristics of kimchi stored for 40 days at $4^{\circ}C$ after kimchi was fermented for 1 day at $25^{\circ}C$. pH and reducing sugar of GS(Kimchi added with extract powder of fine ginseng root and Schizandra chinensis juice) were the highest in the early part of storage but pH and reducing sugar of G(Kimchi added with extract powder of fine ginseng root) were the highest from 11th storage day. Acidity and $CO_2$ content of GS were the highest during storage period. The $CO_2$ content of GS was the highest significantly and the $CO_2$ content of C(Control) was the lowest significantly. When the hardness was measured, G was the hardest and there were no significant difference between C and GS. Total cells and lactic acid bacteria were increased rapidly at initial fermentation and GS was the highest of 3 samples from 6th storage day. The result of sensory evaluation showed that G was lower in sourness and higher in hardness than C and GS. Ginseng flavor had no significant differences between G and GS. And G was higher than GS in bitter taste. Consumer Acceptance test showed that consumer prefered C and GS to G. Considering all results, it can be concluded that addition of Schizandra chinensis juice to kimchi decreases the bitter taste of ginseng and increasing consumer preference.

• Proceedings of the KSCN Conference
• /
• 2003.11a
• /
• pp.1051-1052
• /
• 2003

미취학 아동기는 생후 1년 동안의 급격한 성장 이후로부터 학령기가 되기 전까지 성장이 완만해지는 시기이다. 이 시기의 아동들은 혼자 먹는 행동을 익히게 되고 식품에 대한 기호가 형성되는 등 식생활에서도 뚜렷한 개인특성을 갖게되며 이 시기에 형성된 식습관은 성인까지 이어지게 된다. 이 시기에 영양부족에 따른 신체발달의 지연이나 영양과잉에 따른 비만과 같은 과다한 신체발달의 문제점이 지적되고 있어 올바른 식습관 형성은 신체발달과 밀접한 관련성이 있는 것으로 보여진다. 우리나라는 취약한 칼슘섭취 부족에 따라 골격건강에 대한 관심이 크게 증가하고 있는데, 모든 질환이 그러하듯이 골격질환도 치료보다는 예방적인 관리가 다양한 측면에서 효율적이다. 따라서 골격건강과 최적의 신체발달을 위한 식사인자는 매우 중요하며, 일생의 성장시기에 따라 서로 다른 인자들이 관여할 것으로 생각된다. 이에 본 연구에서는 성장이 이루어지면서 식품선택의 독립성이 확립되는 미취학 아동에 있어 신체와 골격 발달에 관련성이 있는 영양섭취 요인을 찾아봄으로써 골격과 신체 발달을 위한 올바른 식습관 형성에 필요한 기초자료를 제시하고자 하였다. 이에 46~84개월의 미취학 어린이 총 62명(남자 37명, 여자 25명)을 대상으로 어머니에 의한 설문조사를 실시하고 대상자의 신체계측(InBody, Biospace)과 손목의 골밀도(DEXA, Medilink)를 측정하였다. 설문지는 어린이와 부모의 일반사항, 어린이의 건강상태, 식습관 및 활동조사표와 24시간 회상법에 의한 식사조사표로 구성하였다. 식사섭취조사 결과는 CAN-Pro를 이용하여 영양소 섭취량을 분석하였으며, 모든 연구결과는 SAS program을 이용하여 통계 분석하였다. 연구결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 남녀 어린이의 평균 월령은 62.43$\pm$7.26 개월과 62.12$\pm$8.85개월이었다. 출생시 신장과 체중은 남자 어린이가 50.92$\pm$2.14 cm와 3.36$\pm$0.42kg, 여자 어린이는 각각 50.29$\pm$1.36cm와 3.32$\pm$0.39kg이었다. 현재 신장과 체중은 남자 111.65$\pm$5.44 cm와 19.60$\pm$3.52kg, 여자 109.04$\pm$5.04 cm와 18.67$\pm$2.81kg이었으며, 비만지수는 남녀 각각 -2.13$\pm$9.09%와 0.22$\pm$10.49%였다. 손목의 골밀도는 남녀 어린이 각각 0.25$\pm$0.04g/cm, 0.24$\pm$0.03g/$\textrm{cm}^2$이었다. 에너지 섭취량은 남녀 어린이 각각 영양권장량의 66.43$\pm$18.58%와 70.46$\pm$20.31% 수준이었으며, 남녀 어린이 모두 단백질(124.97$\pm$37.55%, 131.24$\pm$45.49%), 비타민B$_{6}$ (152.48$\pm$47.01%, 152.95$\pm$61.77%), 엽산(106.87$\pm$40.44%, 104.52$\pm$50.16%), 비타민 E (121.04$\pm$52.79%, 113.48$\pm$75.78%)를 제외한 영양소 섭취량이 권장량에 미달되는 섭취수준을 보였다. 특히 성장기에 중요한 칼슘도 남녀 어린이 각각 권장량의 62.21$\pm$39.46%와 70.07$\pm$34.52%로 낮게 섭취하고 있었다. 모든 영양소 섭취량은 남녀 어린이간에 유의한 차이가 없었다. 신체계측치와 영양섭취와의 관계에서 체중, 체수분량, 제지방량은 각각 동물성 철 섭취량과 유의한 부의 상관관계를 보였다(p<0.05, p<0.01, p<0.01). 골밀도와 영양섭취와의 관계에서 손목 골밀도는 식물성 칼슘 섭취량과 유의한 정의 상관관계를 보였고(p<0.05), 특히 위쪽 손목 골밀도는 동물성 단백질, 동물성 철 섭취량과 각각 유의한 부의 상관을 보였다(p<0.05, p<0.05). 이상의 연구결과를 종합할 때 성장이 진행되고 있는 미취학 아동에 있어 신체상태와 골밀도는 동물성 단백질, 식물성 칼슘, 동물성 철 섭취량과 상관성이 있는 것으로 나타남으로써 앞으로 이들 영양소의 섭취가 신체와 골격 성장에 어떠한 영향을 미치는가에 대한 보다 세부적인 연구가 이루어져야 할 것으로 생각된다.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.10 no.3
• /
• pp.337-343
• /
• 1978

In order to develope a new kind of fermented milk, basic studies on several lactic acid bacteria and yeasts were conducted, 8 kinds of alcohol fermented milk were manufactured and sensory evaluation was undertaken. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. Four kinds of lactic acid bacteria were isolated, among which Y-2 strain was strongest in acid productivity and it was elucidated that acid productivity of all strains was stornger in synthetic medium than in milk medium. 2. The pH in milk medium inoculated with Y-2 strain and incubated at $30^{\circ}C$ for 24 hours was dropped from 5.8 to 3.8 and fluctuation in amino nitrogen content was found during incubation. 3. The pH in milk medium inoculated with K. fragilis and incubated at $30^{\circ}C$ for 7 days was dropped from 6.2 to 5.2 and amino nitrogen content was in the range of $0.12{\sim}0.27mg/ml$. Alcohol productivity of K. fragilis was stronger than E-2 and E-4 strain but no difference in alcohol productivity was found between milk medium and synthetic medium. 4. The repression in growth and acid productivity of lactic acid bacteria was recongnized if inoculated after inoculating yeast firstly. 5. Alcohol productivity was increased rapidly at the end of acid production of lactic acid bacteria if lactic acid bacteria if lactic acid bacteria and yeast were inoculated simultaneously. 6. Sensory evaluation showed that the product that alcohol content and acidity were 1% and 0.8% respectively had the best palatability(p<0.01). 7. Chemical composition of final product was similar to that of milk koumiss in ash, protein and moisture content.

• Journal of Distribution Science
• /
• v.8 no.1
• /
• pp.21-33
• /
• 2010

The ICT(information & communication technology) led to a dramatic change of floral distribution service, a phase of competition between wholesales and retail stores, and distribution channels in floral industry. It was expected that a role of the intermediaries in this industry would have reduced due to the improvement of transaction process by ICT. However, the ICT made to overcome a regional limit of the floral retail distribution service leading to an increase in sales and enlargement of the stores. And even it made possible to bring out another type of intermediaries such as private associations. This case study focuses on what kinds of efforts the floral wholesale distributors have made to enable a distribution process more smoothly between the wholesale distributors and retail stores through the information system, and what the failure factors in adopting the information system have been. This paper is also to examine how the wholesale distributors have changed themselves to gain dominant positions in distribution channels. As a result of the study, it was found that the intermediaries mostly failed in successfully achieving the distribution channel innovation through the information system because of several main reasons. FLOMARKET Inc. tried to innovate a distribution channel to obtain high quality goods through consolidating a wholesale distribution market in that segregated both floral joint market from free markets. after implementing the information system with consideration of the failure factors, FLOMARKET Inc. was able to minimize goods in stock and make a major purchase of various goods. In addition, it made a possible pre-ordering process and an exact calculation of purchasing goods so they could provide their products with market price in real time, which helped for the company to gain credits from their customers. Also, FLOMARKET Inc. established the information system which well suited to its business stage in order to deal with a rapidly changing distribution environment. It's so obvious that the transaction processing system of FLOMARKET Inc. definitely helped to share information among traders more seamlessly and smoothly in realtime, standardize goods, and make a transaction process clearer. Besides, the transaction information helped the wholesale distributors and retail stores to make more strategic decisions in their business because through the system they enabled to gather the marketing intelligence information more easily and convenient. If we understand that the floral distribution market is characterized by the low IT- based industry, it's worth to examine a case study proving that the information system actually increases the productivity of the transaction process in the floral industry.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.6 no.1
• /
• pp.27-31
• /
• 1967

The bamboo is a plant whose culm grows straight up. This growing characteristics has been widely utilized in industry and craft. But the developments of handcraft making and horticultural techniques in recent years become to demand the bent bamboo culms. This study has been conducted at the experimental grove located at Hyunnae Ri, Okkye Myun, Myungju Gun, Kangwon Do since 1960. Although it has been known that the secret for which bamboo shoots complet growth within 40 odd days lies in their rhizomes, this writer felt the bamboo culm sheath might be another factor in addition. Hence some were stripped of sheath in this bending study as the following: 1. Time of sheath stripping. 2. Direction of sheath stripped for arbitrary bending. 3. Accuracy of bending following the size (growth) of bamboo shoots. The following results were obtained: 1. Bamboo shoots begin to appear in April. But the bamboo shot up in June showed the best bending result with 68% of bending efficiency. 2. Bending of the culm was facilitated by stripping off the sheath located on the side of the direction toward which bending was desired. By doing this, the culm could be bent as much as 90 degrees. But the culm totally stripped of sheath could be bent in any direction. 3. In order to determine the accuracy of bending of bamboo shoots growing, sheath were stripped off the shoots of which height ranged from 10 centimeter to 150 centimeters. The shoots with height of 110 centimeters showed the best result with 90%.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
• /
• v.25 no.4
• /
• pp.339-357
• /
• 2009

The Saemangeum Reclamation Project was launched as a national project in 1991 to reclaim a large coastal area of 401 km$^2$ by constructing a 33-km long dyke. The final dyke enclosure in April 2006 has transformed the tidal flat into lake and land. The dyke construction has abruptly changed not only the estuarine tidal system inside the dyke, but also the coastal marine environment outside the dyke. In this study, we investigated the spatial change of SST distribution using the Landsat-5/7 and NOAA data before and after the dyke completion in the Saemangeum area. Satellite-induced SST was verified by compared with the various in situ measurements such as tower, buoy, and water sample. The correlation coefficient resulted in above 0.96 and RMSE was about 1$^{\circ}C$ in all data. 38 Landsat satellite images from 1985 to 2007 were analyzed to estimate the temporal and spatial change of SST distribution from the beginning to the completion of the Samangeum dyke's construction. The seasonal change in detailed spatial distribution of SST was measured, however, the estimation of change during the Saemangeum dyke's construction was hard to figure out owing to the various environmental conditions. Monthly averaged SST induced from NOAA data from 1998 to 2007 has been analyzed for a complement of Landsat's temporal resolution. At the inside of the dyke, the change of SST from summer to winter was large due to the relatively high temperature in summer. In this study, multi-sensor thermal remote sensing is an efficient tool for monitoring the temporal and spatial distribution of SST in coastal area.

• Journal of Broadcast Engineering
• /
• v.24 no.5
• /
• pp.836-848
• /
• 2019

This paper aims at providing a critical view over the cybernetics theory especially of first generation on which the artificial intelligence heavily depends nowadays. There has been a commonly accepted thought that the conception of artificial intelligence could not has been possible without being influenced by N. Wiener's cybernetic feedback based information system. Despite the founder of contemporary cybernetics' ethical concerns in order to avoid an increasing entropy phenomena(social violence, economic misery, wars) produced through a negative dynamics of the western modernity regarded as the most advanced form of humanism. In this civilizationally changing atmosphere, the newly born cybernetic technology was thus firmly believed as an antidote to these vices deeply rooted in humanism itself. But cybernetics has been turned out to be a self-organizing, self-controlling mechanical system that entails the possibility of telegraphing human brain (which are transformed into patterns) through the uploading of human brain neurons digitalized by the artificial intelligence embedded into computing technology. On this background emerges posthuman (or posthumanism) movement of which concepts have been theorized mainly by its ardent apostles like N. K. Hayles, Neil Bedington, Laurent Alexandre, Donna J. Haraway. The converging of NBIC Technologies leading to the opening of a much more digitalizing society has served as a catalyst to promote the posthuman representations and different narratives especially in the contemporary visual arts as well as in the study of humanities including philosophy and fictional literature. Once Bruno Latour wrote "Modernity is often defined in terms of humanism, either as a way of saluting the birth of 'man' or as a way of announcing his death. But this habit is itself modern, because it remains asymmetrical. It overlooks the simultaneous birth of 'nonhumaniy' - things, or objects, or beasts, - and the equally strange beginning of a crossed-out God, relegated to the sidelines."4) These highly suggestive ideas enable us to better understand what kind of human beings would emerge following the dazzlingly accelerating advancement of artificial intelligence technology. We wonder whether or not this newly born humankind would become essentially Homo Artificialis as a neuronal man stripping off his biological apparatus. However due to this unprecedented situation humans should deal with enormous challenges involving ethical, metaphysical, existential implications on their life.