• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.8 no.10
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• pp.956-960
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• 1998

The interfacial reaction between the CoINb bilayer and the $SiO_2$ substrate in the temperature range of $330^{\circ}C$-$800^{\circ}C$ in a vacuum has been investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, glancing angle XRD, Auger Electron Spectroscopy and Atomic force microscopy. The Co and Nb were actively interdiffused at $600^{\circ}C$, and the layer inversion completed at $700^{\circ}C$. NbO was formed by interfacial reaction between the Nb interlayer and the $SiO_2$ substrate, while $Nb_20_5$ was formed on the surface by reaction of Nb with oxygen in the ambients. Free Si atoms obtained by the reaction between Nb and $SiO_2$ formed silicides like CoSi and $Nb_5Si_3$ by reacting with Co and Nb remnants. The sheet resistance of the Co/Nb bilayer increased substantially after annealing at $800^{\circ}C$. which is due to the agglomeration of the Co layer to reduce its surface energy.

• Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea Structure & Construction
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.19-28
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• 2018

Key factors that ensure competitiveness of modular unit include consistent high quality and connection condition that ensures high structural performance while minimizing the overall scale of the on-site process. However, it is difficult to evaluate the structural performance of the connection of modular unit, and its structural analysis and design method can be different depending on the connection to its development, which affects the seismic performance of its final design. In particular, securing the seismic performance is the key to designing modular systems of mid-to-high-rise structure. In this paper, therefore, the seismic performance of the modular system with bracket-typed fully restrained moment connections according to stiffness and the shapes of various connection members was evaluated through experimental and analytical methods. To verify the seismic performance, a cyclic loading test of the connection joint of the proposed modular system was conducted. As a result of this study, theoretical values and experimental results were compared with the initial stiffness, hysteresis behavior and maximum bending moment of the modular system. Also, the connection joint was modeled, using the commercial program ANSYS, which was then followed by finite element analysis of the system. According to the results of the experiment, the maximum resisting force of the proposed connection exceeded the theoretical parameters, which indicated that a rigid joint structural performance could be secured. These results almost satisfied the criteria for connection bending strength of special moment frame listed on KBC2016.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.27-37
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• 2010

This study tries to illuminate the features and values of the Buddhist temple Palkyung by closely examining the forms, structures, and meanings of Tongdo-palkyung(通度八景) handed down at Tongdosa Temple, the best among Korea's Buddhist temples with its three treasures of Buddha, law of Buddha and Buddhist monks. The findings of this study can be summarized as the following. First of all, it reveals the meaning of the geographical name Yeongchuksan(靈鷲山), located to the west of Tongdosa, and a spectacular sight spread like an eagle's spread wings, as well as its location and spatial features. In particular, the arrangement features of a number of attached hermitages clearly show Yeongchuksan's world as being a temple with buddhist treasures. The multi-layered unfolding and centripetal intention of the scenery can be perceived through the shape of the Sshangryongnongju(雙龍弄珠形), around Tongdosa and the feature of the enclosed landscape encircling the steps of Hyeolcheo(穴處) Geumganggyedan. The substances and components of Tongdopalkyung include sound-based spectacles derived from Beoneumgu(梵音具) creating sounds related to religious rituals to enlighten and redeem mankind, such as Yeongji(影池: a holy pond with shadow reflections), drum sounds, and bell sounds along with physical features like pine trees, Dae(臺), waterfalls, Dongcheon (洞天), and a glow in the sky. On the other hand, Palkyung's geographical arrangements exhibit a circular spatial formation based on the main motif as Buddhist symbolism, beginning with the 'Gukjangsangseokpyo(國長生石標)' awakening the territoriality of Tongdosa and locating the first scene 'Mupunghansong(舞風寒松)' in its introductory area, with the features of water, bridge, pine grove, and Iljumun(gate) to stand for the influx. Six other scenes including 'Anyangdongdae(安養東臺)' are placed in the sacred precincts around Daeungjeon and Geumganggyedan while the glow of sunset at 'Danjoseong' just outside the domain closes the symbolic circular formation of the Tongdopalkyung, which coincides with the development of the Mandala figure symbolizing 'Gusanpalhae(九山八海)' centered in Sumisan(須彌山). What is more, Tongdopalkyung, while excluding primary scenic elements inside the temple, maximizes the domain of the mountain's entrance and the effects of the multi-layered mountain, mountain upon mountain, by intensifying the influx and centripetal qualities. The Tongdopalkyung analysis reveals the antithesis of four-coupled scenes conveying buddhist principles and thoughts on the basis of seasons, directions, space and time to display a narrative structural landscape when viewed from the temple's territoriality. Likewise, the characteristics and porch structures of Tongdopalkyung are tools and language of symbols to both externally strengthen the temple's territoriality and to internally, maximize the desires to the Land of Happiness as well as intensify religious wishes and the Mandala's multi-layered qualities through the meanings of time and space.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.49-57
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• 2015

The purpose of this study is to provide the visual landscape modelling on Josun royal tombs and surrounding. The visual landscape of traditional heritage is illustrated by the main view points of analysis. This analysis examines limited view points and cannot reflect a reality of environments. Nowadays various equipments and methodologies are developed for the visual landscape research. This study used new tools for analysis which are Sketch up (3D simulation) and mini helicopter (UAV). With those tools, this research examines not only view points of the analysis but also axis views and disincentive environments as a complex analysis. First of all, the research examined 3D modelling for the virtual simulation and drew coordinates and routes for the UAV operating. Secondly, UAV followed this routes and took linear and continuous views that are real scenes. As a result, it drew 3D simulation could illustrate and control the changing of environments such as the forest density and seasonal variations. Thus, comparing both of them shows efficiently landscape analysis. Thirdly, the study compared virtual and real landscape. Using this 3D modelling, this paper able to elaborate heritage environment and surrounding which omitted by view point analysis. Although this study has limitation practice and exercise on the field, the results and suggestions contribute to the various historic heritage managements and conservations. Moreover, it helps to explain the complex and dimensional landscape analysis.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.6 no.8
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• pp.779-785
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• 1996

Thin $700^{\circ}C$films were formed through layer inversion of Co/Nb bilayer during rapid thermal annealing(RTA). The Nb interlayer seems to effectively prevent over-consumption of Si and to control the silicidation reaction by forming Co-Nb intermetallic compounds and removing the native oxide formed on Si substrate which interferes the uniform Co-Si interaction. The final layer structure of the Co/Nb bilayer after $700^{\circ}C$ RTA was found to be ${Nb}_{2}{O}_{3}$/${Co}_{2}$Si.CoSi/${NbCo}_{x}$/Nb(O, C)/${CoSi}_{2}$/ Si. The layer inversion and the formation of a stable CoSi, phase occurred above $700^{\circ}C$, and the Nb silicides were not found at any annealing temperature. These may be due to the formation of very stable Co-Nb intermetallic compounds and Nb oxides which limit the moving of Co and Si.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.105 no.2
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• pp.268-273
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• 2016

This study was conducted to clarify the differences in habitat structure and amphibian and reptile (herpetofauna) populations between before and after thinning in the coniferous and deciduous forests from June to September 2014 and 2015 at the Mt. Maewha of Hongcheon, Gangwon province, Korea. Forest structure was dramatically changed after thinning. Coverage of understory and mid-story were decreased while volume and number of downed trees were increased after thinning. We used line transect sampling method on a total of 4 transect lines, 2 lines in each forest type. 119 individuals of 5 amphibian species and 5 individuals of 3 reptile species were recorded. Mean number of amphibian species were decreased after thiining in the coniferous forest. There was no observed reptiles after thinning in the coniferous and deciduous forests. Detailed monitoring with different area, frequency and intensity might be needed to clarify more precise differences characterisitics of herpetofauna by thinning.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.73-86
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• 2001

Taking account of the structural variation on species composition according to the different topographic positions and aspects, the forest community attributes such as species composition, species diversity index, and similarity coefficient were comparatively analyzed for the three topographic positions and the four aspects in the natural deciduous forest of Mt. Gari area. The results are as follows 1. The most dominant species in the overstory were Quercus mongolica in the mid-slope, the ridge, and all aspects areas, however, the stands of the topographic positions were less similar than the stands of the aspects in species composition, because of the appearance of the specific domonant species such as Juglans mandshurica in the valley area and Pinus densiflora in the ridge area. 2. Among the three topographic positions, the mid-slope area had greatest species diversity index in overstory, but the index of the valley had greater value than those of mid-slope and ridge in mid-story and understory. The north-east area among the aspects had greatest the index in all canopy layers. However, The stands of the aspects showed more smaller variation than the stands of the topographic positions. 3. The ridge area showed greatest similarity coefficient value with the mid-slope area, but showed least similarity coefficient value with the valley. However, similarity coefficient among the topographic positions had much smaller value than similarity coefficient among the aspects.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.65-72
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• 2007

The oogenesis and ultrastructure of fertilized egg envelope of false dace were investigated by light and electron microscope. The cytoplasm of false dace oogonia was basophilic and many nucleoli were located at inner side of nuclear membrane. In primary oocytes, yolk vesicles were distributed in marginal area only and egg envelope was not formed on egg outside. In secondary oocyte, the egg envelope was formed and yolk vesicles were increased than that of early stage in cytoplasm. The amount of basophilic substance was decreased. In case of matured egg, thickness of egg envelope and site of egg were increased, basophilic substance was distributed in egg envelope around only. The yolk vesicles were changed to yolk mass in accordance with development. The fertilized egg was of ellipsoidal, adhesive type and yellowish, have a single micropyle in the area of the animal pole. The fertilized egg envelope consisted of three layers, an outer adhesive layer, a middle layer consisting of 6 lamellae alternating layers and an inner electron dense layer. An outer surface of the fertilized egg envelope was arranged by adhesive fibrous structures. In conclusion, it is summarized that the oogenesis of false dace were the increase of cell size, the formation and accumulation of yolk, and decrease of basophilic intensity in cytoplasm. These ultrastructural characteristics of fertilized egg envelope from false dace can be utilized in taxonomy of teleost.

• The Korean Journal of Archival Studies
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• no.42
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• pp.287-326
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• 2014

Documenting environmental conflicts will be a priority target for documenting localities, because those conflicts are critical events that make intensive 'place experiences' of local residents. This study is to design a narrative structure for documenting conflicts in the process of Transmission Towers Construction in Miryang. This study begins with analysing the characteristics of environmental conflicts, and draws a conflicts documentation model including basic rules, narrative structure and development process. Basic rules are set up as mixed documentation of memory and evidence, application of 'frame', and dynamic description. Based on the rules, this study suggests a dynamic and open narrative framework adopting the metadata model of ISO 23081. This model is applied to documenting Transmission Towers Construction Conflicts in Mi-ryang. The full narrative and 'frame' of the conflicts are set after analysing development and issues of the conflicts, stakeholder, and properties of each conflict problem. Records descriptions are related to the context(each event occurred in the conflicting conditions, mandates, and stakeholder) descriptions to make multiple narratives in digital environments. Event description contains elements for articulating the 'frame' of each party of the conflict. The merits of this model are; i) to accumulate the adequate context information systematically by adopting dynamic narrative model, and ii) to acquire the new items and connect them to related items easily and consistently through multi-entity description. This documentation model of environmental conflicts may support to shape the collective memory of community, and to achieve good governance by managing conflicts in the process of locating non-preferred facilities with due regard to values and perceptions of residents and communities.

• Journal of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute of Korea
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.29-34
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• 2022

In this paper, the floor acceleration for the seismic design of non-structural elements was evaluated using the core shape as a planar variable. Linear time history analysis using 20 models with 5 different planes and 4 different floors on each plane depending on the change in the shape (position and specific gravity) of the core in the square biaxially symmetric plane was performed. The analysis confirmed that the torsional amplification of the floor acceleration was up to 1.7 times in the plane subjected to eccentricity depending on the position of the core, and the effect of torsion was the greatest in the middle floor of the structure. In a plane where only the specific gravity of the core was changed without eccentricity, when the period was less than 0.4694 s, the maximum floor acceleration decreased in the lower floors and increased in the upper floors as the period increased. Conversely, when the period was 0.4694 s or more, it was confirmed that the floor acceleration increased in the lower part and decreased in the upper part as the period increased.