• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.113-119
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• 2010

This study examined figurative characters of rice terraces, and is intended to seek figurative possibility of a natural scene by selecting Gyeongnam Area Namhae Gacheon rice terraces, Sancheong Imcheon rice terraces and Hamyang Macheon rice terraces through an analysis of the target land. As a theoretical background, studies of a natural scene and figuration-related literature were looked into, and for figuring a natural scene on the basis of the results, the character of the topography of rice terraces was divided into 9 items as follows by generalizing the inspiration obtained from the natural scenic character and spatial character of rice terraces represented from the topography: (1) Inclination showing the degree of the slope of rice terraces, (2) The bending showed by unevenness of the edge line of rice terraces, (3) The degree of parallelism of the up-and-down edge line, (4) The size of the width of the section of each rice terrace, (5) The area of the total rice terraces, (6) Step gap that indicates the difference of high and low of the up-and-down small rice terraces, (7) Figuration as an image represented by the external form of the total rice terraces, (8) Naturalness and artificiality kept by the total scene, (9) Softness of cornerstones or soil that forms small rice terraces, an atmosphere produced by the total scenes, etc. The results of analysis made through GIS, with rice terraces of Gyeongnam Namhae, Sancheong and Hamyang Area as the target land, are as follows. First, the steeper the inclination is, the higher the step difference of cornerstones becomes, and the steeper the inclination, the narrower the area and width become, so that it could be known that, in rice terraces, inclination is proportional to step difference and the area is inversely proportional to the width. Second, it is considered that line showed in rice terraces, area elements and reiteration, repeated changes, and changes in the scene affected by the surrounding environment including those according to season can be converted into a variety of images according to an individual disposition. Third, it was decided that it is possible to figure repetitive composition and directivity, motility, order and change, etc. into a common type drawn from each target land. This paper, as a study of basic materials for expressing figuration in an environment field, investigated and analyzed the surrounding environment of the target land, and is significant in that it attempted the possibility of being able to generalize the environmental beauty of the target land as one figurative element. More precise studies are expected to be made later.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.71-78
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• 1997

Purpose : To collect beam data for dynamic wedge fields using conventional measurement tools without the multi-detector system, such as the linear diode detectors or ionization chambers. Materials and Methods : The accelerator CL 2100 C/D has two photon energies of 6MV and 15MV with dynamic wedge an91es of 15o, 30o, 45o and 60o. Wedge transmission factors, percentage depth doses(PDD's) and dose Profiles were measured. The measurements for wedge transmission factors are performed for field sizes ranging from $4\times4cm^2\;to\;20\times20cm^2$ in 1-2cm steps. Various rectangular field sizes are also measured for each photon energy of 6MV and 15MV, with the combination of each dynamic wedge angle of 15o 30o. 45o and 60o. These factors are compared to the calculated wedge factors using STT(Segmented Treatment Table) value. PDD's are measured with the film and the chamber in water Phantom for fixed square field. Converting parameters for film data to chamber data could be obtained from this procedure. The PDD's for dynamic wedged fields could be obtained from film dosimetry by using the converting parameters without using ionization chamber. Dose profiles are obtained from interpolation and STT weighted superposition of data through selected asymmetric static field measurement using ionization chamber. Results : The measured values of wedge transmission factors show good agreement to the calculated values The wedge factors of rectangular fields for constant V-field were equal to those of square fields The differences between open fields' PDDs and those from dynamic fields are insignificant. Dose profiles from superposition method showed acceptable range of accuracy(maximum 2% error) when we compare to those from film dosimetry. Conclusion : The results from this superposition method showed that commissionning of dynamic wedge could be done with conventional dosimetric tools such as Point detector system and film dosimetry winthin maximum 2% error range of accuracy.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.53 no.4
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• pp.32-59
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• 2020

South Korea's area-based heritage preservation system originates from the "Preservation of Traditional Buildings Act" enacted in 1984. However, this system was abolished in 1996. As there was a need for protection of ancient cities in the 1960s, Japan enacted the Historic City Preservation Act in 1966, and 'Preservation Areas for Historic Landscapes' and 'Special Preservation Districts for Historic Landscapes' were introduced. For the preservation of area-based heritage sites, the 'Important Preservation Districts for Groups of Traditional Buildings' system introduced as part of the revision of the Cultural Heritage Protection Act in 1975 was the beginning. Then, in the early-2000s, discussions on the preservation of area-based heritage sites began in earnest, and the 'Important Cultural Landscape' system was introduced for protection of the space and context between heritage sites. Also, '33 Groups of Modernization Industry Heritage Sites' were designated in 2007, covering various material and immaterial resources related to the modernization of Japan, and '100 Beautiful Historic Landscapes of Japan' were selected for protection of local landscapes with historic value in the same year. In 2015, the "Japanese Heritage" system was established for the integrated preservation and management of tangible and intangible heritage aspects located in specific areas; in 2016, the "Japanese Agricultural Heritage" system was established for the succession and fostering of the disappearing agriculture and fishery industries; and in 2017, "the 20th Century Heritage," was established, representing evidence of modern and contemporary Japanese technologies in the 20th century. As a result, presently (in September 2020), 30 'Historic Landscape Preservation Areas', 60 'Historic Landscape Special Districts,' 120 'Important Preservation Districts for Groups of Traditional Buildings," 65 'Important Cultural Landscapes,' 66 'Groups of Modernization Industry Heritage Sites,' 264 "100 Beautiful Historic Landscapes of Japan,' 104 'Japanese Heritage Sites,' and 15 'Japanese Agricultural Heritage Sites' have been designated. According to this perception of situations, the research process for this study with its basic purpose of extracting the general characteristics of Japan's area-based heritage preservation system, has sequentially spread since 1976 as follows. First, this study investigates Japan's area-based heritage site preservation system and sets the scope of research through discussions of literature and preceding studies. Second, this study investigates the process of the spread of the area-based heritage site preservation system and analyzes the relationship between the systems according to their development, in order to draw upon their characteristics. Third, to concretize content related to relationships and characteristics, this study involves in-depth analysis of three representative examples and sums them up to identify the characteristics of Japan's area-based heritage system. A noticeable characteristic of Japan's area-based heritage site preservation system drawn from this is that new heritage sites are born each year. Consequently, an overlapping phenomenon takes place between heritage sites, and such phenomena occur alongside revitalization of related industries, traditional industry, and cultural tourism and the improvement of localities as well as the preservation of area-based heritage. These characteristics can be applied as suggestions for the revitalization of the 'modern historical and cultural space' system implemented by South Korea.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.27 no.5 s.64
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• pp.733-741
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• 1997

As a result of surgical orthodontic treatment of mandibular prognathism, changes take place in the skeletal and soft orofacial components. Although some investigators had stated that permanent reduction of airway space was observed after mandibular setback surgery, it was not clear that this permanent reduction was sustained during long-term follow-up. The purpose of this study was to assess the changes in oropharyngeal airway space and soft tissue orofacial component following the mandibular setback surgery and during the follow-up period. The correlation between the changes of the oropharyngeal airway space and the changes of other soft tissue orofacial component was also assessed. The findings of this study were as follows ; 1. The oropharyngeal airway space area decreased following mandibular setback surgery for mandibular prognathism and continued to decrease during the follow-up period(p<0.05). 2. The pharyngeal depth at Xi point level and the 2nd cervical vertebra point level decreased after the surgery and remained during the follow-up period(p<0.05). The decrease of these pharyngeal depth was correlated with the decrease of oropharyngeal airway space area(p<0.01). 3. The decrease of pharyngeal depth at the 3rd and 4th cervical vertebra point level was not significant after the surgery and during the follow up period. 4. The hyoid bone moved downward after the surgery(p<0.05), but returned to its original position during the follow-up period. 5. The length & height of tongue and the Position of epiglottis base did not change significantly(p>0.05). 6. The soft palate was displaced posteriorly after the surgery and remained to its changed position during the follow-up period(p<0.05) due to posterior displacement of tongue. The changes of soft palate were significantly correlated with the decrease of oropharyngeal airway space area(p<0.01). 7. The narrowing of oropharyngeal airway space was due to the posterior displacement of tongue above the level of epiglottis tip. The posterior displacement of tongue following mandibular setback osteotomy remained during the follow-up period.

• Journal of KIISE:Software and Applications
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• v.30 no.5_6
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• pp.444-453
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• 2003

Recently, a great interest of bio-technology(BT) is concentrated and the image analysis technique for electrophoresis gels is highly requested to analyze genetic information or to look for some new bio-activation materials. For this purpose, the location and quantity of each band in a lane should be measured. In most of existing techniques, the approach of peak searching in a profile of a lane is used. But this peak is improper as the representative of a band, because its location does not correspond to that of the brightest pixel or the center of gravity. Also, it is improper to measure band quantity in most of these approaches because various enhancement processes are commonly applied to original images to extract peaks easily. In this paper, we adopt an approach to measure accumulated brightness as a band quantity in each band region, which Is extracted by not using any process of changing relative brightness, and the gravity center of the region is calculated as a band location. Actually, we first extract lanes with an entropy-based threshold calculated on a gel-image histogram. And then, three other methods are proposed and applied to extract bands. In the MER method, peaks and valleys are searched on a vertical search line by which each lane is bisected. And the minimum enclosing rectangle of each band is set between successive two valleys. On the other hand, in the RG-1 method, each band is extracted by using region growing with a peak as a seed, separating overlapped neighbor bands. In the RG-2 method, peaks and valleys are searched on two vertical lines by which each lane is trisected, and the left and right peaks nay be paired up if they seem to belong to the same band, and then each band region is grown up with a peak or both peaks if exist. To compare above three methods, we have measured the location and amount of bands. As a result, the average errors in band location of MER, RG-1, and RG-2 were 6%, 3%, and 1%, respectively, when the lane length is normalized to a unit value. And the average errors in band amount were 8%, 5%, and 2%, respectively, when the sum of band amount is normalized to a unit value. In conclusion, RG-2 was shown to be more reliable in the accuracy of measuring the location and amount of bands.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.62-79
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• 1994

The quanttative and structural analysis of the binary standard mixtures of albite and quartz, and microcline and albite were carried out using the Rietveld refinement method in order to investigate the accuracy and precision of the method. The quantitative analysis using the Rietveld method results in a standard deviation of 4 wt % for the albite-quartz standard mixtures and 1 wt % for the microcline-albite standard mixtures, suggesting that its accuracy is far better than that of the conventional XRD method in which only a few selected peaks are utilized. Furthermore, the unit-cell parameters of component minerals in mixtures were also estimated accurately during the analysis. It was observed that the refined weight fractions deviate systematically from their measured values when the method is applied to the mixtures that contain minerals with different degrees of preferred orientation, such as albite-quartz mixtures. The preferred orientation parameters and R-values suggest that the systematic deviation is caused as a result of the preferred orientation effect of feldspar crystallites. It is evident that the preferred orientation corrections are of help for the accurate determination of unit-cell parameters, although they may not improve the result of quantitative analysis significantly. The refined weight fraction of the mineral with higher degree of preferred orientation in mixture is greater than the measured one. This is apparently caused by the effect of geometry of feldspar crystallites in the surface of the mounted sample. The Rietveld refinement method minimizes the problems inherent in the traditional XRD methods, such as the line overlap, primary extinction, and preferred orientation effect, by fitting every data point in a whole pattern explicitly. Furthermore, accurate unit-cell parameters as well as scale factors that can be obtained from the Rietveld refinement are used for the quqantification. The present stdudy demonstrates that the Rietveld method yields far more accurate analytical result than the conventional XRD quantitative analysis method does.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.31-38
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• 2020

The characteristics of ship traffic routes and the long term fluctuation in marine traf ic volume of the incoming and outgoing routes of the Yeosu Gwangyang Port were analyzed using vessel traffic data from the past 22 years and a real-time vessel traffic volume survey performed for 72 hours per year, for three years, between 2015 and 2017. As of 2017, the number of vessels passing through Yeosu Gwangyang Port was about 66,000 and the total tonnage of these ships was about 804,564 thousand tons, which is a 400 % increase from the 189,906 thousand tons shipped in 1996. Specifically, the dangerous cargo volume was 140,000 thousand tons, which is a 250 % increase compared to 1996. According to the real-time vessel traffic volume survey, the average daily number of vessels was 357, and traf ic route utilization rates were 28.1 % in the Nakpo sea area, 43.8 % in the specified sea area, and the coastal area traf ic route, Dolsan coastal area, and Kumhodo sea area showed the same rate of 6.8 %. Many routes meet in the Nakpo sea area and, parallel and cross passing were frequent. Many small work vessels entered the specific sea area from the neighboring coastal area traffic route and frequently intersected the path of larger vessels. The anchorage waiting rate for cargo ships was about 24 %, and the nightly passing rate for dangerous cargo ships such as chemical vessels and tankers was about 20 %. Although the vessel traffic volume of Yeosu Gwangyang Port increases every year, the vessel traffic routes remain the same. Therefore, the risk of accidents is constantly increasing. The route conditions must be improved by dredging and expanding the available routes to reduce the high risk of ship accidents due to overlapping routes, by removing reefs, and by reinforcing navigational aids. In addition, the entry and exit time for dangerous cargo ships at high-risk ports must be strictly regulated. Advancements in the VTS system can help to actively manage the traffic of small vessels using the coastal area traffic route.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.15 no.2 s.44
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• pp.49-59
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• 2006

This study clarifies the deformation history of Precambrian metamorphic rocks of Sobaegsan Massif (Wonnam Formation, Pyeonghae granite gneiss, Hada leucogranite gneiss) in Giseong-myeon area, Uljin-gun, Korea. It is based on the geometric and kinematic features and the developing sequence of multi-deformed rock structures. It also reviews the extension of Yecheon Shear Zone and the relative occurrence time of each deformation phase from previous researches. It suggests that the geological structure was formed at least through five phases of deformation after formation of their gneissosity or schistosity. (1) The first phase of deformation took placed under compression of ENE-WSW direction, forming NNW trending regional foliation and very tight isoclinal fold. The general trend of gneissosity or schistosity is inferred to be ENE before the first phase of deformation, being rearranged into NNW by the isoclinal folding. (2) The second phase of deformation formed ENE trending regional foliation and tight, isoclinal, rootless intrafolial folds under compression of NNW-SSE direction [occurrence time: after deposition (Permian age) of Dongsugok Formation, Pyeongan Croup, Janggunbong area]. (3) The third phase of deformation occurred by dextral ductile shearing on the regional foliation, forming stretching lineation of ENE trend and S-C mylonitic structure (after intrusion of Hesozoic homblende granite, Sangunmyeon area-before intrusion of Mesozoic Chunyang granite, Janggunbong area). (4) The fourth phase occurred under (E)NE-(W)SW compression, forming (N)NW trending open fold. (5) The fifth phase took place under N-S compression, forming NNE and NNW trending conjugate strike-slip faults, E-W trending thrust-slip faults, and drag folds related to these fault movements. The deformed structures of fourth and fifth phases result from tectonic movement associated with the developing of the Gyeongsang Basin in Cretaceous age, and it partially rearranged the general ENE trend of the regional foliation in the study area. It also suggests that the Yecheon Shear Zone of E-W trending extends into this area but the ductile shear deformation is weakly developed.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.1-14
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• 2004

When two objects are tying in the same visual direction there occurs abrupt depth change between two objects, which is against the assumption of the computational model for stereopsis on the surfaces in a natural scene. For this reason, this stimulus configuration is popularly used in the studies for the effectiveness of the constraints employed in the computational model. Contrary to the results from two nails (or objects) tying in the same visual direction, the two different surfaces from random-dot stereogram (RDS) in the same situation can be seen simultaneously in the different depth. The seemingly contradictory results between two situations my reflect the different strategies imposed by binocular mechanism for each situation during binocular matching process. Otherwise, the surfaces tying in the same visual direction is not equivalent situation to two objects tying in the same visual direction with regards to matching process. In order to examine above possibilities, the stereoscopic depth of the surface was measured after manipulating the visual direction of the surface elements. The visual direction of each dot pair from different surfaces in RDS (in Experiment 1) or the visual direction of line (hawing rectangle with regard to that of the vertical line (in Experiment 2) was manipulated. The stereoscopic depth of the surface was found to be varied depending on visual direction of the surface elements in both RDS and line hawing stimulus. Similar to the results from two nails situation depth of the surface was greatly reduced when each surface element was tying in the same visual direction as that of the other surface element or the other object. These results suggest that binocular mechanism imposes no different strategy in resolving correspondence problem in both two objects and two surfaces situation. And the results were discussed in the context of usefulness of the constraints employed in the computational model for stereopsis.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.179-190
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• 2004

Precambrian metamorphic rocks of Yeongyang-Uljin area, which is located in the eastern part of Sobaegsan Massif, Korea, are composed of Pyeonghae, Giseong, Wonnam Formations and Hada leuco granite gneisses. These show a zonal distribution of WNW-ESE trend, and are intruded by Mesozoic igneous rocks and are unconformably overlain by Mesozoic sedimentary rocks. This study clarifies the deformation history of Precambrian metamorphic rocks after the formation of gneissosity or schistosity on the basis of the geometric and kinematic features and the forming sequence of multi-deformed rock structures, and suggests that the geological structures of this area experienced at least four phases of deformation i.e. ductile shear deformation, one deformation before that, at least two deformations after that. (1) The first phase of deformation formed regional foliations and WNW-trending isoclinal folds with subhorizontal axes and steep axial planes dipping to the north. (2) The second phase of deformation occurred by dextral ductile shear deformation of top-to-the east movement, forming stretching lineations of E-W trend, S-C mylonitic structure foliations, and Z-shaped asymmetric folds. (3) The third phase deformation formed I-W trending open- or kink-type recumbent folds with subhorizontal axes and gently dipping axial planes. (4) The fourth phase deformation took place under compression of NNW-SSE direction, forming ENE-WSW trending symmetric open upright folds and asymmetric conjugate kink folds with subhorizontal axes, and conjugate faults thrusting to the both NNW and SSE with drag folds related to it. These four phases of deformation are closely connected with the orientation of regional foliation in the Yeongyang-Uljin area. 1st deformation produced regional foliation striking WNW and steeply dipping to the north, 2nd deformation locally change the strike of regional foliation into N-S direction, and 3rd and 4th deformations locally change dip-angle and dip-direction of regional foliation.