• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.87-100
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• 2022

Early start-up companies have an inherent limitation of lack of resources. Despite these limitations, in order to survive, the entrepreneur's personal ability to efficiently use limited resources is required. In the marketing field, various studies are needed to reduce the business failure rate through establishing growth strategies and innovation. Accordingly, it is necessary to apply the concept of entrepreneurial marketing, which has been researched and developed overseas for 30 years, to fit the domestic reality. According to the flow of this study, an empirical study should be preceded to clarify the influence relationship between entrepreneurial marketing orientation, marketing competency, and management performance, along with a theoretical theorem on entrepreneurial marketing that is suitable for early start-ups and small and medium-sized enterprises(SMEs) and can respond innovatively to changes. The establishment of entrepreneurial marketing orientation and the processes from which this concept leads to business performance through the organization's marketing capabilities and its effects will be empirically verified. For an empirical survey, a survey was conducted on founders of 220 companies, and path analysis using structural equations was used for hypothesis verification. The findings are as follows. First, it was found that the entrepreneurial marketing orientation had a positive effect on both the organization's marketing capabilities and management performance. Second, it was found that the organization's marketing capabilities also had a positive effect on management performance. Third, as a result of empirical analysis of the mediating effect of the organization's marketing capabilities on the relationship between entrepreneurial marketing orientation and management performance, it was found that marketing capabilities showed a greater mediating effect on non-financial performance than financial performance. On the other hand, it was confirmed that marketing performance had a stronger mediating effect on financial performance than non-financial performance. By confirming and presenting the concept and constituent factors of entrepreneurial marketing orientation of domestic start-ups, which were academic gaps for the purpose of this paper, the academic research is differentiated in that they were verified as six components of entrepreneurial marketing. The practical implications of the research results will be that the entrepreneurial marketing-oriented mindset of small and medium-sized companies will optimize market analysis capabilities, network with various stakeholders, and increase the organization's ability to demonstrate marketing capabilities.

• The Journal of Small Business Innovation
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.1-17
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• 2017

There is a serious information asymmetry between internal managers and outside investors in the process during IPOs. One mechanism that mitigates this information asymmetry is a high quality auditor. Since prior research document auditors' effect on newly listed firms at the IPO year, what has not yet been revealed in previous studies is the behavior of firms and auditors after listing. In this study, we investigate (i) the firms tendency of contracting with Big N auditors, and (ii) the effect of Big N auditors on accounting quality after the years of IPOs. Using a sample of 7,678 (1,892 firm-years of after IPOs, and 5,786 control firm-years) KOSDAQ observations between 2002 and 2012, we find that the likelihood of contracting with Big N auditor lasts only for two years after IPO compare to that of non-IPO control years. Secondly, we find that the effect of Big N auditors on clients' earnings management lasts for a very short period after IPO. These findings suggest that although prior literature argue that Big N auditors reduce earnings management of their clients, at least the period right after IPO, it is not consistent. Our study contributes to the existing literature in several ways. First, we provide new evidences of firms' auditor selection decisions by investigating years after the listing. In second, as an evidence of accruals reversal, we document decrease in discretionary accruals after IPOs. Third, we find that there is not always a positive relation between Big N auditor and accounting quality by showing the insignificant Big N auditor effect after IPOs. Our results also suggest several implications to IPO related stakeholders. First, to IPO firms, we provide evidences that decisions of hiring auditors affect firms earnings. Also, lead IPO underwriters may consider how these decisions influence future performance. Second, investors may want to use information not only in the preofferings but also after public offerings. Our study insists that auditor hiring decisions affects their own welfare. Finally, accounting standard setters may find these results useful for evaluating how much discretion they should allow corporate managers to hire auditors. In addition, our result casts doubt on auditor designation.

• Korean small business review
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.59-93
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• 2021

This study surveyed 413 small business owners who experienced closure to see how the loss perception experienced by small business owners affects their comeback through fear of failure. The analysis results are as follows. First, the larger the received loss of financial capital, market capital, and social capital, the greater the fear of failure. Second, the greater the fear of failure, the less willingness to re-start-up, but it did not affect the willingness to work. Third, perceived loss of financial capital, market capital, and social capital grew fear of failure, which negatively affected the willingness to re-start. However, as for the willingness to work, only the perception of loss to market competitiveness strengthened the willingness to work through fear of failure. This suggests that if you think you are out of business due to market competitiveness, you are more likely to choose to get a job than to start a business. Fourth, those with higher entrepreneurial self-efficiency had less effect of perceived loss on fair of failure than those with lower entrepreneurial loss. In other words, it can be seen that a person with high entrepreneurial self-efficiency is likely to start-up. It is noteworthy that despite the tendency to fail due to market competition and lack of understanding of risks, small business operators were most aware of the loss of social capital. This is presumed to have had the greatest impact on fear of failure because small business owners try to receive funding or business revitalization support through social networks such as acquaintances and relatives. Based on the above results, this study requires sufficient market research to secure a competitive advantage when preparing for start-ups through policy practice suggestions, and suggests ways to reduce financial loss through the establishment of sophisticated business plans.

• The Journal of Small Business Innovation
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.3-10
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• 2018

With the advancement in digital transformation with smart technologies and the collapse of industry borders, increasing is the importance of understanding customer problems, fostering employee capabilities, and enhancing the partner capabilities to properly provide the best service to customers. This is what is called the humane entrepreneurship in the 4th Industrial Revolution. Humane entrepreneurship is believed to play a critical role in developing business ecosystems and thus economic growth of nations. We empirically tested the ideas that 1) entrepreneurship as a meta-structuring action shape the healthiness of business ecosystem and 2) subsequently both entrepreneurship and business ecosystems affect economic development of a country. The results indicate that humane entrepreneurship does not directly affect healthiness of business ecosystem, but the balanced humane entrepreneurship together with opportunity in business ecosystems has a positive relationship with GDP growth. In other words, opportunity can be appropriated by entrepreneurs who have balanced sense between human and enterprise dimension. Data collection and methodologies are discussed further in the paper.

• The Journal of Small Business Innovation
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.11-21
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• 2018

The extant entrepreneurship research has emphasized the development of businesses by recognizing and exploiting new opportunities rather than the development of people in organizations. To remedy this issue, scholars recently suggested the concept of humane entrepreneurship where the traditional view on entrepreneurship is enhanced by the human-centered logic. However, more scholarly work is needed to develop the concept of humane entrepreneurship as a new perspective of the entrepreneurship research domain. In this article, we attempt to enhance the research on humane entrepreneurship by suggesting its theoretical foundations and identifying the underlying dimensions of humane entrepreneurship with empirical data. This study suggests the five disciplines in management studies as theoretical foundations of humane entrepreneurship: strategic entrepreneurship, stakeholder theory, transformational leadership, motivation theory, and humanistic management. Also, we developed the measurement of humane entrepreneurship and tested its reliability and validity by collecting data from 19 countries. The results showed that the concept of humane entrepreneurship is composed of two dimensions, humane and enterprise cycles. Finally, this study provides further research agenda in the domain of humane entrepreneurship research.

• Food Industry
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• s.181
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• pp.68-91
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• 2004

조미료란 식품을 조리, 가공, 섭취할 때 맛을 증진시키거나 강화시킬 목적으로 사용되는 물질을 일컫는다. 발효, 종합 및 천연계 조미료의 국내외 시장동향에 대해 살펴보고, 조미료의 향후 발전방향과 중점 연구 분야, 관련업계의 연구개발 동향에 대한 고찰을 토대로 조미료 분야의 고부가가치 산업으로의 육성방안에 대해 알아보았다. 미원, 아이미 등으로 대표되는 발효조미료의 내수시장은 성숙기를 거쳐 소폭 감소세를 보이는 쇠퇴기에 접어들고 있다. 이는 소비자의 MSG에 대한 기피현상이 주 원인으로 판단된다. 전반적으로 품질 차별화 없이 가격 경쟁이 심화되고 있는 실정이다. 국내 종합조미료 시장은 1975년 국내에 처음으로 CJ에서 다시다 제품을 출시한 후 대상에서 1982년 맛나, 1988년 감치미를 출시하면서 30여 년간 지속적으로 성장해 왔다. 현재 시장규모는 2천억원에 이르고 있으며 최근 들어서는 성장세가 완만해지고 있고 가정용은 거의 정체되어 있다. 일본 조미료 시장은 발효조미료, 종합조미료 그리고 다양한 조미식품의 소재로 활용되는 천연조미료로 구분할 수 있다. 발효조미료 시장은 국내와 비슷한 상황으로 전체적인 물량변화는 약간 감소하는 경향이며 생산기지의 해외이전 현상이 뚜렷하다. 종합조미료 시장은 한국과 유사한 풍미조미료 외에도 보다 전문화되고 다양한 형태의 조미료가 시판되고 있으며, 전통적인 풍미조미료는 정체현상을 보이고 건강지향, 전용화 조미료가 호조를 보이고 있다. 일본과 한국의 조미료 발전 단계는 조금 차이를 보이고 있다. 현재 한국은 종합조미료 시대에서 용도별 조미료 시대로 넘어가는 단계에 있는 반면, 일본은 이미 메뉴 전용 조미료시대에 접어들었고, 건강, 기능성을 강조하는 시대로 나아가고 있다. 이들 변화는 건강에 대한 소비자의 관심과 그로 인한 보다 천연에 가까운 조미소재에 대한 수요, 동시에 맛에 대한 충족까지 요구하는 시대적 변화에 따른 필연적 결과로 보인다. 미래의 조미료는 천연계 소재의 사용량이 증가할 것이고, 소비자의 건강, 안전 추구심리에 부흥하여 안전성과 기능성을 부여하는 소재에 관심이 집중될 것으로 보인다. 더불어 전반적인 생활수준 향상에 따라 제품의 고급화와 전용화도 진행될 것으로 보인다. 향후 조미료시장을 주도할 각 현상에 대해 좀더 자세히 알아보고 학계 및 업체의 최근 연구동향과 제품개발 현황에 대해 고찰해 보았다. 기술연구 동향을 보면, 나노 기술에 의한 조미신소재연구, 초미분쇄기술, 미세 캡슐화 기술, 생물공학 기술이 활용된 발효 및 효소분해에 의한 펩타이드계 조미소재 개발 등이 활발하게 진행되고 있다. 선진업체 연구 및 제품개발 동향은 아지노모트/교와의 ''코쿠미''계 조미소재 연구개발, 일연푸드/동해물산의 천연 엑기스계 조미소재 연구개발, 보조주(주)의 주류 조미료 개발 위주로 살펴보았다. 조미료 시장의 발전 과정과 선진 업체들의 연구, 개발동향을 종합해 보면 첫째는 천연 건강지향에 부응하는 차별화된 소재 및 기능성 소재 개발이고 둘째는 맛과 편리함의 추구에 대응하는 메뉴 전용화 추세이다. 이를 위한 기술적 연구도 기능성 소재(히스티딘 함유 디펩타이드)개발, 나노기술, 미세캡슐화 기술 등을 통하여 다양하게 진행되고 있다. 조미료 산업을 첨단 고부가가치 산업으로 육성하기 위해서는 R&D 투자확대와 효율성을 제고하는 것이 필수적이다. 각 기업단위에서는 장기적 차원에서 첨단식품 기반기술에 대한 연구를 수행하거나, 전문 중소기업, 벤처를 육성하는데 지원해야 한다. 그러나 현실은 당장의 수익과 회사간 경쟁으로 인해 장기적 투자, 사회적 인프라 육성 등에는 관심을 쏟지 않고 있다. 조미료를 비롯한 식품에 관련된 기술들이 다양한 기초연구와 응용기술, 개발연구 등의 총합인 경우가 많기 때문에 이들 상이한 연구 분야간의 연계를 강화하고 개발된 기술의 이전, 확산체계를 구축할 필요가 있다. 이를 위해 기업간 수평적 네트워크 외에도 국가기관이 참여하는 연구 자원의 효율적 집행 기관이 필요하리라 본다.

• International Area Studies Review
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.188-211
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• 2018

This study examined the problem of entrepreneurship education in Korea, which equate entrepreneurship with startups, unlike the global trend of approaching entrepreneurship with a broad concept. On the basis of overseas cases such as European Union and OECD, this study derived the need for entrepreneurship education from the perspective of thinking and behavioral patterns. In addition, Q methodology was used to reason out various recognition patterns and approach solutions for problems of entrepreneurship education in Korea, such as awareness of the need for entrepreneurship education in concepts separate from start-ups, reasons for infertility, and why it is difficult to activate. This approach was conducted for educators and educatees that carries out entrepreneurship education in Korea. In conclusion, there were four types of subjective perceptions about the difference of entrepreneurship education and startup education, and three types were recognized for the need to differentiate entrepreneurship education from startup education, and the two types that made up the upper majority strongly supported the need for entrepreneurship education to be implemented individually. According to the conclusion, this study proposed the development and spread of common teaching materials made by the Ministry of Education and Ministry of SMEs and Startups, which is the competent Ministry, to train professional teachers, training methods, and continuous refresher education. It also proposed that there should be a social atmosphere for eliminating rejection of entrepreneurship not only among the youth but also the adult population, and for continuous awareness of concepts that can be applied within the organization and the community, and that a policy basis is required to do so.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.144-149
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• 2017

This study empirically analyzes the effect of IT SME ventures' external information network diversity on their production period reduction and productivity improvement generated from technology development. This research constructs a mediating model based on the open innovation perspective and tests it with the 138 samples of South Korean IT SME ventures based on the ordinary least squares regression. This research is expected to make a good contribution by shedding a new light on the following three points about the critical role of IT SME ventures' external information network diversity in increasing their production period reduction and productivity improvement generated from technology development which has scarcely been illuminated in the extant studies in the field of the management of technology for SMEs. First, IT SME ventures' external information network diversity positively influences their production period reduction. Second, the external information network diversity positively influences IT SMEs' ventures' productivity improvement. Third, IT SME ventures' production period reduction partially mediates the influence of IT SME ventures' external network diversity on their productivity improvement. These three fresh points are expected to provide useful theoretical and practical implications. Related to the theoretical implication, this research provides a fresh implication that IT SME ventures' external information network diversity positively influences not only their production period reduction but also productivity improvement generated from technology development. Concerning the practical implication, this study suggests that the CEOs in IT SME ventures make strategic efforts to use more diverse external information sources in order to increase their production period reduction and productivity improvement generated from technology development.

• The Journal of Small Business Innovation
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.43-55
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• 2016

This study examines the implications of special items (SI) for future earnings using quarterly Korean data over the period from 2011 to 2014. Due to the lack of identification of SI in Korea, I choose several items as special items if they are material and non-recurring items following prior studies. Then I regressed seasonally-differenced future earnings on positive and negative SI and found that their effects on future earnings were different. While negative SI are explained by inter-period expense transfer, positive SI are not well-described by traditional prototypes. Next, I regressed seasonally-differenced future earnings on negative SI sub-types as they are heterogeneous in nature and have differing implications for future earnings. While PPE impairments and intangibles impairments are partly explained by the inter-period expense transfer, unspecified loss of other loss items are not. Interestingly, these effects are attenuated or disappear in the Kosdaq market when the markets are divided into the Kospi and Kosdaq markets.

• Environmental engineer
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• s.181
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• pp.70-75
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• 2001

본 연구는 '99년 7월에 벤처형 중소기업 기술개발 지원사업으로 신규 계약된 과제로서 상수원수의 전처리 및 하수 2차 침전수의 재처리 공정에 활용될 생물 산화 여과지를 개발하는 것이다. 생물 산화 여과 system은 상수 원수의 전처리, 상수도의 고도정수 처리, 하수 및 폐수처리에 이용될 수 있는 것으로, 특히 물리적 여과기능과 포기 과정을 통한 산화 기능을 포함하는 생물학적 분해 및 자연정화처리환경을 유지하여 수질이 악화된 상수도의 전·후처리나 하.폐수의 3차 처리에 적용하기 위한 것이다. 생물 산화 여과 시스템은 여과지의 하부 장치에 균등한 공기(산소)공급시설을 하여 여과층에 연속적으로 공기를 공급하면서 여과를 함으로서 생물막 여과 및 산화 기능으로 유기물질, 철, 망간 등을 제거하고 공기의 부상력에 의하여 조류, 부유물질, 냄새 등을 동시에 제거하는 System이다. 현재 상수처리 공정으로서의 생물 산화 여과지 개발을 위해 Bench-scale과 semi-pilot plant를 거쳐 Y시 M취수장애 pilot plant를 설치하여 연구를 진행중에 있으며, 또한, G시 G하수처리장에 하수처리 공정에 관한 연구를 위해 pilot plant를 설치하고 하수 3차 처리와 저농도 하·폐수 처리를 중심으로 연구중에 있다. 아래의 연구 결과는 정수처리 공정 연구를 위한 Bench-scale plant실험을 통해 얻은 결과치이며 현재까지 진행된 연구는 주로 정수처리 공정 중심으로 이루어 졌으나 pilot plant에서는 정수 및 하수처리에서의 생물산화여과공정의 연구가 진행중이다. 현재 연구가 진행중이므로 각 인자별 최적운전조건 등은 계속적인 실험과 연구를 통해 찾아지겠으나 현재까지 수행된 연구자료를 기반으로 볼 때 생물산화 여과장치는 탁도, SS, VSS 등의 제거에 탁월한 효능을 보이고 있다. 수처리용 장치로서의 이러한 기본적인 기능 이외에 NPOC, DOC 제거에도 뛰어난 효능을 보이고 있으며 특히 정수처리 공정에서 문제시 되고 있는 동절기 암모니아성 질소제거 또한 큰 가능성을 보여주고 있다. 그 동안 외국기술에 전면 의존해 오던 생물 산화 여과방식의 국내개발은 비용 절감뿐만 아니라 국내 실정에 맞는 기술개발이라는 점에서 향후 그 적용 범위를 넓혀 갈 수 있을 것이다.