• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.80 no.2
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• pp.202-209
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• 1991

This study was carried out to examine seed germination, seedling growth, and biomass production of Eucommia ulmoides. The results were summarized as follows ; 1. Cold moist stratification at a refrigerator showed 60.3% of seed germination, which is the most effective among pretreatment methods. 2. In case of 1-0 seedlings, sixty seedlings per $1m^2$ was the most appropriate density, and the growth quality of seedlings differed significantly among densities. 3. Height growth showed continuous growth pattern and the maximum growth was shown during the period 21 June to 20 July, which corresponds 32.7% of total annual growth. 4. As tree age and DBH increased, the production of bark and leaf increased, however, its increment rate remarkably dropped down after ten years. 5. When tree age was ten years, the rate of bark volume showed the maximum value, 12.42%. 6. Dry weight of barks and leaves and bark volume were positively related to the growth of DBH and height. 7. As tree age increased, leaf area decreased, but the number of leaves increased.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.823-828
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• 2006

We established the optimal conditions for the hot water extraction of Camellia japonica compounds based on the yield, the stability (observed by peak changes on an HPLC chromatogram), and the 1,1-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical-scavenging activity of the extracts. The extracts were prepared at $90^{\circ}C$ using six solution volumes (ranging from 100 mL to 600 mL), and four different extraction times (10, 30, 60, and 120 min). The results showed that increasing of the extraction volume elevated the radical-scavenging activity of the extracts; however, changes in volume had minimal affects on their yields and their stabilities. An increase in extraction time improved the compound yield; however, it reduced their stability and increased the deterioration of their radical-scavenging activity. Based on our results, we propose the following conditions to be optimal for the hot water extraction of dried C. japonica leaves: a water volume (mL) that is 60 times the weight (g) of the sample at a temperature of $90^{\circ}C$ for 30 min.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.267-280
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• 2015

The study was conducted to evaluate effects of time and degree of defoliation on growth of 'Wonhwang' pear (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai) trees managing with low pesticides as well as regrowth of cuttings in vitro. Treatments included degree of defoliation (20% and 60%) with time of defoliation (Early-Aug, End-Aug, and Early-Sep); Early-Aug (20%), Early-Aug (60%), End-Aug (20%), End-Aug (60%), Early-Sep (20%), Early-Sep (60%), and No defoliation. No defoliation and Early-Sep (20%) defoliation increased growth of water sprouts and new shoots, which were improved by delayed defoliation or 20% of defoliation. Total-C, total-N, B, and free sugar contents increased in No defoliation-shoots but decreased in End-Aug (60%)-shoots. Delayed defoliation increased total-C, total-N, and free sugar in shoots, with high contents of C, K, Ca, Mg, and B observed for 20% of defoliation-trees. Fruit yield and weight or fruit length increased in No defoliation, End-Aug (20%) defoliation, and Early-Sep (20%) defoliation, but reduced in End-Aug (60%). Fruit soluble solids content reduced in defoliation in August. Time of defoliation did not affect the fruit yield and fruit quality, while degree of defoliation influenced yield and fruit weight and length. Defoliation at End-Aug (60%) mostly increased the leakage rates of the stem cuttings at $-18^{\circ}C$ and $-21^{\circ}C$ in vitro and reduced the germination rates at $-24^{\circ}C$ and $-27^{\circ}C$. Under comparison of time and degree of defoliation, the Early-Sep defoliation increased germination rates of the stem cuttings at $-27^{\circ}C$ in vitro, and 60% of defoliation decreased the germination rates compared to the 20% of defoliation.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.36-40
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• 2008

Studies were processed to confirm the differences of productivity according to sawdust size and effect of additives for sawdust cultivation of shiitake. In results of investigation until shiitake mycelia fully spread on surface of sawdust medium, mycelial growth in treatment of sawdust size $3{\sim}5\;mm$ with $CaCO_3$ and $KNO_3$, and treatment of sawdust sizw $3{\sim}5\;mm$ without $CaCO_3$ and $KNO_3$ was the fastest. And, in investigation of rate of weight reduction, treatment of sawdust size below 1 mm without $CaCO_3$ and $KNO_3$ was the highest. The tendency of fruiting was somewhat different according to treatments. In case of sawdust size below 1 mm with $CaCO_3$ and $KNO_3$, yield produced from 1st to 2nd flushing period was over 80%. However, in case of sawdust size below 1 mm plus $5{\sim}7\;mm$ without $CaCO_3$ and $KNO_3$, yield produced from 3rd to 4th flushing period was more than it from 1st to 2nd flushing period and rate of yield produced from 1st to 2nd flushing period to total yield was 34%. Results of investigation on productivity, yield and the number of fruit-bodies were remarkably different according to treatments. Sawdust size $3{\sim}5\;mm$ with $CaCO_3$ and $KNO_3$, whose total yield and the number of fruit-bodies were 568 g and 67, respectively, was the highest. And, total yield of medium of sawdust size below 1 mm plus $2{\sim}3\;mm$ without $CaCO_3$ and $KNO_3$ was lowest as 227 g and the number of fruit-bodies of medium of sawdust size below 1 mm plus $5{\sim}7\;mm$ without $CaCO_3$ and $KNO_3$ was lowest as 24. In investigation on amount of fruit-bodies over 10 g, medium of sawdust size $3{\sim}5\;mm$ with $CaCO_3$ and $KNO_3$ was highest as 397 g.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.655-665
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• 2014

The effect of modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) on kohlrabi (Brassica olerace L. gongulodes group)'s quality and antioxidant molecule during storage was examined to determine the optimal film package for maintaining freshness. To extend shelf life, MAP was tested using PE $50{\mu}m$ and oriented polypropylene (OPP) films with oxygen transmission rate (OTR) at 3,000, 10,000, $15,000mL/m^2/day/atm$. The OPP film packaging with modified oxygen transmission rate showed a delay in a weight loss and extended storage period. The package with OTR 3000 attained the desired gas composition of $O_2$ 3.2-6.7 kPa and $CO_2$ 13.1-19.8 kPa, in storage at room temperature. Kohlrabi stored in this package showed the lowest weight loss and the highest visual quality. Deterioration and off-odor were developed more rapidly in PE $50{\mu}m$ towards the end of the storage at room temperature. However, there are no differences among OTR films in visual quality and off-odor until 60 days at cold storage. Vitamin C content of kohlrabi was reduced rapidly in OTR 15000 with high transmission rate and showed less loss in PE $50{\mu}m$ and OTR 3000 in both room temperatures and cold storage. Results revealed that an OPP film with OTR 3000 extended the shelf life of kohlrabi in storage with maintained quality and vitamin C.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.39-47
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• 2003

The leaf aqueous extracts from five gymnosperms plant were investigated for allelopathy with five Hibiscus syriacus varieties. The leaf aqueous extract of Pinus rigida had the highest total phenolic compound of 2.21mg/L, whereas the soil under Pinus koraiensis canopy had the highest total phenolic compound of 1.38mg/L. Fourteen phenolic compounds were isolated from five gymnosperm plants by HPLC. Among them, phenolic compounds were the highest in P. rigida (320.56 g/mg) with the primary compound 5-sulfosalicylic acid (312.55 g/mg). The correlation between leaf total phenolic compound and pH was not significant, while the total phenolic compound of the leaf extract changed soil pH. The relative seed germination of H. syriacus varieties showed 25% was threshold concentration. The germination rates of varieties were similar to the control group or showed slight stimulation to treatment of P. koraiensis extract. H. syriacus Cambanha was similar to the control group or showed stimulation in all treated groups. H. syriacus Seohohyang showed stimulation in both root and shoot growth compared to the control group. In other varieties except Seohohyang, shoot growth was similar to the control group, while root growth was stimulated in all treated groups. The extracts of tested gymnosperms showed significantly more stimulation to transplanted Seohohyang seedlings, whereas others were similar to control or inhibited in the greenhouse. The dry weight of Seohohyang was greater in all treated groups than the control group, while other varieties were inhibited. All gymnosperm extracts stimulated the chlorophyll contents of Seohohyang and H. syriacus Koyoro but other varieties were not significantly affected. Accordingly, it is suggested that Seohohyang seems the most desirable when planted within these five gymnosperms.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.687-696
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• 2015

Black mini tomato 'Hei-G' fruits were harvested at different stages of maturity (immature-mature green and mature-black red) and stored at different temperatures (8, 12, and $20^{\circ}C$) to investigate the quality and lycopene content during storage. Weight loss increased dramatically at higher temperature for both harvesting stages without significant differences. Firmness of immature fruits decreased below the initial level of mature fruit (8.1N) after 5, 8, and 19 days storage, when they were stored at 20, 12, and $8^{\circ}C$, respectively. Soluble solid contents of mature fruit increased at initial storage, and were higher as compared to immature fruits before deterioration at each storage temperature. Decrease in titratable acid of mature fruits depended on storage time and temperature. However, titratable acid of immature fruits showed little change during storage, and so it did not affect flavor. Hunter a value changed greatly in immature fruit stored at high temperature. Unlike ripe tomatoes, there was no significant difference in black tomato Hunter b values of immature and mature fruit at initial and 12 days storage. However, immature fruits stored at $8^{\circ}C$ did not reach full maturity and color development and ripening. High storage temperature increased lycopene production while low storage temperature blocked lycopene development. Shelf life of the immature fruits, which was evaluated by elapsed days to conventional mature stage, was 12 and 15 days when they were stored at 20 and $12^{\circ}C$, respectively. The optimum storage temperature to maintain the quality and lycopene content of mature fruits was $12^{\circ}C$. Moreover, the shelf life of mature fruits stored at $20^{\circ}C$ could reach up to 5 days.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.166-175
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• 2014

This study was conducted to investigate the hepatoprotective effects of fermented Smilax china leaf ethylacetate extracts by Aspergillus oryzae on carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury in mice. Experimental mice were divided into four groups (five mice/group) (NC; normal control group, CB; basic diet supplemented before $CCl_4$ treatment group, NS ; basic diet mixed with 0.5% Smilax china leaf ethyl acetate extract supplemented before $CCl_4$ treatment group, FS; basic diet mixed with 0.5% fermented Smilax china leaf ethyl acetate extract supplemented before $CCl_4$ treatment group) fed for 4 weeks each. In the $CCl_4$-treated groups (CB, NS and FS) compared with the NC group, liver weights, activities of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, xanthine oxidase and aldehyde oxidase, contents of triglycerides, total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol in serum, and hepatic lipid peroxide levels increased, whereas body weight gain and contents of glutathione and HDL-cholesterol decreased. Furthermore, in the FS groups compared with the NS and CB groups, increased or decreased indicators by $CCl_4$ treatment significantly decreased or increased, respectively. This study suggests that fermented Smilax china L. leaf extracts may regulate xanthine oxidase and aldehyde oxidase inhibitory activities and hepatoprotective effects due to flavonoid aglycone derived from its glycoside in leaves of Smilax china by fermentation of A. oryzae.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.42 no.12
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• pp.2019-2027
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• 2013

In this study, we tried to develop a coating agent for the fresh-cut fruits used in cakes. First, the coating agent mixing ratios of sugar, pectin, sodium alginate, carrageenan, xanthan gum, vitamin C, and purified water were selected to be 55, 2, 2, 0.04, 0.1, 0.05, and 40.81% (w/w), respectively. In a freeze-thaw stability of the coating agent, the viscosity remained constant for 3 cycles of freezing and thawing repetition process, but showed a slightly decreasing trend in the 4th repetition process (P<0.05). On the other hand, the sugar content, pH, and chromaticity remained constant even in the 4th repetition process. Pineapple coated with the coating agent had smaller weight loss, hardness changes, and total bacteria distribution compared to the uncoated pineapple (P<0.05). In the chromaticity, both of the two pineapples experienced browning with increasing storage duration, as L value decreases and b value increases. However, when the color difference was compared, the progress of browning for the uncoated pineapple was faster than the coated pineapple. Also, the progress of browning at $4^{\circ}C$ was found to be slower than the progress of browning at $25^{\circ}C$. Therefore, the storage stability of the fresh-cut fruits could be improved by coating the fresh-cut fruits for cakes with the coating agent and storing at a low temperature, which would contribute to extending the shelf-life of cakes.

• THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN ORIENTAL ONCOLOGY
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.57-73
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• 1996

These studies were consist of two sub-experiment. In order to study the effect of Banhahubaktang on the Cell-cytotoxicity In vitro. We had put through MTT Assay. In order to investigate the effects of Banhahubaktang on the ICR mice which had Abdominal tumor induced by Sarcoma-180 cell line, C57BL/6 mice which had pulmonary melanoma induced by B16 cell line. After Sarcoma-180 cell line and B16 cell line were transplanted, the extract of Banhahubaktang was orally administered to the mice to observe the extension of survival time of the mice, inhibition of solid tumor, inhibition of pulmonary melanoma metastasis. productivity of Interleukin-2, NK-Activity. The results were summarized as follows: 1. On the MTT assay, in case of $100{\mu}g/ml$ and $10{\mu}g/ml$ of Banhahubaktang concentration were inhibited cell viability significantly. But $1{\mu}g/ml$ of Banhahubaktang was tended to inhibit cell viability with no significance. 2. In the effect of life extension, Banhahubaktang treated group appeared to survive longer than the control group, but which were not significant. 3. In the effect of inhibit solid tumor, Banhahubaktang treated group appeared to decrease than the control group, but which were not significant. 4. In the effect of inhibit melanoma pulmonary metastasis. Banhahubaktang treated group appeared to inhibit than the control group significantly. 5. In the productivity of Interleukin-2, on 7 and 14 day, Banhahubaktang treated group increased than control group, which were significant. But on 21 day, test group and control group were much in common. 6. In the NK-Activity, Banhahubaktang treated group and control group were much in common.