• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.15-30
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• 2002

최근 화장품 사용인구의 증가와 안전성에 대한 관심 증대에 따라 화장품 중 유해성분 함유에 대한 논란이 종종 있어왔다. 화장품에 대한 전문적 지식이 없는 사람들에 의하여 진행된 잘못된 정보로 인하여 화장품 중에 포함된 모든 중금속이 인체에 심각한 영향을 초래한다는 등의 오해를 불러와 관련 업계에 적지 않은 피해를 주기도 하였다. 이에 본 자료에서는 구체적 근거자료와 연구 논문들을 기반으로 유해한 중금속, 안전하여 사용이 공인된 중금속 등을 조사하여 화장품에서의 중금속의 개념을 정립하고자 하였다. 국내에서는 식품의약품안전청 고시 제2000-27호에 화장품에 포함되었을 때 유해한 중금속으로 납, 비소 및 수은을 명시하고 그 규제농도를 규정하고 있다. 규제 중금속은 아니지만 피부에 알러지를 일으키는 중금속으로는 니켈이 있는데 화장품 중 몇몇 제품군에서 소량(수∼수십ppm) 이 검출되기도 한다. 그러나 이는 일상으로 사용하는 각종 귀금속, 시계, 안경테, 클립, 지퍼 등의 금속 용품에 포함된 니켈의 양(수∼수십%)에 비하여 매우 적은 양이며 정상적인 사람에게는 무해하다. 실제 대다수의 니켈 알러지는 화장품이 아닌 귀금속이나 시계 등의 금속류 제품 등에 의하여 유발된다. 또한 많은 종류의 중금속 화합물이 화장품 원료로 사용되고 있다. 전세계적으로 널리 사용되는 것으로 크롬, 망간, 비스머스, 구리, 철, 코발트, 티타늄, 아연 등의 화합물이 있으며 이들은 각종 화장품 공정서 및 원료집 등에 수재되어 사용되고 있다. 이들 중 코발트와 크롬이 피부에 유해하다는 몇몇 보고가 있지만, 이는 이들 원소의 수용성염형태의 특정 화합물인 cobalt chloride와 chromate 및 dichromate의 염에 관한 것으로 화장품에서 사용되는 불용성 산화물인 cobalt aluminum oxide, cobalt titanium oxide, cobalt blue, chromium oxde greens 및 chromium hydroide green 등, 국제적으로 널리 사용되는 안전한 중금속 화합물과는 그 특성 및 독성이 판이하게 다르다. 따라서 화장품에서는 매우 안전한 중금속 화합물만이 사용된다. 업계는 유해 중금속에 관해서는 규제에 입각한 엄격한 품질관리에 힘쓰고 중금속의 화학적 분자구조(수용성염 vs 불용성산화물)를 구별할 수 있는 분석방법 개발에 주력하여야 한다. 그리고 안전한 화장품을 사용하고자 하는 소비자의 욕구를 충족시키고 잘못된 인식과 보도로 인하여 안전한 화장품이 유해한 것으로 오도되는 것을 막아야 할 것이다.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.321-329
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• 2018

This study was attempted to provide data for establishing appropriate guidelines and control standards for accurate information and production of dyes and pigments through the analysis of representative heavy metals and other metals used in cosmetic tattoos. A total of 30 tattoo products for cosmetics were selected from among the representative heavy metals such as arsenic, antimony, cobalt, cadmium, copper, lead, zinc, barium, tin, selenium, chromium and magnesium, manganese(15kinds) were analyzed. As a result of examining the contents of heavy metals in dyes and pigments used in cosmetic tattoo products, it was found that the total of 20products(66.7%) exceeded the reference value and found to be unsuitable for safety standards. It is suggested that the guidance of the specialized agency for safe procedures, appropriate control controls and standards for the dyes and pigments used, and the potential risks of heavy metals are needed.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.327-334
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• 2004

도심지역의 중금속 배출원은 매우 다양하며, 배출 중금속은 물질별 노출 수준, 노출기간에 따라 건강유해영향을 일으킬 수 있다. 따라서 직업적 노출이 없는 도심 지역의 일반인의 혈중 중금속의 모니터링은 독성학적 측면에서 중요하다. 본 연구는 서울 도심지역의 직업적 노출이 없는 성인 남녀 144명(20∼75세)을 대상으로 중금속(납, 크롬, 니켈, 카드뮴)의 혈액 내 축적된 정도를 평가하였다. 채취한 혈액의 분석은 GF-AAS를 사용하였다. 물질별 혈중 중금속 농도는 납 63.2 $\mu\textrm{g}$/L, 크롬 0.12 $\mu\textrm{g}$/L, 니켈 $\mu\textrm{g}$/L, 카드뮴 1.43 $\mu\textrm{g}$/L로 각각 조사되었다.

• Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.63-71
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• 2020

Various types of amendments have been studied for heavy metal stabilization in soil. However, researches on the effect of amendments on alkali soil and their effects on the plants at various edible parts are insufficient. The aim of this study was to evaluate the stabilization efficiency of heavy metals and their transfer into edible parts of food crops. Abandoned mine area was selected and 3 types of amendments (lime stone, LS; steel slag, SS; acid mine drainage sludge, AMDS) was applied with 3% (w/w). in field. After 6 month aging, Chinese cabbage (leafy), bok choy (leafy), garlic (root) and red pepper (fruit) were transplanted and cultivated. For chemical assessment, total concentration and bioavailability using Mehlich-3 solution were determined. For biological assessment, fresh weight and heavy metal uptakes were analyzed. It was revealed that AMDS reduced bioavailability most effectively, resulting in the decrease in heavy metal concentration in edible parts of all crops. When explaining the heavy metal uptake of plants, the bioavailability was more appropriate than the total contents of soil heavy metals. Therefore, bioavailability-based further research and management practices should be carried out continuously for the sustainable environment management, safe crop production, and human health risk reduction.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.43-49
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• 2007

A ditch is a facility for managing washed-off runoff from parking lot area. Washed-off runoff inflows into ditches where it is retained for a short period of time. At this point, it is assumed that a ditch is a preliminary unit for runoff treatment. This research carries out the distribution of particle size and chemical compound for sediment in parking lot ditch. This work is important to understand the amount of generated sediment from this area to be able to determine different particle size ranges for treatment. Metal concentrations for sediment according to particle size are analyzed. From the distribution of particle size, the weight ratio with the range of $425-850{\mu}m$ is the highest. Considering its weight ratio, the metal concentration of coarser particles is high, otherwise metal concentration increases as particle size decreases. Metal load of the range is higher and the ratio of total metal load in the case of Cu, Pb, Zn is nearly 30%. Moreover metal concentration associated with particle size depends on particle ratio. To manage non-point source pollution for parking lot area, these results can be used with this ditch unit.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.325-333
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• 2019

The present study was carried out to identify the distribution characteristics of heavy metals in ginseng and wood-cultivated ginseng reduction of dietary exposure. Samples of ginseng and wood-cultivated ginseng were collected from 14 and 5 regions across Korea, respectively. Lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd) and arsenic (Ar) were detected by ICP-MS after microwave digestion, whereas aluminum (Al) was determined using ICP. Cultivated ginseng peels were 16.2% of whole root, while the peels and fine roots amounted to 21.8% and 16.8% of whole wood-cultivated ginseng, respectively. Taking into account the weight and concentration of the heavy metals by root part, their distribution ratios were calculated and compared. The cultivated ginseng peels contained 40.3% Pb, 25.9% Cd, 47.6% As, and 89.9% Al. Meanwhile, heavy metals consisting of 27.2% Pb, 28.2% Cd, 48.3% As, and 56.8% Al were distributed in the peels of the wood-cultivated ginseng. There was no significant difference between the peels and fine roots of the wood-cultivated ginseng with respect to the distribution proportion of heavy metals, except for Al. These results indicate that the level of dietary exposure to heavy metals could be reduced by peeling ginseng and wood-cultivated ginseng prior to consumption.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society for Energy Engineering kosee Conference
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• 1996.10b
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• pp.123-128
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• 1996

Bench Scale급 건식 가스화기에서 중국 Datong탄과 미국 Alaska Usibelli탄으로부터 생성된 Slag의 구조적인 특성과 화학적인 특성을 조사하였다. Datong slag은 표면이 매끄럽고 검으며 속이 약간 비어 있는 구형을 띄고 있고 Alaska Usibelli탄으로부터의 slag은 속이 조밀하게 차여있는데, 이들 slag의 내부는 Datong, Alaska Usibelli탄 두 경우 다 회분이 결정화된 형상의 특징을 보여주고 있다. 그리고 Cu, Zn외 11가지 중금속이 slag에 다량으로 농축되어 제거되었음을 알 수 있었으며, slag들의 침출여부를 조사하기 위하여 용출시험을 수행한 후 용출액에 대하여 중금속 분석을 한 결과 대부분 중금속들은 검출되지 않았다. 내화재의 주성분인 Cr이 slag에 포함되어 나오는 것으로 측정되었으나 용출시험 결과 검출이 안되어 2차오염에는 전혀 문제가 없음이 입증되었다. 따라서 건식 가스화기로부터 생성된 slag을 재사용할 때, 용출되는 중금속에 관한 2차 환경오염이 유발되지 않을 것으로 확인되었다.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.57-65
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• 2008

The geochemical partitioning of arsenic in contaminated soils from a of wet land and tailing of the abandoned mine is examined. Chemical analysis and sequential extraction method by ultrasound-sonication extraction are applied to investigate the mobility and chemical existence conditions of arsenic as well as heavy metals. The results of this study showed that heavy metals concentration of tailings showed as a following order: Fe > As > Cu > Pb > Cr. The highest metal concentration was recognized in samples less than $63\;{\mu}m$ fraction in their particle sizes. Exchangeable and carbonate fractions in soil samples showed following Cu > As > Pb > Fe > Cr for tailings, and Fe > Pb > Cu > As > Cr for reservoir soils, respectively. Arsenic was bound as exchangeable fraction in tailings and its concentration appeared higher than those of the other metals. Thus, As can be easily dispersed into soil and water environments. The obtained results can be used to design soil remediation plan in the study area and require further detailed study to investigate severe environmental pollution of surface water as well as rivers with respect to heavy metals in terms of speciation analysis of toxic elements such as As and Cr.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.369-378
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• 2003

The statistical modeling was introduced to satisfy various experimental conditions on the sorption of heavy metals (Pb, Cu, Cd, and Zn) by clay minerals, i.e. kaolinite, illite and chlorite. The Box-Behnken model designed statistically was applied to determine a relative impact among three variables such as pH, HCO3(or K) concentration and initial concentration of heavy metals. The SAS program was used to obtain the statistical solution by surface response analysis. The results of a statistical sorption modelling indicated that pH is a strong impact of the variables influencing the sorption of heavy metals. A relative effect between an initial concentration of heavy metals and bicarbonate(or K) concentration is dependent on solution condition. The sorption edge of heavy metals as function of pH shows sigmoidal curve, and a great increase in the range of pH 6～8. The sorption sequence among heavy metals is Cu>Pb>>Zn>Cd. The solution chemistry exerts greater influence on the sorption of heavy metals rather than the crystal chemistry of clay minerals. The potassium exerts some effect into a sorption competition with heavy metals. The research suggests that the statistical modeling is an effective method to demonstrate sorption results in three dimension and to reduce the effort of batch sorption experiment.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.27-32
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• 2009

Human hair is an excretory system for trace metals and thus metal content in human hair can reflect the body status. The investigation of trace elements in human hair has been correlated with the diagnosis of various diseases as well as the monitoring of deficiency statues in nutrition. Many chronic diseases may be related to mineral status, some may be related to toxic mineral. Hair samples were collected from 120 inhabitants of the city of Seoul, Korea. In this study the concentrations of 10 elements (Hg, Pb, Cd, Al, As, U, Bi, Sb, Ba, Be) in hair were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS). The conclusions showed that people in Seoul, Korea were affected by some kinds of toxic minerals. The Hg concentrations of male are higher than those of female and reference range. The mean concentration of Sb was higher in the female than male and reference range. In age distribution, the mean concentration of Hg was in 40's are higher than 20's and 30's and reference range. The concentrations of Al were the highest in the 20's. After analyzing, we concluded that a compounded treatment should be conducted, which considers the variety of factors related to detoxification.