• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.646-652
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• 2004

With the aim of using a cosmetic material, chondroitin sulfates extracted from midduck tunics (Styela clava) and munggae tunics (Halocynthia roretzi) were examined in vitro with two cell lines for cell toxicity, collagen synthesis, cell growth and recovery ability after U.V. irradiation. Cell toxicity test with A 431 and CCD 1108Sk was able to observe high activity between 400 and 600 $\mu\textrm{g}$/m while standard chondroitin sulfate (CS) purchased from Sigma was showed at 80 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mL. Even fraction 1 and 2 collected from chondroitin sulfates originated from midduck appeared having the highest activity between 600 and 1000 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mL, but slightly lower compared to crude chondroitin sulfates from both mideduck and munggae. In cell growth examination, it was not able to find significant differences between chondroitin sulfates used. Both crude chondroitin sulfates were exhibited the highest activity for two cell lines except that of mideduck which was showed activity for CCD 1108Sk. CS, fraction 1 and 2 from midduck were not able to demonstrate a significant activity in collagen synthesis. On the contrary, crude chondroitin sulfates from both munggae and midduck were showed the highest activity at 100 and 50 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mL with only CCD 1108Sk. The recovery ability after U.V. irradiation with crude chondroitin sulfates from both munggae and midduck were showed high activity at 400 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mL with CCD 1108Sk and A 431. But there were no activity observed in fractions examined, As a consequence, the crude chondroitin sulfates from both munggae and midduck might not only be available as a cosmetic material but also useful for increasing some activity by blending properly.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.35-43
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• 2001

Background : The eosinophil chemotactic and activating effects of eotaxin and the known association of eosinophils with asthma suggest that eotaxin expression is increased during an asthma attack. This study was aimed to determine whether the plasma eotaxin levels are higher in patients during an asthma attack and to correlate the eotaxin levels with the disease activity, severity and response to therapy. Method : A case-control study of the plasma eotaxin levels was performed in 100 patients with exacerbated asthma and 48 age- and sex-matched subjects with stable asthma. Results : The plasma eotaxin levels were significantly higher in the 100 patients with exacerbated asthma($233{\pm}175\;pg/mL$) than in the 48 subjects with stable asthma($169{\pm}74\;pg/mL$). A trend toward higher eotaxin levels was observed in asthmatic subjects who were taking oral steroids ($332{\pm}225\;pg/mL$) than in those who were not ($214{\pm}159\;pg/mL$) and higher levels were found in those admitted to the hospital ($275{\pm}212\;pg/mL$) than in those discharged after receiving only emergency treatment ($190{\pm}115\;pg/mL$). The eotaxin levels inversely correlated with the $FEV_$ (r=-0.25, p<0.01). The eotaxin levels were higher in moderate persistent ($323{\pm}256\;pg/mL$) and severe persistent asthmatics ($276{\pm}170\;pg/mL$) than in mild intermittent asthmatics ($l60{\pm}60\;pg/mL$). Conclusion : Eotaxin expression is directly associated with asthma exacerbation, impaired pulmonary function and the disease severity.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.52-58
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• 2008

Purpose : Whole blood interferon-$\gamma$ assay was developed and many studies showed its usefulness in diagnosing tuberculosis (TB) including latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI). However, assessment in children has been limited. This study was undertaken to evaluate the usefulness of QuantiFERON-TB Gold for the diagnosis of LTBI in children exposed to pulmonary TB. Methods : Children who visited Seoul National University Bundang Hospital with a history of TB exposure were enrolled from January 2006 to December 2007. They were evaluated with chest x-rays, tuberculin skin test (TST) and QuantiFERON-TB Gold test. TST was retested 3 months later for those with initial negative reactivity. Definition of LTBI was made on the basis of the TST reactivity. Results : Among the 103 children with a history of TB exposure, 49 children were tested with chest x-ray, TST, and QuantiFERON-TB Gold. Twenty-two were males. Median age was 7.5 years (range; 3 months to 14.7 years). According to TST reactivity, LTBI was in 8 (19%), no infection was in 21 (50%), possible LTBI was in 13 (31%). QuantiFERON-TB Gold test was positive in 5 of the 49 subjects (10%); 3 of the 13 subjects (23.1%) in unknown status, 1 of the 8 subjects (13%) in LTBI, and 1 of the 21 subjects (5%) without infection. The agreement between the QuantiFERON-TB Gold and the TST was poor (${\kappa}=0.101$). Conclusion : QuantiFERON-TB Gold showed poor sensitivity for the diagnosis of LTBI in children with exposure to TB. QuantiFERON-TB Gold alone does not seem to be useful in the diagnosis of LTBI in children.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.239-254
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• 2016

The Hwangto cave is a sea cave which is located near shore in the Taeha-ri, Ulleung Island, being composed of the reddish tuff wall rock, the topic of this study, and the trachyte ceiling rock. The chemical compositions of the red tuff layer are 49.81-63.63% of $SiO_2$, 13.05-24.91% of $Al_2O_3$, 2.67-5.82% of $Fe_2O_3$, 2.87-6.92% of $Na_2O$, 2.37-3.85% of $K_2O$, 0.55-0.81% of $TiO_2$, 0-0.53% of MnO, 0.39-1.75% of MgO, and 0.60-1.40% of CaO with a pH ranging from 4.5 to 8. The reddish tuff are composed of 23.7-39.4% of anorthoclase, 16.9-33.3% of sanidine, 15.8-26.1% of illite, 5.1-9.0% of hematite, 0-3.7% of goethite, 6.9-9.9% of titanium oxide, and 0.9-9.5% of halite in mineral composition. Although it only includes anorthoclase, sanidine, and illite as major minerals, there can be additional vitric minerals that could not detected by the XRD. The mineralogy and textures of the tuff layer indicate that it became reddish due to the formation of amorphous palagonite and the oxidation of the iron as a heat from the trachytic lava affects the underlying tuff to altered. This iron oxides are enriched in the palagonite, or form microcrystalline or amorphous minerals. We thus suggest that the red tuff layer was generated by the combination of the thermal oxidation involved in the trachytic lava flow on the tuff layer, the palagonitization of the matrix of the tuff, and the oxidation of iron-bearing minerals.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.277-289
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• 1998

To establish a system for sperm swim-up separation through sucrose layer, indiscreet sperm migration should sufficiently to block but movement of sperm shouldn't inhibit. Thus, the effects of sucrose levels in sucrose layer, incubation times and types of sucrose layer on sperm separation were examined. And the results obtained were as follows; 1. Layer of 10mM sucrose inhibited sperm swim-up migration through sucrose layer. 2. Incubation for 25 minutes without sucrose layer significantly increased sperm swim-up migration. However, incubation for 10 minutes to induce swim-up through sucrose layer significantly stimulated sperm migration and maintained sperm movement. 3. There was no significant difference between Type I and Type II in barrier effect of sucrose layer. However, sucrose layer of Type II with shorter distance of barrier was efficient for sampling. To elucidate a function of follicular fluid on sperm chemotaxis using in vitro system of sucrose layer of Type II and incubation for 10 minutes, the effects of dilution, heat treatment, and protein and lipid extracts of follicular fluid on sperm swim-up separation were examined. And the results obtained were as follows; 4. Follicular fluid stimulated sperm migration and movement, and significantly-attracted capacitated-sperm at 10% level. 5. Follicular fluid heated at 55$^{\circ}C$ for 30 minutes maintained the effect of follicular fluid stimulating sperm migration and movement. 6. Follicular protein stimulated sperm movement that was reduced by filtration of the protein. 7. Follicular lipid didn't significantly stimulate sperm migration and movement. 8. Both of follicular protein and lipid reduced the effect of follicular fluid stimulating sperm migration and movement. In conclusion, sucrose layer could be used for a barrier against indiscreet sperm migration by swim-up. And follicular fluid stimulated migration and movement of sperm and attracted capacitated-sperm through sucrose layer. Especially, heat-resistant protein of follicular fluid stimulated sperm migration.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.703-712
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• 1995

Background: Peripheral blood monocytes are important immune effector cells that play a fundamental role in cellular immunity. In addition to their antigen-presenting and phagocytic activities, monocytes/macrophage produce a vast array of regulatory and chemotactic cytokines. Interleukin-8(IL-8), a potent neutrophil-activating and chemotactic peptide, is produced in large quantities by mononuclear phagocytes and may be an important mediator of local and systemic inflammation. Overexpression by IL-8 of such inflammation may be an important step of tissue injury frequently seen in inflammatory reaction. So it could be hypothesized that the agents which block the production of IL-8 can decrease the inflammatory reaction and tissue injury. To evaluate this, we described the effect of Dexamethasone, $PGE_2$, Indomethacin and Interferon-$\gamma$(IFN-$\gamma$) on IL-8 mRNA and protein expression from LPS-stimulated human peripheral blood monocytes(PBMC). Method: PBMC was isolated from healthy volunteers. To evaluate the effect of Dexamethasone, $PGE_2$ & Indomethacin, these drug were treated for 1 hour before and after LPS stimulation and IFN-$\gamma$ was only treated I hour before the LPS stimulation. Northern blot analysis for IL-8 mRNA and ELISA for immunoreactive IL-8 protein in culture supernatant were performed. We repeated above experiment three times for Northern blot analysis and two times for ELISA and got the same result. Results: 1) Pre- and post-treatment of Dexamethasone suppressed both the LPS stimulated IL-8 mRNA expression and IL-8 protein release in PBMC. 2) IFN-$\gamma$ pre-treatment suppressed the IL-8 mRNA expression and IL-8 protein release in unstimulated cells. 3) In LPS stimulated cells, IFN-$\gamma$ suppressed the IL-8 mRNA expression but IL-8 protein release suppression was not observed. 4) $PGE_2$ and Indomethacin exert no effect on the LPS-stimulated IL-8 mRNA and protein expression in concentration used in this experiment ($PGE_2;10^{-6}M$, Indomethacin; $10{\mu}M$). Conclusion: One of the mechanism of antiinflammatory action of Dexamethasone can be explained by the suppressing effect of IL-8 production in some extent and by this antiinflammatory effect, dexamethasone can be used to suppress local and systemic inflammation mediated by IL-8.

• Proceedings of the KOR-BRONCHOESO Conference
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• 1976.06a
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• pp.88.1-88
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• 1976

The authors have been performed a statistical survey for 228 cases with foreign bodies in the food and air passages who had visited the department of Otolaryngology, National Medical Center and removed endoscopically during the period of last 10 years from 1966 to 1975. The following results were obtained: 1. The total numbers of foreign bodies in the food and the air passages were 228 cases, and among of them 181 cases were foreign bodies in the food passage and 47 cases were foreign bodies in the air passage. The ratio between the food and the air passages was about 3.7 : 1. 2. The prevalent foreign bodies in the esophagus were coin, meat and food particles and bone in order of frequency. In air passage, bean and peanut were most prevalent foreign bodies and the next were metalic substances, fish bone in order of frequency. 3. In the age incidence, 65.4% of the esophageal foreign bodies and 67.6% of foreign bodies in the air passage were under 5 years of age especially coin, 92.9%. 4. In sex distribution, 99 cases were female, and the ratio between male and female was 1.3:1. There was no significant difference between male and female in the foreign bodies of the esophagus but the foreign bodies in the air passage were more prevalent in male as the ratio of 2.1:1. 5. The most prevalent site of lodgement in esophagus was first physiologic narrowing of the esophagus as the count of 83.8%. In foreign bodies of the air passage, bronchial foreign bodies were most frequent. And bronchial foreign bodies were more frequent in the right side as the ratio of 3.7:1. 6. In duration of lodgement, 56.0% of foreign bodies of the food passage were removed within 24 hours and almost of them were removed within 5 days. In foreign bodies in the air passage, only 32.4% were removed within 24 hours but 29.7% were removed within more than 1 week in the air passage. 7. Under the esophagoscope, granulation tissue were noted in the 5 cases of the foreign bodies in the esophagus due to foreign bodies. In foreign bodies of the air passage, complication were encountered in the 4 cases and also removed surgically and among of them, 2 patients were expired due to complications during post operative course.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.179-185
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• 2021

Indoor gardening includes wall greening, terrariums, and flower arrangements. Among these types of indoor gardens, the terrarium is easy to access for the general public, but in Korea, because of the focus on esthetics, the original purpose of creating terrariums, which was to grow plants sustainably in an enclosed space, has been lost. In addition, miniaturization of plants is required to grow plants in an enclosed space. Since the available plant species suitable for a terrarium are limited, only plants such as succulents, cacti, and moss have been used. In this study, Bronze (X Graptosedum) was used, and these problems were solved using the following three methods: placement and growth of virus-free plants in the terrarium; extending the diversity of plants with minimal size that can be planted in terrariums; and reducing the price of in vitro plants with minimal size by achieving large-scale production. In particular, tissue-cultured succulents were developed into a Vivorium by replacing the tissue culture container and renewing the composition of the plant. This paper suggests a new indoor horticultural field, Vivorium, that can improve the current limitations of terrariums and make them more accessible to the general public. The introduction and popularization of new indoor gardening fields with the increase in single-person households and indoor activities in the Pandemic era can also improve psychological stability among people and in the society.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.303-313
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• 1982

The study was conducted to find out the concentrations of sex hormones and the contents of metabolites in serum, and the changes of weights and tissues on ovary, thyroid gland and adrenal gland according to gestation period in rabbit. The results were summarized as follows: 1. The ovary weights were increased significantly with the time e lapse after gestation and recovered normally at 5 days after parturition. In the histological changes of ovary, the lutein cells were hypertrophied and the secretory granules were increased actively until 3 weeks after gestation, and then a trophied thereafter. 2. The thyroid gland weights at all observation times were higher than those in control group, and the significance was recognized at 1, 3 and 4 weeks after gestation. The histological features of the secretory epithelium were the hyper trophic and columnar condition stimulating the functional state from 1 week after gestation. 3. The adrenal gland weights in experimental group were recognized significantly at 4 weeks after gestation, but showed higher than those in control group at all observation times. The zona fasciculata and zona reticularis of the gland showed the slight hypertrophic condition, but the zona glomeerulosa and adrenal medulla did not find out any particular changes. 4. The serum concentrations of progesterone and LH reached a peak level at 2 weeks and 1 week after geestation respectively, and rapidly began to decline thereafter. 5. The serum concentrations of estradiol-$17{\beta}$ and FSH were not detected below 20.0 pg/ml and 1.3 mIU/ml respectively. 6. The contents of total protein and non-protein nitrogen nitrogen were decreased gradually with the time elapse after gestation, but the significant differences were recognized from 3 weeks. 7. The total lipids were not changed markedly until 3 weeks, but increased significantly at 4 weeks after gestation and at 5 days after parturition. 8. The serum cholesterol tended to be decreased until 3 weeks, but increased at 4 weeks after gestation and at 5 days after parturition. 9. The serum calcium showed a continuous decrease during the gestation period, but the significant differences were recognized at 3 and 4 weeks. The serum phosphorus also had a significant decrease at 4 weeks after gestation.