• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.17 no.10
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• pp.23-31
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• 2016

Grout is generally operated with low viscous material similar to water, but grout for micro crack with high viscous materials and high injection pressure is gradually increased under the development of underground and subsea space. In order to estimate grouting injection performance considering crack width, viscosity of grouting materials, and injection pressure, there should be a reliable standard laboratory testing method. In this paper, theoretical injection mechanisms of grouting materials are presented as radial and linear flows, and laboratory testing apparatus are introduced to simulate each flow case. Radial flow is simulated by using acrylic disk plates which are able to spread grouting material radially from the center of the disk plates, and linear flow is simulated by using stainless parallel plane plates which are able to spread grouting material linearly. Apparatus are consist of upper and lower plates and industrial films with different thickness are placed between plates in order to simulate various crack widths. Laboratory verification tests with these apparatus were conducted with tap water (1cP at $20^{\circ}C$) as an injection material. Through the laboratory testing results, the best laboratory testing method is recommended in order to estimate grouting injection performance.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.33 no.9
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• pp.23-34
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• 2017

In order to develop urban underground spaces, even microcracks should be reinforced. In this paper, the grouting injection performance for microcracks was investigated considering the viscosity and particle size of the grouting materials, injection pressure, and crack width. There are two types of typical grouting materials used for filling micro-cracks. One is a chemical liquid grouting material which is a solution type and the other is a cementitious grouting material which is a suspension type. The injection performance of the grouting materials for microcracks is generally influenced by the viscosity, and the injection performance of the cementitious grouting material is additionally affected by the particle size. From laboratory tests, the viscosity was calculated inversely to provide a suitable viscosity measurement method for each grouting material. The groutability ratio based on the relationship between the crack width and the particle size was evaluated to estimate the grouting feasibility of the cementitous grouting material through microcracks.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.15-19
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• 2024

This study aimed to develop high-efficiency grouting techniques under deep-depth conditions by experimentally verifying the applicability of various injection materials. Particle size analysis and injection model experiments were conducted with Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) and Micro Cement (MC) to evaluate the injection performance of each material. Using Barton's Cubic Network theory, the rock fracture spacing was calculated for domestic deep-depth standards, specifically below 40 meters underground. The analysis of particle size passability under selected conditions showed that MC could pass through the rock fracture gaps, while OPC could not. According to the results of the injection model experiments using experimental devices and area calculation software, OPC failed in injection due to its larger particle size, whereas MC was capable of injection even under high-viscosity conditions. Based on these findings, the study quantitatively and visually derived the applicability of grouting materials under deep-depth conditions, and high-viscosity MC material is expected to be effective for waterproofing enhancement in deep-depth rock fracture surfaces.

• Electrical & Electronic Materials
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.22-27
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• 1993

초전도 기기에 사용되는 고체 절연재료는 초전도 상태에서 상전도 상태로 천이시에 발생하는 임펄스 전압의 반복과전과 대전류에 의한 전자응력하에서 그 절연 성능이 충분히 발휘되어야 한다. 본 연구에서는 초전도 기기의 절연재료로 유력시되고 있는 결정성 PET에 임펄스 전압이 연속 과전될 때, 이 재료의 압축응력하에서의 절연강도특성에 미치는 연속과전의 효과를 검토하였다. 그 결과에 의하면 PET에 호모전하가 주입되면 임펄스 절연강도가 헤테로 전하주입시 보다 약 4MV/cm정도 높다. 한편, PET에 전하주입의 효과를 억제시킨 임펄스 진성절연강도는 압축응력의 증가와 함께 증가하여 최대치에 도달한 후 점차 감소하며 직류 절연강도 및 호모전하 주입시의 임펄스 절연강도보다 낮다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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• 2010.09a
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• pp.1253-1257
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• 2010

그라우팅은 건설공사에서 지반의 갈라진 틈이나 공동, 공극 등에 적절한 충전재를 압력을 이용하여 주입하는 것으로, 굴착공사 시 누수방지와 불안정한 지반의 보강을 위하여 광범위하게 사용되고 있다. 가장 많이 사용되고 있는 그라우팅 주입재의 재료로는 물유리계를 주재료로 사용하는 약액주입공법이 많이 사용되어지고 있다. 기존의 물유리계 재료를 사용할 경우 발생하는 용출현상 및 강도저하를 보완하기 위하여 가소성을 부과한 무기질계 재료ECG(Eco Clean Grouting)를 사용하여, 강도 및 내구성이 우수하고 주입재의 용출 현상이 발생하지 않아 환경오염 문제가 거의 없는 영구적인 차수 및 보강에 적합한지와 친환경적 특성을 확인한다. 본 연구는 가소성 무기질계 재료인 ECG(Eco Clean Grouting)재료를 사용하여 현재 많이 사용되는 재료인 물유리계 재료로 일축압축강도, 체적변화, 내구성 평가, 투수시험, 어독성 시험, 용탈시험등을 수행하여 비교 분석 하였다. 일축압축 시험결과 재령 28일 강도는 ECG가 물유리재료에 비해 크게 발현되었고, 내화학성시험 결과 ECG의 길이변화율이 거의 없는 것으로 내화학성에서 강점을 보였다.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.15-23
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• 2023

The grouting method is a method of construction for the purpose of waterproofing and reinforcing soft ground. When grout is injected into the ground, there are various types of penetration and diffusion of grout depending on the shape of the ground, the size of soil, the porosity, and the presence or absence of groundwater. the current situation. Therefore, in this study, to investigate the penetration performance of the grouting to conductive material, laboratory tests were performed on the addition of the conductive material. In the injection test, 0%, 3%, and 5% of the mixed water were added as conductive materials to the grout, and the original ground condition was composed of various types of ground composed of gravel and silica sand. Conductive grout is injected by pressure into the model ground using a dedicated injection device, and the injection time (t), pressure (p), flow rate (v) and injection amount (q) are measured, and the hardened body injected in the model ground is collected. Penetration performance was evaluated. In the results of the grout injection experiment, the amount of conductive material used and the grout injection rate showed an inverse relationship, and it was confirmed that the penetration pattern was changed according to the size of the soil particles in the model ground. The grout containing the conductive material has relatively good penetration into the ground and excellent strength and durability of the hardened body, so it was judged that it could be used as an additive for measuring the penetration range of the grout.

• Proceedings of the Materials Research Society of Korea Conference
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• 1992.05b
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• pp.83-83
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• 1992

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2004.07b
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• pp.1138-1141
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• 2004

고분자 재료에 이온을 주입하면 표면전기저항이 이온주입조건에 따라 $10^{16}\Omega/sq$ 에서 $10^7\Omega/sq$ 까지 변하게 되며, 광학적 특성도 변하게 된다. 이는 산업적으로 대전방지 등에 적용이 가능하며 이러한 신소재 개발을 위하여 산업용 이온빔 표면처리 장치를 제작하고 인출광학을 기초로 이온빔을 제어하여 고분자 재료의 이온주입처리 양산기술을 개발하였다. 본 연구에서는 대면적, 대전류 이온빔 인출을 위한 이온원의 광학적 설계 및 빔라인에서의 솔레노이드 전자석을 이용한 빔프로파일 제어방법을 설명하였다. 사용된 고분자 소재는 PC(PolyCarbonate) 및 PET(PolyEthylene Teraphthalate)이며, 질소이온주입조건은 이온에너지 40-50 keV, 이온주입량 $5\times10^{15}$, $1\times10^{16}$, $7\times10^{16}ions/cm^2$의 조건으로 공정을 수행하였다. 또한 대전방지용 고분자 대량생산을 위한 연속 생산조건과 양산공정조건에 따른 표면전기저항변화를 관찰하였다.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.13-17
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• 2007

Improvement of soft clay layers is highly significant for the efficient utilization of the national land. Thus, the development of advanced methods and materials is currently necessary. Quicklime, as a injection material for the soil improvement, is possibly applied as the useful method for the improvement of soft clay layers. Based upon the experimental study, the following conclusions were obtained. When quicklime was employed, a substantial strength increase was observed from the initial stage of injection. In overall, the present experiments showed that the improvement effects of soft clay layers using the quicklime are appeared to be substantially better than those of lime or sand. Therefore, the possibility of quicklime usage is significantly high in domestic country with abundant lime reserves.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.227-232
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• 2008

In this study, the pull out resistance characteristics of an anchor bar to support a spillway installed in a slope are investigated by field tests. The injection materials were a cement mortar and cement milk. Unconfined compression strengths of those materials under several conditions were measured. As the result of compression test, the unconfined compression strengths of the cement mortar and the cement milk have positive proportional relation-ship with the water-cement ratio. They also have negative proportional relationship with increasing the curing time. In the same condition of water-cement ratio and curing time, the unconfined compression strength of cement milk is larger than that of cement mortar. In order to reduce the eccentricity in anchor bar during pull-out test in the field, the installation apparatus was improved by inserting a nut type of steel fixing coupling into the anchor bar. As the result of the pull-out test, the strength modification of cement milk was increased steeply at the early curing time. However, that of cement mortar was increased gradually with passing the curing time. Therefore, the cement milk has to use as the injection material for a prompt construction of anchor bar because the strength modification of cement milk is occurred at the early curing time.